Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder

Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Bruges (en) , 1520
ƙasa	Habsburg Netherlands (en)
Mutuwa	Landan, 1590s
Ƴan uwa
Yara	view Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger (en)
Karatu
Harsuna	Dutch (en)
Ɗalibai	view Melchior d'Assoneville (mul)
Sana'a
Sana'a	painter (en) , illustrator (en) , printer (en) , etcher (en) , draftsperson (en) , mai zane-zane da masu kirkira
Wurin aiki	Bruges (en) , Landan, Birnin Antwerp da Landan
Muhimman ayyuka	Q122853092

Hoton Elizabeth ta ɗaya ta Ingila, 1578

Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder, Marc Gerard da Marcus Garret (kimanin 1520 - kimanin 1590) ƙwararren mai zane ne na Flemish, mai zane-zane, mai zane-zanen bugu da kuma mai zane wanda ya kasance mai himma a ƙasarsa ta Flanders da kuma Ingila. Ya yi aiki a nau'o'i daban-daban, ciki har da hotuna, zane-zanen addini, shimfidar wurare da jigogi na gine-gine. Ya tsara zane-zane da kayan ado na kaburbura. An san shi da ƙirƙirar wani bugu da ke nuna taswirar garinsu na Bruges da kuma zane-zane na wani littafi na harshen Holland wanda ke ba da labarin labarai daga Aesop's Tables . Hankalinsa ga cikakkun bayanai na halitta da kuma yadda yake zana dabbobi daga rayuwa don zane-zanensa sun yi tasiri mai mahimmanci ga zane-zanen littattafai na Turai. Ɗansa Marcus the Younger ya zama fitaccen mai zane a kotun Ingila .

Rayuwa

An haifi Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder a Bruges, Flanders, a matsayin ɗan Egbert Gheeraerts da matarsa Antonine Vander Weerde. Egbert Gheeraerts mai zane ne wanda ya ƙaura daga wani wuri da ba a sani ba zuwa Bruges. Wasu masana suna ganin cewa sunan Gheeraerts yana nuna cewa wataƙila ya fito ne daga Arewacin Netherlands. A gefe guda kuma, matarsa Antonine 'yar asalin Bruges ce. Egbert ya zama babban magatakardar ƙungiyar Saint Luke ta Bruges a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 1516.

Halin mai ban sha'awa yana da launi na dabba, daga De warachtighe fabulen der dieren, Bruges, 1567

Ba a san ainihin ranar haihuwar Marcus Gheeraerts ba. Dangane da bayanan tarihi game da rayuwar mahaifinsa, za a iya cewa an haife shi tsakanin 1516 da 1521. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mijinta, mahaifiyar Marcus ta sake auri Simon Pieters, wanda shi ma mai zane ne kuma wataƙila ɗan asalin Arewacin Netherlands. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya shida waɗanda Marcus ya girma tare da su. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa wani lokacin ake kiransa da Marcus Pieters. Bayan mutuwar uban gidansa Simon Pieters a farkon 1557, Marcus Gheeraerts ya zama mai kula da 'yan uwansa maza da mata. Mahaifiyar Marcus ta rasu a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1580.

Makokin Almasihu

Ba a san ko wanene ko kuma wanda ya yi fice a fannin Marcus Gheeraerts ba. Wanda ya fi bayyana a fili shine uban gidansa Simon Pieters. Masana tarihi na fasaha sun yi imanin cewa ya fara horonsa tare da Simon Pieters kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a wurin horar da mai kula da shi Albert Cornelis . Ana hasashen cewa yana da wasu masters amma babu wata yarjejeniya game da asalinsu. Wataƙila ya yi horo a wajen Bruges don koyon sana'ar sassaka, wanda ba a saba yin sa a babban mataki a Bruges ba.

