Maria Sibylla Merian

Maria Sibylla Merian
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Frankfurt, 2 ga Afirilu, 1647
ƙasa	Dutch Republic (en) Jamus
Mutuwa	Amsterdam, 13 ga Janairu, 1717
Makwanci	Heiligewegs- en Leidsche Kerkhof (mul)
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	Matthäus Merian
Abokiyar zama	Johann Andreas Graff (en)  (16 Mayu 1665 -  1685)
Yara	view Johanna Helena Herolt (mul) Dorothea Maria Graff (mul)
Ahali	Matthäus Merian the younger (en) da Casper Merian (mul)
Karatu
Harsuna	Jamusanci Dutch (en)
Sana'a
Sana'a	entomologist (en) , lepidopterist (en) , botanist (en) , naturalist (en) , painter (en) , illustrator (en) , scientific illustrator (en) da botanical illustrator (en)
Wurin aiki	Surinam (en) da Dutch Republic (en)
Muhimman ayyuka	Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium (en)

Maria Sibylla Merian (2 Afrilu 1647 – 13 ga Janairu 1717) [1] ƙwararriyar masaniyar halittu ce ta Jamus, mai nazarin halittu, kuma mai zane-zanen kimiyya . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin masana kimiyyar halittu na Turai da suka rubuta abubuwan da aka lura da su game da kwari kai tsaye. Merian ta fito ne daga reshen Frankfurt na dangin Swiss Merian

Merian ta sami horon fasaha daga uban gidanta, Jacob Marrel, ɗalibi a fannin zane mai rai Georg Flegel . Merian ta buga littafinta na farko na zane-zane na halitta a shekarar 1675. Ta fara tattara kwari tun tana ƙarama. Tana da shekaru 13, ta kiwon tsutsotsi na siliki . A shekarar 1679, Merian ta buga kundin farko na jerin littattafai biyu kan tsutsotsi ; kundin na biyu ya biyo baya a shekarar 1683. Kowane kundin ya ƙunshi faranti 50 da ta sassaka kuma ta sassaka. Merian ta tattara shaidu kan yadda aka samu canji da kuma yadda tsirrai suka mamaye nau'ikan kwari 186 na Turai. Tare da zane-zanen Merian ta haɗa da bayanin zagayowar rayuwarsu.

A shekara ta 1699, Merian ta yi tafiya zuwa Dutch Guiana don yin nazari da kuma rubuta kwari masu zafi da suka samo asali daga yankin. A shekara ta 1705, ta buga Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium . An yaba wa Merian's Metamorphosis da yin tasiri ga masu zane-zane na halitta iri-iri. Saboda lura da ta yi da kuma rubuce-rubucenta game da yadda malam buɗe ido ya canza, David Attenborough ya ɗauki Merian a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga fannin ilimin halittar dabbobi . [1] Ta gano sabbin bayanai da yawa game da rayuwar kwari ta hanyar karatunta. [2] Har zuwa lokacin da ta yi aiki mai kyau da cikakken bayani, an yi tunanin cewa kwari "an haife su ne daga laka" ta hanyar samar da su ta hanyar bazata . Binciken da ta yi na farko wajen kwatantawa da bayyana matakai daban-daban na ci gaba, daga ƙwai zuwa tsutsa zuwa jaki da kuma daga ƙarshe har zuwa babba, ya kawar da ra'ayin samar da su ta bazata kuma ya kafa ra'ayin cewa kwari suna fuskantar zagayowar rayuwa daban-daban da ake iya faɗi. [3]

Rayuwa da aiki

Mahaifinta, Matthäus Merian, mai sassaka ne kuma yana gudanar da gidan buga littattafai. Shi ɗan gidan Basel Merian ne na Patrician .

Mahaifin Maria Sibylla Merian, mai sassaka kuma mawallafi ɗan ƙasar Switzerland, Matthäus Merian, ya auri mahaifiyarta, matarsa ta biyu, Johanna Sybilla Heyne, a shekara ta 1646. An haifi Maria a cikin shekara mai zuwa, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ɗansa na tara. Mahaifinta ya mutu a shekara ta 1650, kuma a shekara ta 1651, mahaifiyarta ta sake auri Jacob Marrel, mai zane-zanen furanni da rai . Marrel ta ƙarfafa Merian ta zana da fenti. Yayin da yake zaune galibi a Holland, ɗalibinsa Abraham Mignon ya horar da ita. A lokacin tana da shekaru 13, ta zana hotunanta na farko na kwari da tsire-tsire daga samfuran da ta kama. [1] Tun da farko, ta sami damar samun littattafai da yawa game da tarihin halitta . [2] Game da ƙuruciyarta, a cikin gabatarwar Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium, Merian ya rubuta: [3]

I spent my time investigating insects. At the beginning, I started with silkworms in my home town of Frankfurt. I realized that other caterpillars produced beautiful butterflies or moths, and that silkworms did the same. This led me to collect all the caterpillars I could find in order to see how they changed.

A watan Mayu na shekarar 1665, Merian ta auri ɗalibin Marrel, Johann Andreas Graff daga Nuremberg ; mahaifinsa mawaki ne kuma darektan makarantar sakandare ta gida, ɗaya daga cikin manyan makarantu a Jamus ta ƙarni na sha bakwai. A watan Janairu na shekarar 1668, ta haifi ɗanta na fari, Johanna Helena, kuma iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Nuremberg a shekarar 1670, garin mijinta. Yayin da take zaune a can, Merian ta ci gaba da zane, tana aiki a kan takarda da lilin, da kuma ƙirƙirar zane-zane don yin zane . Ta kuma ba da darussan zane ga 'ya'yan mata marasa aure na iyalai masu arziki ('yan uwanta na Jungfern ', wato ƙungiyar budurwa), wanda ya taimaka wa iyalinta da kuɗi kuma ya ƙara matsayinsu na zamantakewa. Wannan ya ba ta damar shiga mafi kyawun lambuna, waɗanda masu kuɗi da manyan mutane ke kula da su, inda za ta iya ci gaba da tattarawa da kuma rubuta kwari. A shekarar 1675, Merian ta shiga Kwalejin Jamus ta Joachim von Sandrart . Baya ga zanen furanni, ta yi zane-zanen farantin tagulla . Bayan halartar makarantar Sandrart, ta buga littattafan zane-zanen furanni. A shekara ta 1678, ta haifi 'yarta ta biyu Dorothea Maria .

