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Marc Rich

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Marc Rich
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna Marcell David Reich
Haihuwa Birnin Antwerp, 18 Disamba 1934
ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Ispaniya
Beljik
Isra'ila
Harshen uwa Yaren Sifen
Mutuwa Lucern (mul) Fassara, 26 ga Yuni, 2013
Makwanci Einat (en) Fassara
Yanayin mutuwa Sababi na ainihi (Bugun jini)
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zama Denise Eisenberg Rich (en) Fassara  (1966 -  1996)
Karatu
Makaranta New York University (en) Fassara
Forest Hills High School (en) Fassara
Rhodes Preparatory School (en) Fassara
Harsuna Yaren Sifen
Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a Entrepreneur, financier (en) Fassara da ɗan kasuwa
Employers Phibro (en) Fassara
Kyaututtuka
marcrich.ch

Marc Rich (an haife shi a matsayin Marcell David Reich ; Disamba 18, 1934 - Yuni 26, 2013) ɗan kasuwa ne na ƙasashen Belgium-Amurka, mai ba da kuɗi, kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ya kafa kamfanin kayayyaki na Glencore, kuma daga baya aka tuhume shi a Amurka bisa tuhumar tarayya da laifin kin biyan haraji, zamba ta hanyar waya, damfara, da kuma yin cinikin mai da Iran a lokacin rikicin garkuwa da mutane na Iran . Ya gudu zuwa Switzerland a lokacin da aka gurfanar da shi kuma bai sake komawa Amurka ba. [1] Ya sami afuwa daga Shugaba Bill Clinton, wanda aka yi ta suka a kai, a ranarsa ta ƙarshe a ofis ; tsohuwar matar Rich, Denise, ta ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga Jam'iyyar Democrat .

Rayuwar farko

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An haifi Rich a shekarar 1934 ga wani iyali Yahudawa a Antwerp, Belgium. [2] A shekarar 1941 iyayensa suka yi ƙaura tare da ɗansu zuwa Amurka don tserewa daga Nazi . [2] Sun yi tafiya ta Vichy France, [3] Spain, Portugal, da jirgin Serpa Pinto .

Mahaifinsa ya buɗe shagon kayan ado a Kansas City, Missouri, sannan ya ƙaura da iyalinsa zuwa Queens, New York City a shekarar 1950, inda ya fara wani kamfani da ke shigo da jute na Bengali don yin jakunkunan burlap, daga baya kuma ya fara kasuwanci da ke sayar da kayayyakin noma kuma ya taimaka wajen kafa American Bolivian Bank (Banco Boliviano Americano SA). [4] Rich ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Rhodes da ke Manhattan. Daga baya ya halarci Jami'ar New York, amma ya daina aiki bayan zangon karatu ɗaya don yin aiki a Philipp Brothers (wanda yanzu ake kira Phibro LLC ) a shekarar 1954 inda ya yi aiki tare da Pincus Green .

Aikin kasuwanci

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A Philipp Brothers, daga ƙarshe ya zama dillalin ƙarfe, yana koyo game da kasuwannin albarkatun ƙasa na duniya da cinikin kasuwanci tare da ƙasashe matalauta na duniya na uku. Ya taimaka wajen gudanar da ayyukan kamfanin a Cuba, Bolivia, da Spain. A shekara ta 1974, shi da abokin aikinsa Pincus Green suka kafa kamfaninsu a Switzerland, Marc Rich + Co. AG, wanda daga baya ya zama Glencore Xstrata Plc. [4] An ce Rich ya faɗaɗa kasuwar ɗanyen mai a farkon shekarun 1970, yana mai da kasuwanci nesa da manyan kamfanonin mai da suka dogara da kwangiloli na gargajiya na dogon lokaci don siye a nan gaba. [1] Kamar yadda Andrew Hill na Financial Times ya faɗa, "Babban fahimtar Rich shine cewa mai - da sauran kayan masarufi - za a iya ciniki da ƙarancin jari, da kuma ƙarancin kadarori, kamar yadda manyan masu samar da mai suka yi zato, idan aka tallafa musu da kuɗaɗen banki. Wannan tsarin kasuwanci mai amfani ne ya zama samfurin 'yan kasuwa na zamani, gami da Trafigura, Vitol, da Glencore ". [lower-alpha 1]