Babu wani bayani game da Gheeraerts a cikin rajistar ƙungiyar Sint-Lucas da ke Bruges na tsawon lokacin daga 1522 zuwa 1549. An fassara wannan rashin zuwan a matsayin wata alama da ke nuna cewa ya bar garinsu don yin karatu a Antwerp ko kuma a ƙasashen waje. Daga 1558 zuwa gaba, wasu takardu sun nuna cewa Gheeraerts yana zaune a Bruges. A ranar 31 ga Yuli 1558, ya shiga ƙungiyar masu sana'a da masu yin sirdi ta Bruges a matsayin ƙwararren mai zane. A wannan shekarar, an zaɓe shi memba na biyu na kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar, wanda ke nuna cewa ya riga ya sami karɓuwa sosai a fannin ƙwararru. Daga Afrilu zuwa Satumba 1561 Gheeraerts shine memba na farko na kwamitin gudanarwa.

A ranar 3 ga Yuni, 1558, Marcus Gheeraerts ya auri Johanna Struve. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya uku, waɗanda biyu daga cikinsu an san su da suna, ɗa ɗaya daga baya aka kira shi Marcus Ƙaramin da 'ya mace mai suna Esther. Yaro na uku ya mutu yana ƙarami kuma aka binne shi a shekara ta 1561.

Gheeraerts ya fara sana'ar zane, zane da kuma zane. Ya kasance mai himma a matsayin mai zane na zane mai ban mamaki. A ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1559, aka ba shi aikin samar da zane-zane na kaburburan Mary of Burgundy da Charles the Bold a Cocin Our Lady da ke Bruges. Ya zana zane-zane na kayan ado na ƙarfe masu tsada, riguna masu launuka da mala'iku biyu na tagulla waɗanda aka haɗa a gefen kaburburan. A shekara ta 1561, an ba Marcus Gheeraerts aikin kammala wani zane mai ban mamaki na Passion of Christ wanda fitaccen mai zane Bernard van Orley ya fara. Zane-zanen bai ƙare ba bayan mutuwar van Orley a shekara ta 1542. Da farko an yi shi ne don cocin gidan sufi na Brou kusa da Bourg-en-Bresse (sashen Ain, Faransa), wanda Margaret ta Austria ta gina, an mayar da shi zuwa Bruges bayan mutuwarta. Gheeraerts ta kammala shi. Daga baya Margaret ta Parma ta yanke shawarar sanya triptych a Cocin Our Lady da ke Bruges.

Misalin Iconoclasm, kimanin shekaru 1560

An ƙara ba Gheeraerts aikin a shekara ta 1561 don yin bugu wanda ke nuna taswirar garinsu. Ya kammala aikin a cikin shekara guda. Taswirar tana ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na taswirar birni mai hangen nesa wanda aka nuna daidai. A wannan lokacin ne Gheeraerts ya fi yiwuwa ya zana <i id="mwbw">Kristi Mai Nasara</i> (tarin gidan tarihi na Memling a Tsohon Asibitin St. John da ke Bruges).

Marcus Gheeraerts ya shiga cikin al'ummar Calvinist a Bruges kuma ya zama shugaban al'ummar cocin yankin. Yayin da aka fara jure wa Calvinism, tsananta wa Calvinist addini ya fara ne a shekarar 1567 da isowar sabon gwamnan ƙasashe masu ƙasƙanci, Duke na Alva . A shekara ta 1566 ya shiga zanga-zangar adawa da kama Calvinists a Bruges. Ya yi tunani a cikin fasaharsa game da rikicin addini da kuma gumaka na zamaninsa. A matsayinsa na Calvinist kuma mai zane, da alama yana da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da gumakan ƙungiyar addininsa: ya yi Allah wadai da bautar gumaka amma bai yarda da lalata hotunan addini da Iconoclasts ke yi ba. A shekara ta 1566 ko jim kaɗan bayan haka, ya ƙirƙiri wani rubutu da ake kira Allegory of Iconoclasm wanda ke nuna wani babban kan wani sufi da ke ruɓewa. Kan ya bayyana yana tashi daga wani dutse da ya fito. Ƙananan siffofi da yawa sun yi ta yawo a kan duwatsu. Sun yi siffofi daban-daban guda 22 waɗanda a da ake nuna su da maɓallan haruffa waɗanda ba su tsira ba. A cikin bakin da ke buɗe, ana bikin ibada ta shaidan. A kan faifan rubutun, wani mutum mai kama da Paparoma yana zaune a ƙarƙashin rufin kan karagar mulki wanda bishop-bishop da sufaye suka kewaye. An liƙa addu'o'i da rosaries a kan sandunan kuma ana yin al'adu daban-daban da jerin gwano kuma ana yi musu lakabi da haruffa. A gaban masu bautar gumaka na Furotesta suna fasa bagadai, sassaka na addini, da sauran abubuwa da suka shafi coci suna jefa su cikin wuta. Buga rubutun ya yi Allah wadai da bautar gumakan Katolika a kowane fanni kuma yana nuna masu bin addinin Calvinist a matsayin masu tsarkake duniya daga wannan mugunta da ake gani. Ana kyautata zaton Gheeraerts sun bi wannan rubutun da bugu mai gurbata siyasa, wanda ya haifar da shari'ar 1568 saboda yin zane-zanen Paparoma, sarki da Katolika.