Sauran mata masu zane-zanen da ba su mutu ba, kamar Margaretha de Heer ta Merian ta zamani, sun haɗa da kwari a cikin hotunan furanninsu, amma ba su yi kiwo ko nazarin su ba. A shekara ta 1679, ta buga aikinta na farko akan kwari, na farko daga cikin littafi mai zane mai juzu'i biyu wanda ya mayar da hankali kan yadda kwari suka canza yanayinsu.

A shekara ta 1678, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Frankfurt am Main, amma aurenta bai yi daɗi ba. Ta ƙaura tare da mahaifiyarta bayan rasuwar mahaifinta a shekara ta 1681. A shekara ta 1683, ta yi tafiya zuwa Gottorp kuma ta yi sha'awar al'ummar Labadists a Holstein . A shekara ta 1685, Merian ta yi tafiya tare da mahaifiyarta, mijinta, da 'ya'yanta zuwa Friesland inda ɗan'uwanta Caspar Merian ya zauna tun shekara ta 1677.

Friesland

Ɗan'uwanta Caspar Merian

Tun daga shekarar 1685, Merian, 'ya'yanta mata, da mahaifiyarta sun zauna tare da al'ummar Labadist, waɗanda suka zauna a wani gida mai kyau - Walt(h)a Castle - a Wieuwerd a Friesland. Sun zauna a wurin tsawon shekaru uku kuma Merian ta sami lokacin yin nazarin tarihin halitta da Latin, harshen da ake rubuta littattafan kimiyya a lokacin. A cikin dazuzzukan Friesland, ta lura da haihuwa da haɓakar kwaɗi, ta tattara su don ta rarraba su. Merian ya ci gaba da zama tare da al'ummar har zuwa 1691.

In Wieuwerd, the Labadists engaged in printing and many other occupations, including farming and milling. At its peak, the religious community numbered around 600, with many more adherents further afield. Visitors came from England, Italy, Poland, and elsewhere, but not all approved of the strict discipline, religious separatism, and community property. Merian's husband was refused by the Labadists, but came back twice.

Amsterdam

An sake buga littafin Metamorphosis na baki da fari a shekarar 1730 - bayan rasuwarta a shekarar 1719, 1726, da 1730.

Hoton sana'a na Maria Sibylla Merian (kimanin 1700, farantin jan ƙarfe na Jacobus Houbraken daga hoton Georg Gsell ). Matsayinta a matsayin ƙwararriyar ƙwararriya ya ta'allaka ne da tarin littattafai da ke kusa da ita. Duniya da kwafi suna jawo hankali ga nasarorin da ta samu. Guda biyu na zane- zane da alamar mahaifinta suna jaddada asalinta.

A shekara ta 1690, mahaifiyar Merian ta mutu. Bayan shekara guda, ta ƙaura tare da 'ya'yanta mata zuwa Amsterdam. A shekara ta 1692, mijinta ya sake ta. A Amsterdam a wannan shekarar, 'yarta Johanna ta auri Jakob Hendrik Herolt, wani ɗan kasuwa mai nasara a sana'ar Suriname, wanda asalinsa daga Bacharach ne . Mai zane-zanen furanni Rachel Ruysch ta zama ɗalibar Merian. Merian tana samun abin rayuwa tana sayar da zane-zanenta. Ita da 'yarta Johanna sun sayar da hotunan furanni ga mai tattara zane-zane Agnes Block . A shekara ta 1698 Merian ta zauna a wani gida mai kayan daki a Kerkstraat.

A shekara ta 1699, birnin Amsterdam ya ba Merian izinin tafiya zuwa Suriname da ke Kudancin Amurka, tare da ƙaramar 'yarta Dorothea Maria . A ranar 10 ga Yuli, Merian mai shekaru hamsin da biyu da 'yarta suka fara tafiya a jirgin ruwa. Manufar aikin ita ce ta shafe shekaru biyar tana kwatanta sabbin nau'ikan kwari. Domin samun kuɗin aikin, Maria Sibylla ta sayar da zane-zanenta guda 255. Daga baya za ta rubuta:

A ƙasar Holland, da mamaki ƙwarai game da kyawawan dabbobi da suka fito daga Gabashin da Yammacin Indiya . Na sami albarkar samun damar duba tarin tsada na Dakta Nicolaes Witsen, magajin garin Amsterdam kuma darektan ƙungiyar Gabashin Indiya, da kuma na Mista Jonas Witsen, sakataren Amsterdam. Bugu da ƙari, na kuma ga tarin Mr. Fredericus Ruysch, likitan likitanci kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin halittar jiki da tsirrai, Mista Livinus Vincent, da sauran mutane da yawa. A cikin waɗannan tarin na sami wasu kwari marasa adadi, amma na gano cewa asalinsu da haihuwarsu ba a san su ba, yana haifar da tambaya game da yadda suke canzawa, farawa daga tsutsotsi da chrysalises da sauransu. Duk wannan, a lokaci guda, ya sa na yi tafiya mai tsawo ina mafarkin zuwa Suriname.

Suriname da komawa Netherlands

Merian ta isa Suriname a ranar 18 ga Satumba ko 19 ga Satumba, kuma ta gana da gwamna Paulus van der Veen . Ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu, tana yawo a cikin yankin da kuma zana dabbobin gida da shuke-shuke. Ta rubuta sunayen 'yan asalin yankin na shuke-shuken kuma ta bayyana amfanin da ake yi a yankin.