Koyarwarsa a ƙarƙashin Philip Brothers ta ba Rich damar ƙulla alaƙa da gwamnatoci daban-daban na kama-karya da kuma ƙasashe da aka sanya wa takunkumi. Daga baya Rich ya gaya wa mai rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa Daniel Ammann cewa ya yi yarjejeniyoyinsa na kasuwanci "mafi mahimmanci kuma mafi riba" ta hanyar karya takunkumin cinikayya na ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma yin kasuwanci da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ya kuma ƙidaya Cuba ta Fidel Castro, Angola ta Marxist, Sandinistas ta Nicaragua, Libya ta Muammar Gaddafi, Romania ta Nicolae Ceaușescu, da Chile ta Augusto Pinochet a cikin abokan cinikin da ya yi wa hidima. A cewar Ammann, "bai yi nadama ko kaɗan ba.... Ya kan ce 'Ina ba da sabis. Mutane suna son sayar min da mai kuma wasu mutane suna son siyan mai daga gare ni. Ni ɗan kasuwa ne, ba ɗan siyasa ba ne.'" [6]

Daga baya, bayan hambarar da Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah na Iran, a lokacin juyin juya halin Iran a shekarar 1979, Rich ya yi amfani da dangantakarsa ta musamman da Ayatollah Khomeini, shugaban juyin juya halin, don sayen mai daga Iran duk da takunkumin da Amurka ta kakaba masa. A cewar mujallar Forbes, Asadollah Asgaroladi shi ma abokin kasuwancin Rich ne na sirri wajen taimakawa wajen kauce wa takunkumin da Amurka ta kakaba wa Iran bayan juyin juya halin Iran . [7] Iran za ta zama babbar mai samar da danyen mai ga Rich fiye da shekaru 15. Rich ya sayar da man Iran ga Isra'ila ta hanyar bututun sirri. Saboda kyakkyawar dangantakarsa da Iran da Ayatollah Khomeini, Rich ya taimaka wajen bai wa wakilan Mossad hulɗa a Iran.

Ya shahara da amfani da haruffan bashi a harkar cinikin mai.

Kamfaninsa na gidaje, Marc Rich Real Estate GmbH, yana da hannu a manyan ayyukan haɓaka gidaje (misali, a Prague, Jamhuriyar Czech). Rich da Marvin Davis sun sayi 20th Century Fox a shekarar 1981. Saboda tuhumar da aka shigar a kan Rich saboda karya takunkumin cinikayya na Amurka kan yarjejeniyarsa da Iran yayin da Rich ke zaune a Switzerland, an daskarar da kadarorinsa, gami da mallakarsa a ƙarni na 20 Fox. Hukumomi sun ba Davis izinin siyan mallakar Rich daga baya suka sayar wa Rupert Murdoch da dala miliyan 232 a watan Maris na 1984. [1]

Rich yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin mafia da yawa a Tarayyar Soviet, sannan kuma, daga baya, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, kamar Grigori Loutchansky ɗan Georgian-Isra'ila wanda ya mallaki kamfanin fitar da mai na Nordex da ke Austria kuma wanda ke da hannu a cikin tauraron tauraron ɗan adam na Iridium, [lower-alpha 2] [lower-alpha 3] kuma musamman a cikin Mafia na Rasha, kamar Marat Balagula, wanda aka yanke masa hukunci kan gyaran farashin mai. [9]

Jaridar Business Insider ta ruwaito cewa Rich yana da kimanin dukiyar da ta kai dala biliyan 2.5.