Fête a Bermondsey, 1571

Saboda tsoron cewa za a yanke masa hukuncin kisa a shari'ar da ake yi masa, Gheeraerts ya gudu a shekarar 1568 zuwa Ingila tare da ɗansa Marcus da mataimakinsa Philipus de la Valla. Matarsa da 'yarsa sun ci gaba da zama a Bruges. An yanke masa hukunci a shari'arsa a ƙarshen shekarar 1568. An yanke masa hukunci kuma hukuncin ya kasance korarsa na dindindin da kuma kwace dukiyarsa gaba ɗaya.

Gheeraerts ya fara zama a Landan bayan ya isa Ingila a shekarar 1568. 'Yarsa ta haɗu da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 1571 wataƙila bayan mahaifiyarta ta mutu. Bayan mutuwar matarsa a Bruges, mai zane ya auri matarsa ta biyu a Ingila, Sussanah de Critz. Matarsa 'yar'uwar mai zane-zanen Sarauniya Elizabeth ta Ɗaya ce, John de Critz, wani mai zane-zanen Flemish wanda ya gudu zuwa Ingila. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu da ɗa ɗaya. Sarah, ɗa ɗaya tilo da ta tsira har zuwa lokacin da ta girma, daga baya ta auri shahararren mai zane-zanen Ingilishi ɗan asalin Faransa Isaac Oliver . Kamar yadda ya faru a Bruges, Gheeraerts ya yi zane-zane da zane-zane kuma ya ci gaba da ayyukansa na zane-zane. Ganin cewa akwai buƙatar zane-zanen hoto a Ingila sosai, Gheeraerts ya fara zana hotuna, wanda bai yi ba tun yana Flanders.

Masana tarihin fasaha ba su yarda ko Gheeraerts ya koma ƙasarsa ta Flanders a kusa da 1577 don ci gaba da aikinsa a Antwerp ba. A shekara ta 1577, an yi wa wani ɗan zane mai suna 'Mercus Geeraert Fenter' rijista a matsayin babban ma'aikaci a ƙungiyar Saint Luke ta Antwerp kuma ya biya kuɗin rajista na shekarun 1585 da 1586. Ba a fayyace ko wannan Mercus ya ambaci Marcus the Elder ko kuma Marcus the Younger ba. Wasu masana tarihin fasaha sun yi imanin cewa Marcus the Elder ya yi rajista a ƙungiyar Antwerp domin ya sami damar yin aiki da firintocin Antwerp bisa doka don wallafe-wallafen da ya yi aiki a kansu. Wasu kuma sun yi imanin cewa ya yi aiki a Antwerp kuma sun nuna wallafe-wallafe daban-daban da aka buga a Antwerp waɗanda ya yi aiki tare a kansu.