Ba kamar sauran masana kimiyyar halittu na ƙasar Holland ba, Merian ba ta aiki a wata kamfani ko kamfani ba. Gabatarwar littafinta na Suriname bai ambaci wani mai tallafawa ko mai tallafawa tafiyarta ba. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa daraktocin Kamfanin Dutch West India ne suka ɗauki nauyin tafiyarta. A cikin littafinta na baya-bayan nan kan balaguron, Merian ta soki ayyukan 'yan kasuwar mulkin mallaka, tana mai cewa "mutanen da ke wurin ba su da sha'awar yin bincike kan wani abu makamancin haka; hakika sun yi mini ba'a saboda neman wani abu banda sukari a ƙasar." Merian ta kuma yi Allah wadai da yadda 'yan kasuwa ke yi wa bayi. An tilasta wa wani bawa ya taimaka wa Merian a bincikenta, kuma aikin wannan mutumin ya ba da damar hulɗa da ta yi da bayin Amerindian da Afirka a yankin da suka taimaka mata wajen binciken tsirrai da dabbobi na Suriname. Merian ta kuma nuna sha'awar noma kuma ta yi kuka game da yadda 'yan kasuwar mulkin mallaka ke adawa da shuka ko fitar da wani abu banda sukari. Daga baya ta nuna kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa da ake samu a Suriname, gami da abarba.

A watan Yunin 1701, wata cuta, wataƙila maleriya, ta tilasta mata komawa Jamhuriyar Holland . A can Netherlands, Merian ta buɗe shago. Ta sayar da samfuran da ta tattara da kuma zane-zanenta na tsirrai da dabbobi a Suriname. A shekara ta 1705, ta buga wani littafi mai suna Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium game da kwari na Suriname.

A shekara ta 1715, Merian ta kamu da bugun jini. Duk da cewa ta shanye wani ɓangare na jikinta, ta ci gaba da aikinta. jana'izar ta ta kasance ta matsakaicin aji tare da masu ɗaukar kaya goma sha huɗu. 'Yarta Dorothea ta buga Erucarum Ortus Alimentum et Paradoxa Metamorphosis, tarin ayyukan mahaifiyarta, bayan mutuwar Merian.

Aiki

Fasahar Tsirrai

Merian ta fara yin suna a matsayin mai fasahar fasahar tsirrai . A shekarar 1675, ta fara buga wani shiri mai jigo uku, kowanne da faranti goma sha biyu da ke nuna furanni. A shekarar 1680 ta buga littafin Neues Blumenbuch, inda ta haɗa jerin littattafan.

Zane-zanen an yi su ne da ado kuma ba duka aka zana su ba bisa ga lura. Wasu daga cikin furannin da ke cikin jerin juzu'i uku sun yi kama da an gina su ne bisa ga zane-zanen Nicolas Robert da babanta Jacob Marrel . Merian ta haɗa da kwari a cikin furannin; kuma wataƙila ba ta lura da su duka da kanta ba, kuma wasu na iya zama kwafin zane-zanen Jacob Hoefnagel . Furanni guda ɗaya, furanni masu ado, furanni masu ƙayatarwa da furanni a cikin kundin guda uku za su samar da tsari ga masu fasaha da masu yin ado. A wancan lokacin, yin zane wani muhimmin ɓangare ne na ilimin da mata matasa suka samu a Turai. Kwafi daga wasu masu fasaha muhimmin ɓangare ne na horar da mai fasaha a lokacin. Waƙoƙinta sun yi kama da salon ɗakin zane-zanen da aka saba yi a Turai a lokacin. Bulaliya da damselflies suna da alaƙa da tsire-tsire, suna nuna kayan ado na Hoefnagel. Littattafan Raupen da ta wallafa a baya za a yi amfani da su a matsayin zane-zane, zane-zane da kuma dinki.

Merian ta kuma sayar da bugu na Blumenbuch masu launin hannu. Tsarin ƙirƙirar fasaharta na Merian ya yi amfani da vellum wanda ta yi masa ado da farin gashi. Saboda tsarin ƙungiyar, ba a ba wa mata damar yin fenti da mai ba . Merian ta yi fenti da ruwan sha da gouache .

Bincike kan kwari da tsutsotsi

Fayil:Maria Sibylla Merian Der Raupen wunderbare Verwandelung und sonderbare Blumennahrung Band 1.png

Shafin taken littafin The Caterpillars' Marvelous Change and Strange Floral Food, juzu'i na farko, an buga shi a shekarar 1679

Fayil:Maria Sibylla Merian Maulbeerbaum samt Frucht plate 1.png

Faranti na I na Caterpillars juzu'i na 1, mai taken "Maulbeerbaum samt Frucht". Yana nuna 'ya'yan itace da ganyen bishiyar mulberry da ƙwai da tsutsotsi na ƙwarƙwarin siliki .

Fayil:Garden Tiger Moth Maria Sibylla Merian.png

Faranti na 5 na Caterpillars vol 1, wanda ke nuna yadda ƙwaron damisar lambun ke canzawa, mai masaukin shuke-shuken sa, da kuma ƙwaro mai kama da ƙwari.

Merian tana ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyyar halitta na farko da suka kalli kwari kai tsaye. Merian ta tattara ta kuma lura da kwari masu rai sannan ta ƙirƙiri zane-zane dalla-dalla. A zamaninta kwari har yanzu suna da suna a matsayin "dabbobin shaidan" kuma tsarin canzawar yanayi ba a san shi sosai ba. Duk da cewa wasu ƴan malamai sun buga bayanai na zahiri game da zagayowar rayuwar kwari, kwari da malam buɗe ido, ra'ayin da aka yi a zamanin yau shi ne cewa an "haife su da laka" ta hanyar tsara su ba zato ba tsammani . Merian ta tattara shaidu akasin haka kuma ta bayyana zagayowar rayuwar nau'ikan kwari 186.