Zargin Amurka da afuwa

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2001 Afuwar da aka yi wa ɗan gudun hijira na ƙasa da ƙasa Marc Rich

A shekarar 1983, an gurfanar da Rich da abokin aikinsa Pincus Green a gaban kuliya bisa tuhume-tuhume 65 na laifuka, ciki har da satar harajin shiga, zamba ta hanyar waya, yin zamba, da kuma yin ciniki da Iran a lokacin takunkumin mai (a lokacin da masu juyin juya halin Iran ke ci gaba da garkuwa da 'yan Amurka ). Zarge-zargen da aka tuhume su da su sun kai ga yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru sama da 300 a gidan yari idan aka yanke wa Rich hukunci kan dukkan tuhume-tuhumen. [10] Mai gabatar da kara na Tarayyar Amurka a wancan lokacin (kuma magajin garin birnin New York) Rudolph Giuliani ne ya shigar da karar. A lokacin, ita ce babbar shari'ar kin biyan haraji a tarihin Amurka. [11]

Da jin labarin shirin tuhumar, Rich ya gudu zuwa Switzerland kuma, a koyaushe yana dagewa cewa ba shi da laifi, bai sake komawa Amurka don amsa tuhumar ba. [lower-alpha 4] Daga ƙarshe kamfanonin Rich sun amsa laifinsu da laifuka 35 na kin biyan haraji kuma sun biya tarar dala miliyan 90, kodayake Rich da kansa ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin Jerin 'Yan Gudun Hijira Goma da Hukumar Bincike ta Tarayya ta nema tsawon shekaru da yawa, [13] yana gujewa kamawa a Burtaniya, Jamus, Finland, da Jamaica. Da yake tsoron kamawa, bai ma koma Amurka don halartar jana'izar 'yarsa a 1996 ba.

A ranar 20 ga Janairu, 2001, sa'o'i kafin ya bar ofis, Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton ya bai wa Rich afuwa mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce kan afuwar shugaban ƙasa . Leonard Garment, mukaddashin Lauya na Musamman na Richard Nixon wanda ya maye gurbin John Dean a lokacin Watergate, yana da abokin hulɗar kasuwanci na Rich da Rich Pincus Green a matsayin abokin ciniki tun lokacin bazara na 1985 tare da Scooter Libby da ke wakiltar su a matsayin lauyan afuwar har zuwa bazara na 2000 lokacin da Jack Quinn ya zama lauyansu. [14] [lower-alpha 5] Da yawa daga cikin manyan magoya bayan Clinton sun nisanta kansu daga shawarar. Tsohon Shugaban Ƙasa Jimmy Carter, ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat, ya ce, "Ba na tsammanin akwai wata shakka cewa wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka sa aka yi afuwar sun samo asali ne daga manyan baiwar da ya yi. A ganina, hakan abin kunya ne." Daga baya Clinton da kansa ya nuna nadama kan afuwar, yana mai cewa "bai cancanci a lalata sunana ba."

Masu sukar Clinton sun yi zargin cewa an sayi afuwar Rich, kamar yadda Denise Rich ta ba da fiye da dala ga jam'iyyar siyasa ta Clinton ( Jam'iyyar Democrat ), ciki har da fiye da dala 100,000 ga yakin neman zaben matar shugaban kasa, Hillary Rodham Clinton, da kuma dala 450,000 ga gidauniyar dakin karatu ta Clinton a lokacin da Clinton ke kan mulki.