Marcus Gheeraerts yana da ɗalibai daban-daban a lokacin aikinsa. A shekara ta 1563, Melchior d'Assoneville mai shekaru 13 ya zama ɗalibi a Gheeraerts a Bruges. Daga baya Melchior d'Assoneville ya zama mai sassaka da mai zane-zane na ado kuma yayin da yake zaune a Mechelen, shi ne ƙwararren Hendrik Faydherbe. Mataimakinsa na bitar Philipus de la Valla wanda ya gudu tare da shi zuwa Ingila wataƙila shi ma ɗalibi ne na Gheeraerts duk da cewa wani lokacin ana kiransa bawa a cikin tarihin zamani. Ba a tabbatar ko Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder shine malamin ɗansa Marcus the Younger ba. Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da wannan, amma da alama ya sami horo amma ɗansa kuma ya sami horo tare da wasu masu fasaha, waɗanda wataƙila sun haɗa da wasu 'yan gudun hijira na Flemish a Ingila, kamar Lucas de Heere da John de Critz .

Ba a san ranar mutuwar Gheeraerts ba amma dole ne ya kasance kafin 1599.

Tawagar Jaruman Garter, 1576

Gheeraerts kwararren mai zane ne, mai zane-zane, mai zane-zanen rubutu, mai zane-zanen rubutu da kuma mai zane-zanen ado. Ganin cewa yawancin zane-zanensa sun ɓace sakamakon Iconoclasm na ƙarni na 16, yanzu an fi saninsa da aikinsa na mai buga takardu da mai zane-zanen rubutu. Ya kasance mai kirkire-kirkire kuma ya gwada yin zane-zane a lokacin da sassaka da sassaka suka zama manyan dabarun. Misali, an zana hotonsa na 1562 na garin Bruges a kan faranti 10 daban-daban, kuma taswirar da aka samu ta kai 100 x 177. cm.

Zane-zane

Zane-zane kaɗan ne aka danganta su da Gheeraerts da tabbas. Bai sanya hannu kan ko ɗaya daga cikin zane-zanensa ba. An rubuta cewa ya kammala zane-zanen Tritych na Passion of Christ wanda fitaccen mai zane Bernard van Orley ya fara. Daga baya an lalata tritych ɗin a lokacin Icoclasm kuma Frans Pourbus the Younger ya sake fenti a 1589 yayin aikin gyara. Ba a fayyace yanayin aikin a halin yanzu ba, waɗanne sassa aka zana da wanne mai zane. An yi hasashen cewa Bernard van Orley ya fara tsakiyar allon kuma Marcus Gheeraerts ya kammala wuraren waje. Kwafi na wurin <i id="mwyA">Makokin Almasihu</i> ya bayyana a kasuwar fasaha (sayar da Hampel Fine Art na 27 Yuni 2019, yanki na 551) kuma an danganta shi da Gheeraerts. Wani sigar Makoki kuma an danganta shi da Gheeraerts yana cikin Cocin Saint Amands na Geel .

Mace mai fitsari (1562) daga taswirar Bruges

An danganta kwamitin <i id="mw1Q">Triumphant Christ</i> (gidan tarihi na Memling a Tsohon Asibitin St. John da ke Bruges) da Marcus Gheeraerts. An danganta <i id="mw1w">Lazarus da attajirin</i> (Gidan Tarihi na Catharijneconvent da ke Utrecht) da Gheeraerts amma wannan bayanin ba a yi jayayya a kai ba.

An san Gheeraerts the Dattijon a matsayin mai zane-zanen hoto. Har yanzu ana jayayya game da batun Gheeraerts na <i id="mw3g">Zane-zanen Elizabeth ta Ɗaya ta Ingila</i>, wanda kuma ake kira da Zane-zanen Zaman Lafiya . Littafin "MGF" da ke kan hoton zai iya aiki ga Marcus Gheeraerts the Dattijon da ɗansa Marcus Ƙarami. Wasu masana tarihi na fasaha suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin uba da ɗansa Gheeraerts. An kuma danganta <i id="mw4Q">Hoton Yarima William na Ɗaya na Orange</i> ( Blair Castle, Scotland) ga Gheeraerts.