Merian ta fara tattara kwari tun tana ƙarama kuma ta ajiye littafin karatu. Tana da shekaru 13, ta kiwon tsutsotsi masu siliki da sauran kwari. Sha'awarta ta koma ga kwari da malam buɗe ido, waɗanda ta tattara ta yi nazari a kansu. Yayin da take zaune a Nuremberg da Frankfurt Merian za ta yi tafiya zuwa ƙauyukan da ke kewaye don neman tsutsotsi masu tsutsotsi. Ta rubuta shuke-shuken abincinsu, lokacin da suka canza siffarsu, kuma ta lura da halayen da ta lura da su. Ba sabon abu ba ne ga masana kimiyyar halitta su kwatanta bincikensu, amma Merian tana cikin ƙwararrun masu fasaha da suka fara samun horo don nuna nazarin rayuwarta da abubuwan da ta lura da su.

Ta lura da zagayowar rayuwar kwari tsawon shekaru da dama, tana yin zane-zane dalla-dalla bisa ga kwari masu rai a muhallinsu na halitta ko samfuran da aka adana sabo. Wannan ya bambanta ta da tsoffin masu fasaha-nature kamar Conrad Gesner . Zane-zanenta da faranti da aka sassaka suna nuna kwari suna kwanciya ƙwai, ko tsutsotsi suna cin ganye. Ta hanyar zana kwari masu rai, Merian za ta iya kwatanta launuka daidai, waɗanda suka ɓace daga samfuran da aka adana. Faranti da ta buga daga ƙarshe abubuwa ne masu rikitarwa, bisa ga cikakken nazarin kwari da ta zana a kan vellum; da yawa an adana su a cikin mujallar bincikenta. Kwatanta ya nuna cewa ba ta canza komai ba kuma ta adana yanayin da launin kwari lokacin da ta sanya su cikin babban abun da ke cikin farantinta. A lokacin nazarin kwari, ta kuma yi rikodin kuma ta zana zagayowar haihuwa na furanni, daga toho zuwa 'ya'yan itace. A matsayinta na mai fasaha mai horo, Merian ta damu da daidaiton launi kuma a cikin Metamorphosis, ta rubuta tsire-tsire daga inda za a iya samo launuka. Zane-zanen da ta samar ko kula da su ba su da bambanci da launin ruwanta na asali. Ta kuma yi wa wasu zane-zanen hannu launi.

A shekara ta 1679, Merian ta buga kundin farko na jerin littattafai biyu kan tsutsotsi, tare da kundin na biyu a shekara ta 1683. Kowane kundin ya ƙunshi faranti 50 da Merian ya sassaka kuma ya zana, tare da bayanin kwari, kwari, malam buɗe ido da tsutsotsinsu da ta gani. Der Raupen wunderbare Verwandlung und sonderbare Blumennahrung – Sauyin Da Ke Cikin Caterpillars Mai Ban Mamaki da Abincin Fure Mai Ban Mamaki, ya shahara sosai a wasu sassan al'umma masu tasowa kamar yadda aka rubuta shi a yaren larabci, amma masana kimiyya na lokacin sun yi watsi da aikinta sosai.

Shafin taken Caterpillars na 1679 ya yi shelar alfahari da Jamusanci:

"inda ta hanyar wata sabuwar ƙirƙira, ana bincika asalin, abinci da haɓakar tsutsotsi, tsutsotsi, malam buɗe ido, ƙwari, kwari da sauran ƙananan dabbobi, gami da lokaci, wurare da halaye, ga masana kimiyyar halitta, masu fasaha, da masu lambu, a hankali, a yi musu zane a taƙaice, a zana su daga yanayi, a zana su da jan ƙarfe sannan a buga su daban-daban."

Jan Goedart ta bayyana kuma ta kwatanta matakan rayuwar kwari da malam buɗe ido na Turai a gabanta, amma "ƙirƙirar" Merian ita ce cikakken nazarin nau'ikan kwari, zagayowar rayuwarsu da mazauninsu. Goedart ta rubuta nau'ikan halittu ta hanyar nuna babban mutum, ɗan jaki da tsutsa ɗaya. Merian ta nuna bambance-bambancen jiki tsakanin manya maza da mata, ta nuna fikafikai a wurare daban-daban da kuma launuka daban-daban a kowane gefen fikafikan. Ta kuma rubuta tsawaitaccen proboscis na ciyar da kwari. Farantin farko a cikin Caterpillars na 1679 ya yi bayani dalla-dalla game da zagayowar rayuwar ƙwari . Farawa daga kusurwar dama da ƙwai, tana ci gaba da ƙuraje da ƙuraje da yawa na tsutsar da ke girma. Goedart bai saka ƙwai a cikin hotunansa na matakan rayuwar ƙwari da malam buɗe ido na Turai ba, domin ya yi imanin cewa tsutsotsi suna fitowa ne daga ruwa. Lokacin da Merian ta buga bincikenta game da kwari, an yi imanin cewa kwari suna fitowa ne kawai ba tare da wata matsala ba. An yi binciken Merian ba tare da la'akari da binciken Francesco Redi, Marcello Malpighi da Jan Swammerdam ba, kuma an tallafa musu.