Clinton ya kuma ambaci addu'o'in afuwa da ya samu daga jami'an gwamnatin Isra'ila, ciki har da Firayim Minista na wancan lokacin Ehud Barak . Rich ya bayar da gudummawa mai yawa ga gidauniyar agaji ta Isra'ila tsawon shekaru, kuma manyan jami'an Isra'ila da yawa, kamar Shimon Peres da Ehud Olmert, sun yi jayayya a madadinsa a bayan fage. Manyan mutane da yawa na duniyar Yahudawa kamar Abraham Foxman, shugaban ƙungiyar Anti-Defamation League (ADL), wacce ƙungiyarta ta karɓi sama da dala 250,000 daga Rich tsawon shekaru, su ma sun rubuta wa Shugaba Clinton takardar neman afuwa. [15] Daga cikin manyan shugabannin Yahudawa da suka rubuta wa Clinton wasiƙa akwai Shlomo Ben-Ami, tsohon ministan harkokin waje na Isra'ila; Michael Steinhardt, mai taimakon jama'a kuma shugaban kamfanin Steinhardt Associates; da Rabbi Irving Greenberg, shugaban Majalisar Tunawa da Holocaust ta Amurka, wadda ke kula da Gidan Tarihi na Tunawa da Holocaust na Amurka. Duk da cewa babu wani daga cikin alkaluman da aka binciki banda Foxman saboda goyon bayan afuwar Rich, [15] Daga baya Clinton ya yi ikirarin cewa matsin lamba daga al'ummomin Yahudawa da gwamnatin Isra'ila ya taimaka wajen yanke shawarar afuwar Rich. Ya bayyana a wata hira da jaridar The New York Times cewa "jami'an Isra'ila na manyan jam'iyyun siyasa da shugabannin al'ummomin Yahudawa a Amurka da Turai sun yi kira da a yi afuwar Mr. Rich." [16] Ya yi irin wannan tsokaci daga kyamara ga Geraldo Rivera na CNBC cewa "Isra'ila ta yi tasiri sosai a kaina". [16]

Hasashe game da wani dalili na afuwar Rich ya haɗa da zargin da ake masa na shiga cikin ƙungiyar leƙen asiri ta Isra'ila. [17] Rich ya amince da rashin son rai a cikin hirarrakin da ya yi da mai rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa, Daniel Ammann, cewa ya taimaka wa Mossad, hukumar leƙen asiri ta Isra'ila, [2] ikirarin da Ammann ya ce wani tsohon jami'in leƙen asiri na Isra'ila ne ya tabbatar. A cewar Ammann, Rich ya taimaka wajen ba da kuɗaɗen ayyukan Mossad kuma ya samar wa Isra'ila da adadi mai yawa na man fetur na Iran ta hanyar bututun mai na sirri. [2] Avner Azulay, tsohon babban jami'in Mossad kuma babban darakta na gidauniyar agaji ta Rich guda biyu a Isra'ila tun 1993, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita ƙoƙarin afuwar, shine wanda ya shawo kan tsohuwar matar Rich (wadda aka sake ta a 1996) Denise da ta roƙi Shugaba Clinton da kansa ya sake duba buƙatar afuwar Rich. [14] Azulay shi ma shi ne wanda ya nemi Ehud Barak, wanda ya sani ta hanyar aikinsa na baya a Mossad, da ya roƙi Shugaba Clinton a madadin Rich don ya yi masa afuwa. Daga baya Barak ya gabatar da batun ga Clinton a lokuta da dama. [14] Wani tsohon shugaban Mossad, Shabtai Shavit, shi ma ya roƙi Clinton da ya yafe wa Rich, wanda ya ce ya saba barin jami'an leƙen asiri su yi amfani da ofisoshinsa a duk faɗin duniya.

Babban Lauyan Tarayya John Ashcroft ne ya naɗa Mary Jo White don ta binciki afuwar da Clinton ta yi wa Rich na ɗan lokaci kaɗan. Ta sauka daga muƙaminta kafin a kammala binciken, kuma James Comey ya maye gurbinta, wanda ya soki afuwar Clinton da kuma shawarar afuwar da Mataimakin Babban Lauyan Tarayya Eric Holder ya bayar a lokacin. [18] Lauyan Rich, Jack Quinn, ya kasance Lauyan Clinton a Fadar White House a baya kuma babban ma'aikacin mataimakin shugaban Clinton, Al Gore, kuma yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da Holder. A cewar Quinn, Holder ya ba da shawarar cewa a kauce wa hanyoyin da aka saba kuma a miƙa takardar afuwar kai tsaye ga Fadar White House. [19] [lower-alpha 6] An kuma fara binciken Majalisar Dokoki. Manyan masu ba da shawara na Clinton, Shugaban Ma'aikata John Podesta, Lauyan Fadar White House Beth Nolan, da mai ba da shawara Bruce Lindsey, sun shaida cewa kusan dukkan ma'aikatan Fadar White House da ke ba wa shugaban ƙasa shawara kan buƙatar afuwar sun yi kira ga Clinton da kada ta ba Rich afuwa. Masu binciken Tarayya a ƙarshe ba su sami wata shaida ta aikata laifi ba.