Ayyuka guda biyu da ke nuna bukukuwa, <i id="mw6Q">bikin Fête a Bermondsey</i> da <i id="mw6w">bikin ƙauye na A</i> ( Hatfield House, Herefordshire), Ingila), wanda a da aka danganta shi da mai zane na Flemish Joris Hoefnagel, an danganta shi da Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder a shekarar 2015. Wani rubutu a kan zanen farko ya nuna cewa ɗan kasuwar Flemish Jacob Hoefnagel ne ya zana shi bisa umarnin hukuma, ɗan'uwan Joris Hoefnagel kuma mazaunin Landan. Rubutun ya kuma ambaci cewa Jacob Hoefnagel yana son hoton ya nuna duk salon da ake gani a Ingila. Gheeraerts sun bi wannan umarni ta hanyar nuna siffofi a cikin kayan ado daga Ingila, Faransa, Venice da sauran ƙasashen Turai. Waɗannan kayan ado sun dogara ne akan wani littafi da ke nuna kayayyaki daban-daban da mai zane na Flemish émigré Lucas de Heere ya tattara kuma ya zana. Ana kyautata zaton zane-zanen biyu suna nuna bikin aure. Wurin Fête shine bakin kogin Thames yayin da bikin ke cikin yanayin ƙasa mai ban mamaki. A cikin duka zane-zanen, ana gudanar da jerin gwano daga dama zuwa hagu, inda mutane biyu ke ɗauke da manyan kek, masu goge biyu da kuma wani mutum da ke ɗauke da fure mai kama da rosemary da aka ɗaure da ribbons. Fuskokin siffofin an yi su da kyau kuma wataƙila hotunan membobin al'ummar Flemish a Ingila ne. Zane-zanen wataƙila an yi su ne don nuna mutunci da tsoron al'ummar Flemish da ke Ingila da kuma tabbatar da matsayinsu a ƙasar da suka karɓe ta. Ana kyautata zaton mutumin da ke kallon mai kallo da ke bayyana a cikin zane-zanen biyu hoton kansa ne na mai zane Gheeraerts.

Mai zane mara daɗi da iyalinsa, 1577

Karel van Mander ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa na Schilderboeck daga 1604 cewa Gheeraerts ƙwararren mai zane ne na shimfidar wuri, wanda "sau da yawa yana da dabi'ar haɗa mace mai tsugunnewa, tana yin fitsari a kan gada ko wani wuri." An ga irin wannan bayanin a cikin ɗaya daga cikin zane-zanen tatsuniyoyinsa da taswirar Bruges. Babu wani zane-zanen shimfidar wuri da Gheeraerts ya yi a halin yanzu da aka danganta shi da shi amma wasu daga cikin ayyukansa kamar Fête, Bikin da kuma <i id="mwAQ4">Kristi Mai Nasara sun</i> ƙunshi muhimman abubuwan shimfidar wuri.

Bayanin tarin fasahar Cornelis van Hooghendorp da aka yi a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 ya haɗa da zane-zane guda biyar da Gheeraerts ya yi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da shimfidar wuri mai shanu, wakilcin misali tare da "yanayin dare lokacin da shaidan ya shuka iri mara kyau", wakilcin Maryamu a kan jirgin sama zuwa Masar da zane-zane guda biyu a kan takarda. A shekara ta 1563, Marcus Gheeraerts ya kuma zana wani triptych don cocin friars minor recollect a Bruges.

Da farko Bernard van Orley ne ya yi tasiri a salon zanen Gheeraerts. Bayan shekara ta 1565, ya bi salon zanen fitaccen mai zane na tarihi na Antwerp Maerten de Vos na Italiya. Salon zanensa ya fi kusa da na Vincent Sellaer wanda ba a san shi sosai ba.