Duk da cewa bayanin rayuwar kwari na Merian ya kasance mai ƙirƙira a cikin daidaitonsa, amma lura da ta yi kan hulɗar halittu ne wanda yanzu ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban gudummawa ga kimiyyar kimiyyar halittu ta zamani. Siffar kwari da masu masaukin shuke-shukensu ta bambanta aikin Merian da na Swammerdam da Francis Willughby na gargajiya da kuma aikin mutanen ƙasarta da kuma waɗanda suka yi zamani kamar Georg Rumphius . Merian ita ce ta farko da ta nuna cewa kowane mataki na canjin tsutsa zuwa malam buɗe ido ya dogara ne akan ƙaramin adadin tsire-tsire don ciyar da su. Ta lura cewa sakamakon haka, an sanya ƙwai kusa da waɗannan tsire-tsire. A cikin bayaninta, ta yi tsokaci kan abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli waɗanda suka shafi girman kwari. A kan tsutsa, ta lura cewa girman tsutsotsinsu yana ƙaruwa kowace rana idan suna da isasshen abinci. "Wasu kuma suna isa girmansu cikin makonni da yawa; wasu kuma na iya buƙatar har zuwa watanni biyu."

Daga cikin gudunmawar da ta bayar ga kimiyya, akwai haɗa kowace tsutsa mai suna lepidopteran, wadda ta lura da ita da shukar da take ci. Ta tattara ta ajiye tsutsotsi ta kuma gudanar da gwaje-gwaje don tabbatar da abin da ta lura da shi. Ta lura cewa "tsutsotsi waɗanda ke ci a kan shukar fure ɗaya kawai, za su ci a kan wannan shukar kaɗai, kuma ba da daɗewa ba za su mutu idan ban ba su ba." Ta rubuta cewa wasu tsutsotsi za su ci a kan shuka fiye da ɗaya, amma wasu suna yin hakan ne kawai idan an hana su shukar da suka fi so.

A cikin cikakken nazarinta, Merian ta yi wasu abubuwan lura da dama na musamman. Dangane da tsutsotsi, ta rubuta cewa "da yawa suna zubar da fatarsu gaba ɗaya sau uku ko huɗu". Ta kwatanta wannan da zane da ke nuna wani shed exoskeleton . Ta kuma yi bayani dalla-dalla kan hanyoyin da tsutsotsi ke samar da kuransu, tasirin yanayi kan yadda suke canzawa da kuma yawansu, yanayin tafiyarsu, da kuma gaskiyar cewa idan tsutsotsi "ba su da abinci, suna cinye junansu". Merian ya rubuta irin wannan bayanin ga takamaiman nau'in.

Bincike a Suriname

Farantin da ke nuna matakan Cocytius antaeus daga Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium

Zane mai launi na tagulla daga Metamorphosis, "Gizo-gizo, tururuwa da hummingbird a kan reshe na guava ". Gizo-gizo a kusurwar hagu ta ƙasa yana cin tsuntsu.

Faranti na 1 na Metamorphosis, yana nuna abarba da kyankyasai

A shekara ta 1699, Merian ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar Surinam ta ƙasar Holland don yin nazari da kuma yin rikodin kwari masu zafi. Neman aikinta a Suriname wani aiki ne da ba a saba gani ba, musamman ga mace. Gabaɗaya, maza ne kawai ke samun kuɗaɗen sarauta ko na gwamnati don yin tafiya a cikin yankunan karkara don nemo sabbin nau'ikan shuke-shuke da dabbobi, yin tarin abubuwa da aiki a can, ko kuma zama. Ba a saba yin balaguron kimiyya a wannan lokacin ba, kuma balaguron Merian da kanta ya jawo hankalin mutane da yawa. Duk da haka, ta yi nasara wajen gano nau'ikan dabbobi da tsire-tsire da ba a san su ba a cikin Suriname. Merian ta ɗauki lokaci tana nazari da rarraba abubuwan da ta gano kuma ta bayyana su dalla-dalla. Ba wai kawai ta bayyana kwari da ta samu ba, har ma ta lura da mazauninsu, halaye da amfaninsu ga mutanen asali . Rarraba malam buɗe ido da ƙwari har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a yau. Ta yi amfani da sunayen ' yan asalin Amurka don komawa ga tsire-tsire, waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a Turai:

Na ƙirƙiri rarrabuwa ta farko ga dukkan kwari masu ɗauke da chrysalises, malam buɗe ido na rana da kuma ƙwari na dare. Rarraba ta biyu ita ce ta tsutsotsi, tsutsotsi, ƙudaje, da ƙudan zuma. Na riƙe sunayen tsirrai na asali, domin har yanzu ana amfani da su a Amurka ta wurin 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma 'yan Indiya.

Merian's drawings of plants, frogs, snakes, spiders, iguanas, and tropical beetles are still collected today by amateurs all over the world. The German word Vogelspinne – (a spider of the infraorder Mygalomorphae), translated literally as bird spider – probably has its origins in an engraving by Merian. The engraving, created from sketches drawn in Suriname, shows a large spider who had just captured a bird. In the same engraving and accompanying text Merian was the first European to describe both army ants and leaf cutter ants as well as their effect on other organisms. Merian's depictions of tropical ants were subsequently cited and copied by other artists. Her depictions of the struggle among organisms predate Charles Darwin and Lord Tennyson's theories on the struggle for survival and evolution.

A shekara ta 1705, shekaru uku bayan dawowa daga balaguron da ta yi, ta buga littafin Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium . An fara buga tarihin rayuwa da kuɗinta. Merian ta dawo daga Suriname da zane-zane da bayanai. Yayin da labarin ya bazu tsakanin masana a Amsterdam, baƙi suka zo don kallon zane-zanenta na kwari da shuke-shuke na musamman. Ta lura cewa "Yanzu da na koma Holland kuma masoyan yanayi da yawa sun ga zane-zanena, sun matsa mini da sha'awar a buga su. Suna da ra'ayin cewa wannan shine aiki na farko kuma mafi ban mamaki da aka taɓa yi a Amurka." Tare da taimakon 'ya'yanta mata Johanna da Dorothea, Merian ta haɗa jerin faranti. Ba ta yi faranti na bugawa da kanta a wannan karon ba, amma ta ɗauki hayar masu buga takardu uku don yin zane-zane. Ta kula da aikin sosai. Don biyan kuɗin wannan aikin, ta yi talla ga masu biyan kuɗi, waɗanda suke son ba ta kuɗi a gaba don bugu na Metamorphosis mai ban sha'awa. Masu biyan kuɗi goma sha biyu sun biya a gaba don karɓar bugu mai tsada da aka fenti da hannu, yayin da aka buga bugu mai sauƙi da baƙi da fari. Bayan rasuwarta, an sake buga littafin a shekarar 1719, 1726 da 1730, inda aka sami ƙarin masu sauraro. An buga shi da Jamusanci, Yaren mutanen Holland, Latin da Faransanci. Merian ta yi tunanin buga littafin a Turanci, da nufin gabatar da shi ga Sarauniya Anne . Ta yi tunani, "Yana da kyau mace ta yi irin wannan kyauta ga mutum mai jinsi ɗaya". Duk da haka, babu abin da ya fito daga shirin.