A matsayin wani sharaɗi na afuwa, an bayyana a fili cewa Rich zai yi watsi da duk wani matakin kariya daga duk wani matakin farar hula da Amurka ta kai masa bayan ya dawo can. Wannan sharaɗin ya yi daidai da matsayin cewa laifin da ake zarginsa da aikatawa ya cancanci hukunci na farar hula kawai, ba hukunci na laifi ba. Rich bai taɓa komawa Amurka ba.

A cikin wani rubutu da aka buga a jaridar The New York Times a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 2001, Clinton (wanda a lokacin ya bar ofis) ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa ya yafe wa Rich, yana mai cewa farfesoshin haraji na Amurka Bernard Wolfman na Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard da Martin Ginsburg na Cibiyar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Georgetown sun kammala da cewa ba a aikata wani laifi ba, kuma matsayin kamfanonin Rich na bayar da rahoton haraji ya kasance mai ma'ana. A cikin wannan rubutun, Clinton ta lissafa Lewis "Scooter" Libby a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "lauyoyin Republican masu daraja" uku waɗanda suka goyi bayan afuwa ga Rich. (Libby da kansa ya sami sassaucin shugaban ƙasa daga Shugaba George W. Bush, kuma daga baya Shugaba Donald Trump ya yafe masa saboda shigarsa cikin lamarin Plame .) A lokacin zaman sauraren ƙarar Majalisar Dokoki bayan afuwar Rich, Libby, wanda ya wakilci Rich daga 1985 har zuwa bazara na 2000, ya musanta cewa Rich ya karya dokokin haraji amma ya soki shi saboda ciniki da Iran a lokacin da wannan ƙasar ke riƙe da garkuwa da Amurka. [21]

Wani editan jaridar New York Times ya kira afuwar Marc Rich "abin takaici ne na cin zarafin ikon shugaban ƙasa."

A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016, FBI ta fitar da takardu da suka shafi afuwar, inda ta bayyana cewa sakin FOIA ne. [22]

Takardun Aljanna

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A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 2017, Paradise Papers, wani tarin takardu na sirri na lantarki da suka shafi saka hannun jari a ƙasashen waje, ya bayyana cewa kamfanin lauyoyi na Appleby ya yi aiki ga Rich da Glencore a manyan ayyuka a baya, har ma bayan an tuhume shi a shekarar 1983. [23]

Gado

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Glencore International AG ya kasance magajin kamfani ga "Marc Rich + Co AG." A ƙarshen 1993, Rich ya rasa ikon mallakar kamfanin lokacin da wani mummunan yunƙuri na ruguza kasuwar zinare ta duniya ya sa wasu daga cikin Rich Boys suka nace cewa ya bar mafi yawan hannun jarinsa. Bayan siyan hannun jari daga hannun jarin gudanarwa, an sake sanya wa Marc Rich + Co suna Glencore a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1994. [24] An nada Ivan Glasenberg a matsayin babban jami'i a 2002. Glencore ya haɗu a 2013 tare da Xstrata (wanda a da ake kira Südelektra Holding AG) don zama Glencore Xstrata, [25] hedikwata a Baar, Switzerland . Har zuwa shekarar 2011 Glencore IPO, da haɗin gwiwar Glencore/Xstrata na 2013, Glencore ana gudanar da shi azaman haɗin gwiwa na sirri. Bayan haɗewar, gidan yanar gizon Glencore ya ce an kafa kamfanin a shekarar 1974 a matsayin Marc Rich + Co AG, kuma yana nufin siyan da Marc Rich ya yi daga gudanarwa a shekarar 1993. [26]