Kwafi

Gheeraerts ya kasance mai himma a matsayin mai buga takardu da mai tsara takardu a lokacin da yake Flanders da kuma a Ingila. Shahararrun ayyukan bugawa da ya ƙirƙira kafin ya tafi Ingila sune taswirar Bruges, Alamar Iconoclasm (duka an tattauna su a sama) da kuma littafin tatsuniyoyi mai suna De warachtighe fabulen der dieren ( Tatsuniyoyi na gaske na dabbobi ).

De warachtighe fabulen der dieren

Satyr and peasant (1567) daga De warachtighe fabulen der dieren

An buga wannan littafin a shekarar 1567 a Bruges ta hannun Pieter de Clerck. Marcus Gheeraerts ya zana shafin taken da zane-zane 107 na kowace tatsuniya da abokinsa, Edewaerd de Dene, ya rubuta a cikin baitin Flemish na yankinsa. Gheeraerts ya fara kuma ya ba da kuɗin buga littafin, wanda aka buga shi zuwa mafi girman matsayi na lokacinsa a matsayin abu mai tsada tare da rubutu uku daban-daban. Kowace tatsuniya tana ɗauke da shafuka biyu masu fuska biyu: a gefen hagu, an nuna hoton da ke ɗauke da karin magana ko magana da kuma wasu baiti a ƙarƙashinsa yayin da a hannun dama aka ba da labarin tatsuniya da ɗabi'unta. Shi ne littafin tatsuniya na farko mai alama kuma ya kafa yanayin littattafai makamantan haka.

Babban tushen rubutun a cikin littafin shine Les tables du très ancien Ésope wanda masanin ɗan adam ɗan Faransa Gilles Corrozet ya rubuta kuma aka buga a Paris a 1542. Tushe na biyu shine Aesopi Phrygis et aliorum fabulae, tarin tatsuniyoyi a Latin wanda aka buga a ma'aikatan bugawa na Antwerp na Christophe Plantin a bugu daban-daban tun daga 1660. Tushe na uku don rubuce-rubucen tatsuniyoyi na tarihin halitta kamar Der Naturen Bloeme (Fure (watau zaɓi) na Yanayi), kundin tarihin halitta na Tsakiyar Holland, wanda marubucin Flemish Jacob van Maerlant ya rubuta a ƙarni na 13 da kuma tarin tarihin halitta na harshen Holland Der Dieren Palleys (Fadar Dabbobi), wanda aka buga a Antwerp a 1520. Tushe na ƙarshe don tatsuniyoyi shine littattafan emblemata na zamani kamar Emblemata na Andrea Alciato da alamar Joannes Sambucus . Zane-zane da Bernard Salomon ya yi don bugun tatsuniyoyin Aesop da aka buga a Lyon a shekarar 1547 da kuma bugu na Jamusanci tare da bugu na Virgil Solis da aka buga a Frankfurt a shekarar 1566 su ne tushen manufofin Gheeraerts. Ya ba wa mutanensa ƙarin ilimin halitta fiye da waɗannan masu fasaha. Kimanin hotuna 30 ƙirƙira ne na Gheeraerts.

Gheeraerts ya ƙara wasu zane-zane 18 da sabon shafin taken sigar Faransanci ta Fabulen wanda aka buga a shekarar 1578 ƙarƙashin taken Esbatement moral des animaux . An buga sigar Latin, Mythologia ethica, a shekara mai zuwa tare da shafin taken da wataƙila ya dogara da zane na Gheeraerts. An yi amfani da faranti na tagulla a cikin littattafai har zuwa ƙarni na 18 kuma masu fasaha a duk faɗin Turai sun kwafi jerin tatsuniyoyi. Gheeraerts ya kuma zana jerin zane-zane 65 na littafin tatsuniyoyi na Apologi Creaturarum, wanda aka buga a Antwerp a 1584. Duk da haka, zane-zanen sun yi ƙanƙanta fiye da na jerin farko kuma wannan littafin bai taɓa samun shahara kamar ta asali ba. An kuma yi amfani da hotunan Gheeraerts a cikin wallafe-wallafe har zuwa ƙarni na 18 a Jamhuriyar Holland, Jamus, Faransa da Bohemia.