Masana kimiyya René Antoine, August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof, Mark Catesby da George Edwards sun ambaci canjin yanayi da tururuwan da ke yankin zafi na Merian. An yaba wa Metamorphosis na Merian da yin tasiri ga masu zane-zane na halitta iri-iri. Merian ta kuma rubuta yadda mutanen Suriname ke amfani da tsirrai da dabbobi a magani. Daga cikin wasu bayanai, ta rubuta cewa ana amfani da ruwan dabino a shafa a kan kaikayin kaikayi don magance cututtukan tsutsotsi. Merian ta kuma nuna sha'awar noma, kuma daga cikin 'ya'yan itacen da ta nuna akwai abarba . Lokacin da yake bayanin abarba Merian, ya ambaci wasu ayyuka da dama da aka yi a kan tarihin halitta, waɗanda suka fara rubuta 'ya'yan itacen, kamar Historia Naturalis Brasilae na Willem Piso da Georg Marggraf, Hortus Malabaricus na Hendrik van Rheed, da Medici Amstelodamensis na Caspar Commelin . Duk da cewa an zana abarba a baya, Merian ya zama mafi shahara. Ta bayar da bayanai kan yadda malam buɗe ido da kyankyasai suka shafi amfanin gona da noma a yankin. Yayin da yake rubuta tarihin tsirrai na Suriname, Merian ya ci gaba da rubuta sauye-sauyen kwari. An nuna kwari na Suriname a duk tsawon rayuwarsu da kuma a kan shuke-shuken da ke cikinsu.

Yawancin zane-zanen Merian da suka haɗa da shuka, tsutsa da malam buɗe ido kawai kayan ado ne, kuma ba sa ƙoƙarin bayyana zagayowar rayuwa. Misali, an nuna Gulf fritillary da shukar vanilla, orchid daga Amurka, wanda ba shakka ba shine shukar da ke karɓar baƙi ba, da kuma tsutsa na wasu nau'ikan. Wannan matsalar ta sake faruwa a cikin zane-zanenta da yawa. Ƙoƙarin gano kwari da tsire-tsire a cikin wani bugu na kwanan nan na littafinta na Suriname ya sami damar tantance nau'ikan nau'ikan, kodayake Merian yawanci tana yin kuskuren shuke-shuken abinci, tana yin kurakurai da yawa wajen nuna yanayin halittar, kuma yawanci tana haɗa nau'in tsutsa mara kyau da hotonta . Zane-zanenta wani ɓangare ne na binciken kimiyya da Turawa suka yi. Tsarin farko na tsire-tsire masu zafi ya dogara ne akan hotuna ko samfura. Bayan dawowarta Amsterdam , Carl Linnaeus da wasu sun yi amfani da hotunan da ta yi don gano nau'ikan iri ɗari ko makamancin haka. A lokacin babu wani ƙa'idar kimiyya da aka daidaita don sanya wa shuke-shuke da dabbobi suna, don haka Merian ta yi amfani da kalmomin Turai na yau da kullun don bayyana dabbobin Surinam, kamar tsutsar siliki ko ƙudan zuma. Saboda haka, ta kira malam buɗe ido a matsayin "tsuntsaye na bazara". Linnaeus ta yi amfani da zane-zanen Merian don bayyana dabbobi 56 da tsire-tsire 39 daga Suriname, gami da tarantula, a cikin 1735 da 1753. Dangane da bincikenta, Linnaeus ta taƙaita sunanta zuwa Mer.surin. don dabbobi daga Surinam, da Mer.eur. don kwari na Turai.

Merian ita ce mace ta farko 'yar Turai da ta fara zuwa balaguron kimiyya da kanta a Kudancin Amurka. A ƙarni na 19, Ida Pfeiffer, Alexine Tinne, Florence Baker, Mary French Sheldon, Mary Henrietta Kingsley da Marianne North sun bi sawun ta suka kuma bincika duniyar Afirka . Margaret Fountaine ta yi nazarin malam buɗe ido a nahiyoyi biyar. Balaguron kimiyya na Merian a Surinam ya riga ya kasance kafin balaguron Alexander von Humboldt na Kudancin Amurka da shekaru 100, da kuma na Gimbiya Theresa ta Bavaria da shekaru 200. Daga baya an gano cewa littafin Merian kan balaguron nata muhimmin bayani ne na wallafe-wallafen ƙasa da aka zana waɗanda suka samo asali daga Holland a ƙarshen ƙarni na 17, waɗanda suka tallata sabuwar duniya mai ban mamaki amma mai sauƙin samu ga Turawa.