A shekara ta 2001, kamfanin Crown Resources AG da ke Zug, wanda ke da alaƙa da Alfa Group, ya haɗu da kamfanin Marc Rich & Co. Investment AG (MRI) na Zug, wanda shine sashin cinikin kayayyaki na kamfanin Marc Rich Holding da ke Switzerland, don ƙirƙirar gidan cinikin kayayyaki.

Trafigura Beheer BV, wacce ke da hedikwata a Netherlands, wani magajin kamfani ne, kodayake Rich ba ta taɓa mallakar ko kula da ita kai tsaye ba. An ƙirƙiri ta a watan Maris na 1993, sunan da aka samo daga wani kamfani da ke da rajista a Amsterdam. Abokan haɗin gwiwarta, tare da Claude Dauphin, tsoffin ma'aikatan kamfanin Marc Rich ne. Trafigura AG yanzu ita ce babban ofishin, kuma tana Geneva, Switzerland.

Ɗan ƙasa

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Duk da cewa Rich ya yi imanin cewa ya ajiye takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka lokacin da ya zama ɗan ƙasar Spain, wata kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta yanke hukunci a shekarar 1991 cewa, saboda dalilan dokar Amurka, Rich ya ci gaba da zama ɗan ƙasa, don haka har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin harajin shiga na Amurka. [27] Ya kuma riƙe fasfo na Belgium, Bolivia, na Isra'ila, da na Spain. [28]

Tallafi ga Isra'ila

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Rich ya kasance mai goyon bayan Isra'ila sosai a tsawon rayuwarsa, inda ya bayar da gudummawar kusan dala miliyan 150 ga cibiyoyi kamar Gidan Tarihi na Isra'ila, Gidan Tarihi na Tel Aviv, cibiyoyin bincike, gidajen sinima, da kuma wasu dalilai da dama da aka rubuta a tsawon shekaru. [1]

A shekarar 1985, Rich ya taimaka wajen biyan diyya ga iyalan mutanen da Isra'ila ta kashe a kisan kiyashin Ras Burqa a Sinai. Ya bayar da gudummawar miliyoyin daloli don ɗaukar Yahudawan da suka yi ƙaura daga Habasha da Rasha, ya ba da gudummawa ga Project Discovery, ya kafa reshen gidan tarihi na zane-zane na Isra'ila da na ƙasashen duniya da sunan 'yarsa Gabriela, wacce ta mutu, ya ba da gudummawa ga kafa sabon ginin Tel Aviv Cinematheque mai suna "Marc Rich Israel Cinema Center", da kuma kafa babban ɗakin karatu a Jami'ar IDC Herzliya, [29] wanda ke ɗauke da sunansa. Rich ya kuma kasance mai fafutukar zaman lafiya tsakanin Isra'ilawa da Falasɗinawa ta hanyar kafa shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da ilimi a Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Gaza, da kuma cika alƙawarinsa na bayar da gudummawar taron Shugaba kowace shekara. Rich ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga Cibiyar Sloan-Catherine, Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya a Jami'ar Yale, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Rabin, da kuma cibiyar Cibiyar Ciwon Dana Farber. [30]

