Margaret Aitken (mafarauci)

Margaret Aitken (mafarauci)
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	16 century
ƙasa	Kingdom of Scotland (en) Scotland
Mazauni	Balwearie (en)
Mutuwa	Fife (en) , ga Augusta, 1597 (Julian)
Yanayin mutuwa	(death by burning (en) )
Karatu
Harsuna	Turanci
Sana'a

Margaret Aitken (ya mutu a watan Agustan shekara ta 1597, Fife), wanda aka fi sani da Babban Mafarauci na Balwearie, ya kasance muhimmiyar adadi a cikin babban firgici na Scotland na shekara ta 1597 yayin da ayyukanta suka haifar da ƙarshen wannan jerin gwajin maƙaryaci. Bayan an zarge ta da maita Aitken ta furta amma daga bisani ta gano daruruwan mata a matsayin wasu mayu don ceton rayuwarta. An fallasa ta a matsayin zamba bayan 'yan watanni kuma an ƙone ta a kan gungume.

Tarihi

Wani ɓangare na Ikklisiya na Abbotshall zuwa kudu maso yammacin Fife" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Raith, Fife">Raith da yammacin Kirkcaldy, ƙaramin ƙauyen Balwearie a Fife an daɗe ana danganta shi da abubuwan da suka faru. [3][4][5]

An rubuta cewa Sarki James V ya yi mafarki mai ban tsoro a cikin 1539 cewa laird na ɗan Balwearie, Thomas Scott, ya ziyarci sarki "tare da shaidan".[5] Likitan ƙarni na 13, Sir Michael Scott na Balwearie, ya daɗe yana shiga al'adun gargajiya a matsayin mai sihiri.[6]

Babban farautar maƙaryaci na Scotland na 1597

An zargi Margaret Aitken da maita kuma an kama ta bisa zargin wannan laifin a Fife a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1597. [7] A karkashin barazanar matsanancin azabtarwa da kuma kare rayuwarta, a lokacin ikirarin ta ta yi iƙirarin cewa za ta iya gane wasu mayu ta hanyar neman alama ta musamman a idanunsu.[6][9][7]

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1597, ta yi iƙirarin sanin taron mayu 2,300 a Atoll.[7] A sakamakon haka, an kafa kwamiti na musamman tare da amincewar James VI, [1] kuma masu gabatar da kara sun dauke ta daga gari zuwa gari don gano mayu.[7] A cikin shekara ta 1597 ɗayan mai gano maƙaryaci da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin shari'o'in maita shine Marion Kwyne wanda ya fito a cikin shariʼo'in da aka kawo wa maza biyu da mata goma sha uku a Kirkcaldy; masanin kimiyya Stuart Macdonald ya yi hasashen cewa wannan na iya zama Aitken a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka ɗauka.[11]

Baya ga Aitken yana kallon idanun wadanda ake zargi da maita, hukumar ta kuma yi amfani da gwajin yin iyo - kusan lokaci guda kawai da aka yi amfani da wannan gwajin a Scotland. [7][7]   Lokacin da ta isa Glasgow, Minista John Cowper ya hukunta mata da yawa marasa laifi zuwa mutuwa a kan shaidarta. Duk wata mace da ake zargi da maita an jefa ta cikin kurkuku kuma an azabtar da ita, inda yawancin su suka furta cewa suna da laifi.[13] Daga nan za a gurfanar da su a gaban shari'a kuma a kashe su.[13] Ba a san ainihin adadin kisan gillar da hukumar ta yi ba amma ana zaton sun shiga cikin daruruwan.[7]

Lokacin da Aiken ta yarda da yaudarar ikonta, Marion Walker, mai tsayayya da farautar maƙaryaci na John Cowper, ya rarraba ikirarin Aitken wanda ya kawo ƙarshen wannan lokacin firgici.

Nasarar Aitken ta ɗan gajeren lokaci ta kuma haifar da masu koyi kamar Anne Ewing a Kirkcaldy wanda bayan farautar maƙaryaci a Kirkcalby majistare na Kirkcaldy suka ba da rancen ga abokan aikinsu a Inverkeithing a kan yanayin cewa za ta dawo.[15]

Robert Bowes, jakadan Ingila a Edinburgh, ya rubuta wa Lord Burghley a watan Agustan shekara ta 1597 cewa sarki "ya damu kuma ya damu da hanyoyi da yawa a cikin binciken mayu waɗanda suka fi yawa kuma (kamar yadda aka ruwaito) a cikin dubban mutane".

Mutuwa

Kusan 1 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1597, An fallasa Aitken a matsayin zamba. [6][9] Wani mai gabatar da kara mai shakka ya dauki wasu daga cikin wadanda aka bayyana da laifi kuma ya dawo da su zuwa Aitken washegari a cikin tufafi daban-daban. Lokacin da ta bayyana su marasa laifi, rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai gano maƙaryaci ya lalace kuma an dakatar da gwajin maƙaryaciya.[7]

Da aka dawo da ita zuwa Fife, ta tsaya a gaban shari'a kuma ta tabbatar da cewa duk abin da ta fada game da kanta, da kuma game da wasu, karya ne.[7] An ƙone Aitken a kan gungume a watan Agustan shekara ta 1597. [9][13]

Kyauta

Bayan wannan bala'i, James VI ya soke kwamitocin da ke akwai a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 1597 ta hanyar sanarwar da majalisa ta yi a Falkland.[6] Rashin amincewa game da al'amarin Aitken ya nuna cewa Scotland ba za ta ga wani tsoro ba har tsawon shekaru talatin, amma amincewar James VI game da bin masu laifi bai ragu ba.[17]

The king had his mind only bent on the examination and trial of sorcerors, men and women.Samfuri:Sfnp