Aikin kimiyya a Amsterdam

Babban aikin Merian Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium

Lokacin da Merian ta ƙaura zuwa Amsterdam a shekara ta 1691, ta haɗu da wasu masana kimiyyar halitta. Amsterdam ita ce cibiyar Zamanin Zinare na ƙasar Holland kuma ita ce cibiyar kimiyya, fasaha da kasuwanci. Lokacin da Merian ta zauna a wurin, ta sami goyon baya daga mai zane Michiel van Musscher, wanda ke zaune ba da nisa ba. Ta ɗauki ɗalibai, ɗaya daga cikinsu ita ce Rachel Ruysch, 'yar likitan tiyata kuma likita Frederick Ruysch . Merian ya zama muhimmin mutum a tsakanin masana tsirrai, masana kimiyya da masu tattarawa na Amsterdam. Littattafan Caterpillars ɗinta sun fara shahara a tsakanin al'ummar kimiyya a Ingila, ta ci gaba da kiwon tsutsotsi a gida sannan ta shiga ƙauyen da ke kewaye da Amsterdam don yin nazarin tururuwa. Daga cikin abokanta akwai darektan lambun furanni na Amsterdam Caspar Commelin, magajin garin Amsterdam kuma shugaban kamfanin Dutch East India Nicolaes Witsen, farfesa a fannin likitanci Fredericus Ruysch, da kuma ɗan kasuwa kuma mai tara kaya Levinus Vincent .

Jiragen ruwan ciniki sun dawo da harsasai, shuke-shuke da dabbobin da aka kiyaye ba a taɓa ganinsu ba. Amma Merian ba ta da sha'awar adanawa, tattarawa, ko nazarin samfuran. Lokacin da ta karɓi samfurin daga mai ba da maganin shafawa na Landan James Petiver, ta rubuta masa cewa tana da sha'awar "samfurin, yaɗuwa, da kuma sauye-sauyen halittu, yadda ɗaya ke fitowa daga ɗayan, da kuma yanayin abincinsu." Duk da haka, Merian ta karɓi aikin kwangila. Ta taimaka wajen kwatanta littafin The Amboinese Curiosity Cabinet wanda Georg Eberhard Rumpf ya rubuta. Rumpf masanin halitta ne kuma a cikin aikinsa na Kamfanin Dutch East India Company ya tattara harsashin Indonesia, duwatsu, burbushin halittu da dabbobin ruwa. Merian, da wataƙila 'yarta Dorothea, sun taimaka wajen tattara zane-zane na samfuran littafin, yayin da Rumpf ta makance sakamakon glaucoma kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a kan littafin tare da mataimaka har zuwa 1690. An buga shi a 1705.

Samfuran da aka nuna a Amsterdam na ban mamaki sun yi mata kwarin gwiwa ta yi tafiya zuwa Surinam, amma sai kawai ta katse nazarinta game da kwari na Turai na ɗan lokaci. Merian ta ci gaba da tattarawa da ayyukan lura, tana ƙara faranti a cikin littattafan Caterpillars ɗinta da kuma sabunta faranti da ke akwai. Ta sake buga juzu'i biyu a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland a cikin 1713 da 1714 a ƙarƙashin taken Der Rupsen . Ta faɗaɗa karatunta zuwa ƙudaje sannan ta sake rubuta gabatarwar littattafanta don kawar da duk wani ambaton samuwar halitta kwatsam. Ta bayyana cewa ƙudaje suna fitowa daga ƙwarƙwarar tsutsa, kuma ta ba da shawarar cewa za a iya haifar ƙudaje daga najasa. 'Ya'yanta mata sun buga faranti 50 da bayanin kwari na Turai waɗanda suka bayyana an yi su ne don littafi na uku bayan rasuwarta, waɗanda suka haɗa su da bugu na 1713 zuwa babban littafi ɗaya. Iyalinta kuma sun buga wasu bugu na Metamorphosis bayan mutuwarta, inda aka ƙara ƙarin faranti 12. Duk da haka, sai dai biyu, sun bayyana cewa aikin Merian ne.

Wani malami da ya zo ziyara ya bayyana Merian a matsayin mai rai, mai aiki tukuru da ladabi a shekarar 1711. Gidanta cike yake da zane-zane, kwari, tsirrai, 'ya'yan itatuwa, kuma a bango akwai launukan ruwa na Surinam. Ba da daɗewa ba kafin mutuwar Merian, Peter the Great ya ga ayyukanta a Amsterdam. Bayan rasuwarta a shekara ta 1717, ya sami adadi mai yawa na zane-zanenta, waɗanda har zuwa yau ana adana su a cikin tarin ilimi a Saint Petersburg .

Kuskuren da aka yi bayan mutuwa

Several scholars have traced mistakes that were falsely attributed to Merian after her death. One example revolves around who added color to first edition plates of her Surinam book. Some first editions included plates that were painted by Merian and others had colorless plates. People later colored in the black and white plates without following the color palette used by Merian, similar to the concept of coloring books, and some suspect these later colors made it to the second edition. In another example, the printer of the 1730 edition of Surinam added plates using fictitious images of caterpillar life cycles that Merian did not originally include in the book and used for different, unscientific, purposes. Critics later cited these plates as proof to discredit Merian.

Kalmomin Ma'ana

Fayil:Danedlion Maria Sibylla Merian.png

Faranti na 8 na Caterpillars, juzu'i na farko. Yana nuna Taraxacum na dandelion, tare da Dicallomera fascelina, ƙwarƙwarar tussock mai duhu. Sunan da aka saba amfani da shi a ƙasar Holland ga ƙwarƙwarar Meriansborstel an sanya masa suna Merian.

Bayan rasuwarta, an sanya wa wasu nau'ikan taxa da kuma nau'ikan halittu guda biyu suna bayanta. An sanya wa malam buɗe ido guda uku suna bayanta, a shekarar 1905 wani nau'in malam buɗe ido mai rabe-rabe Opsiphanes cassina merianae ; a shekarar 1967 wani nau'in malam buɗe ido na yau da kullun Heliconius melpomene meriana ; kuma a shekarar 2018 wani malam buɗe ido mai ban mamaki Catasticta sibyllae daga Panamá.

An sanya wa ƙwari na ƙwari na Cuba suna Erinnyis merianae . An sanya wa ƙwari na Tessaratomidae suna Plisthenes merianae . An sanya wa wani nau'in ƙwayar mantises suna Sibylla . Haka kuma ƙudan zumar orchid Eulaema meriana .