Laburaren Marc Rich (kimanin 2016) a Jami'ar Reichman

Rich ya kafa Gidauniyar Rich, ɗaya daga cikin manyan asusun da ke aiki a Isra'ila, wadda ta zuba jari sama da dala miliyan 135 a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. An kafa asusun ne tare da taimakon Avner Azulay, wanda ya rubuta wa Clinton takardar neman afuwa ga Rich, tsohuwar matar Rich Denise, da abokan kasuwancinsa, Elka Acle da Pincus Green . Asusun ya ba da gudummawa tsawon shekaru ga shirye-shiryen al'adu, ilimi, da sauran shirye-shiryen Isra'ila don tallafawa ilimin ɗan adam da zamantakewa a Jami'ar Tel Aviv, ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Isra'ila, Tel Aviv Cinematheque, birnin Beersheba, Jami'ar Reichman, [31] Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Shaare Zedek, matsugunin Beit Berl, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Tel Aviv, da Gidan Tarihi na Isra'ila . Rich ya kuma ba da kuɗin gina ginin Bioengineering a Jami'ar Bar Ilan . [30]

Kyaututtuka

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A watan Mayun 2007, Rich ya sami digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar Bar Ilan, Ramat Gan, Isra'ila, don girmama gudummawar da ya bayar ga Isra'ila da kuma shirye-shiryen bincike na jami'ar. Ya sami irin wannan girmamawa daga Jami'ar Ben-Gurion ta Negev, Beersheba, Isra'ila, a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2007. Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Chaim Sheba da ke Tel Hashomer a birnin Tel Aviv, Isra'ila, ta karrama Rich da lambar yabo ta Sheba Humanitarian Award ta 2008. Tsoffin waɗanda suka karɓi wannan kyautar sun haɗa da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Michael Douglas, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Elizabeth Taylor, da tsohon shugaban Amurka Gerald R. Ford . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa

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A shekarar 1966, Rich ta auri Denise Eisenberg, marubuciyar waƙa kuma magajin wata babbar masana'antar takalma ta New England . Sun haifi 'ya'ya uku, ɗaya daga cikinsu, Gabrielle Rich Aouad, an gano tana da cutar sankarar jini kuma ta mutu tana da shekaru 27, a shekarar 1996, an ruwaito cewa mahaifinta bai taɓa ziyartarta ba yayin da take jinya. [32] Wata 'yar, Ilona Rich, ta auri Kenny Schachter, [33] kuma ta rasa babban ɗanta, Kai, sakamakon kashe kanta a shekarar 2019. [34] Marc Rich da Denise sun rabu a shekarar 1996; ta ci gaba da amfani da sunan Denise Rich. Bayan watanni shida, ya auri bazawara 'yar Italiya Gisela Rossi 'yar Jamus; suka sake a shekarar 2005. [1]

Bayan ya shafe shekaru da dama a Zug, Switzerland, Rich ya koma Meggen, wani birni a Canton of Lucerne, Switzerland, yana zaune a wani gida mai suna "La villa rose" (gidan ruwan hoda) a bakin tafkin Lucerne, inda ya kasance mai kula da sirrinsa da himma. Rich yana da kadarori a wurin shakatawa na kankara na St. Moritz, Switzerland, da kuma a Marbella, Spain. Shi mai tattara fasaha ne, kuma abokai sun ce yana zaune ne a kewaye da Renoirs, Monets, da Picassos .

Rich ya mutu sakamakon bugun jini a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2013, a wani asibiti a Lucerne . Yana da shekaru 78 kuma ya bar 'ya'ya mata biyu, Ilona Schachter-Rich da Danielle Kilstock-Rich. An binne gawarsa a Isra'ila.

Duba kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Bill Clinton ya yafe takaddamar da ta taso
  • Jerin mutanen da Bill Clinton ya yafe

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "KingofOil" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Brookes, Robert (Nov 14, 2009). "King of oil" discloses his "secret lives"". SWI (swissinfo.ch). Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "swissinfo" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ Williams, Oliver (10 October 2012). "NS business profile: Marc Rich, Glencore's fugitive founder". New Statesman (newstatesman.com). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named bloombergobit
  5. ↑ Hougan, Jim (July 19, 2012). "Rex Mundi" [King of the World]. Playboy. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2020 – via Investigative Notes website. Originally published in Playboy with Anna Nicole Smith on its cover, February 1994 (vol. 41, no. 2) issue, table of contents.
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named guardobit
  7. ↑ Williams, Oliver (10 October 2012). "NS business profile: Marc Rich, Glencore's fugitive founder". New Statesman (newstatesman.com). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CaucasusConnections
  9. ↑ Williams, Oliver (10 October 2012). "NS business profile: Marc Rich, Glencore's fugitive founder". New Statesman (newstatesman.com). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nytobit
  11. ↑ Williams, Oliver (10 October 2012). "NS business profile: Marc Rich, Glencore's fugitive founder". New Statesman (newstatesman.com). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  12. ↑ Clinton, W. J. (February 18, 2001). "My Reasons for the Pardons". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
  13. ↑ Williams, Oliver (10 October 2012). "NS business profile: Marc Rich, Glencore's fugitive founder". New Statesman (newstatesman.com). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "H. Rept. 107-454 - Justice Undone: Clemency Decisions in the Clinton White House". congress.gov 107th Congress (2001-2002). May 14, 2002. Retrieved November 21, 2020."House Committee on Government Reform: "Justice Undone: Clemency Decisions in the Clinton White House" report". March 14, 2002. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2007."'Take Jack's Word': The Pardons of International Fugitives Marc Rich and Pincus Green (Chap. One)" (PDF). findlaw.com. March 14, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2006. Retrieved July 16, 2007. For a detailed commentary on the contexts of Libby's work on the Rich case, see 32–33 et passim (quotes Libby's testimony from government transcript) of "'Take Jack's Word': The Pardons of International Fugitives Marc Rich and Pincus Green" (Chap. One) from "Justice Undone: Clemency Decisions in the Clinton White House" report of the House Committee on Government Reform. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "HouseReport" defined multiple times with different content
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Foxman Meets with Investigators, Admits ADL Took Money from Rich". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. March 21, 2001.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Jews feel Clinton scapegoating them in Rich affair". Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
  17. ↑ Williams, Oliver (10 October 2012). "NS business profile: Marc Rich, Glencore's fugitive founder". New Statesman (newstatesman.com). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  18. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  19. ↑ Williams, Oliver (10 October 2012). "NS business profile: Marc Rich, Glencore's fugitive founder". New Statesman (newstatesman.com). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Holder admits 'mistakes' in Rich pardon". CNN. January 15, 2009.
  21. ↑ Williams, Oliver (10 October 2012). "NS business profile: Marc Rich, Glencore's fugitive founder". New Statesman (newstatesman.com). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  22. ↑ Williams, Oliver (10 October 2012). "NS business profile: Marc Rich, Glencore's fugitive founder". New Statesman (newstatesman.com). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  23. ↑ Bastian Obermayer; Edouard Perrin; Frederik Obermaier; Oliver Zihlmann; Petra Blum; Will Fitzgibbon (5 November 2017). "Room Of Secrets Reveals Glencore's Mysteries: Law firm's internal files reveal oil, mineral and grain trader Glencore signed secret deals and loaned millions to a high-risk business partner". ICIJ. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  24. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  25. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  26. ↑ Williams, Oliver (10 October 2012). "NS business profile: Marc Rich, Glencore's fugitive founder". New Statesman (newstatesman.com). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  27. ↑ Williams, Oliver (10 October 2012). "NS business profile: Marc Rich, Glencore's fugitive founder". New Statesman (newstatesman.com). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  28. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Reaves2001
  29. ↑ Williams, Oliver (10 October 2012). "NS business profile: Marc Rich, Glencore's fugitive founder". New Statesman (newstatesman.com). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "הארץ - חדשות, ידיעות מהארץ והעולם - עיתון הארץ" – via Haaretz. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "haaretz.co.il" defined multiple times with different content
  31. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  32. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named punch
  33. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  34. ↑ Williams, Oliver (10 October 2012). "NS business profile: Marc Rich, Glencore's fugitive founder". New Statesman (newstatesman.com). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2012.


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