An sanya wa gizo-gizo mai cin tsuntsaye suna Avicularia merianae don girmama ta, wanda hakan ya nuna binciken da ta yi kan gizo-gizo. An sanya wa gizo-gizo Metellina merianae suna a cikin 2017. An sanya wa wata ƙadangare mai suna Salvator merianae na Argentina. An sanya wa wani ƙwaro suna Rhinella merianae . An sanya wa wani ƙadangare suna Coquandiella meriana . An sanya wa al'ummar Madagascan na tsuntsun dutse na Afirka suna Saxicola torquatus sibilla .

An sanya wa wani nau'in shuke-shuken fure suna Meriania . An sanya wa wani shuka mai kama da iris suna Watsonia meriana .

Godiya ta zamani

Fuskar a tsohuwar takardar kudi ta 500 DM

A cikin kwata na ƙarshe na ƙarni na ashirin, an sake kimanta aikin Merian, an tabbatar da ingancinsa, kuma an sake buga shi. An buga hotonta a kan takardar DM ta 500 kafin Jamus ta koma Yuro. Hotonta ya kuma bayyana a kan tambarin DM mai ƙarfin 0.40, wanda aka fitar a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1987, kuma makarantu da yawa suna da sunanta. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, alamar Archiv ta kamfanin Polydor ta fitar da sabbin rikodin ayyukan piano na Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart da aka yi a kan kayan kida na zamani, da kuma zane-zanen furanni na Merian. An karrama ta da Google Doodle a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2013 don bikin cika shekaru 366 da haihuwa.

The renewed scientific and artistic interest in her work was triggered in part by a number of scholars who examined collections of her works, such as the one in Rosenborg Castle, Copenhagen. In 2005, a modern research vessel named RV <i id="mwA20">Maria S. Merian</i> was launched at Warnemünde, Germany. In 2016, Merian's Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium was re-published with updated scientific descriptions and, in June 2017, a symposium was held in her honour in Amsterdam. In March 2017, the Lloyd Library and Museum in Cincinnati, Ohio hosted "Off the Page", an exhibition rendering many of Merian's illustrations as 3D sculptures with preserved insects, plants, and taxidermy specimens.

An sanya wa Tegu baƙi da fari na Argentina ( Salvator merianae ), wani nau'in babban ƙadangare, suna don girmama Merian bayan gano shi da rarraba shi.

A tsakanin 2021-2022, an nuna ayyukan Merian a baje kolin Mata Masu Zane-zane da Abokan Hulɗa a Kimiyyar Halitta, 1650–1800, a ɗakin karatu da gidan tarihi na Morgan .

Tarin Mawaki Jessy Randall na shekarar 2022 Lissafi ga Mata ya ƙunshi waƙa da ke girmama Merian.

A shekarar 2024, Rijksmuseum ta sami ɗaya daga cikin bugu 67 da aka sani na farko na Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium .

'Ya'ya mata

Today, while Merian has experienced reinvigorated fame in the eyes of the art and science communities, some of her work has now been re-attributed to her daughters Johanna and Dorothea; Sam Segal has re-attributed 30 of 91 folios in the British Museum.

Hotunan Hotuna

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  Malam malam buɗe ido a kan shukar hibiscus

Littattafan tarihi

• Blumenbuch. Juzu'i na 1. 1675
• Blumenbuch. Juzu'i na 2. 1677
• Neues Blumenbuch. Juzu'i na 3. 1680
• Der Raupen wunderbare Verwandlung und sonderbare Blumennahrung. Juzu'i na 1, 1679
• Der Raupen wunderbare Verwandlung und sonderbare Blumennahrung. Juzu'i na 2, 1683
• Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium. 1705

Duba kuma

• Tsarin lokaci na mata a kimiyya
• Dorothea Eliza Smith
• Anne Kingsbury Wollstonecraft

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

 

• Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium :
  • Archived Metamorphosis insectorum na Surinamensium Archived 2013-04-08 at the Wayback Machine hotuna a gidan yanar gizo wanda Jami'ar Johns Hopkins ta dauki nauyin daukar nauyinsa
  • Sigar yanar gizo ta Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium daga GDZ
  • Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium (1705) - cikakken fakis ɗin dijital daga ɗakin karatu na Linda Hall
• Das kleine Buch der Tropenwunder : kolorierte Stiche daga Laburaren Dijital na Caribbean
• Sigar kan layi na Over de voortteeling en wonderbaerlyke veranderingen der Surinaemsche Insecten daga GDZ
• Sigar kan layi na Erucarum ortus, alimentum et paradoxa metamorphosis daga GDZ
• Jarumin Fure na Maria Sibylla Merian Ingrid Rowland akan Merian daga Jaridar New York Review of Books
• Der Raupen wunderbare Verwandlung, hotuna daga tarin a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison
• Gaedike, R.; Groll, EK & Taeger, A. 2012: Littattafan adabin entomological daga farko har zuwa 1863 : rumbun adana bayanai na intanet – sigar 1.0 - Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut.
• Maria Sibylla Merian a shafin yanar gizon RKD
• Ƙungiyar Maria Sibylla Merian tare da hanyoyin haɗi zuwa ayyukan da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar dijital daga Maria Sibylla Merian da kafofin dijital
• Tarin Kleps-Hok akan Maria Sibylla Merian a Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Mata a Fasaha
• " Macen da Zane-zanenta suka Canza Kimiyya Har Abada " (28 Afrilu 2022) bidiyo ta BBC Ideas
• In viaggio con Merianin Online nuni na Archginnasio Library - Bologna
• Mariae Sibillae Merian, Dissertatio de generatione et metamorphosibus insectorum Surinamensium:..., Hagae Comitum, apud Petrum Gosse, 1726
• Yadda wata ƙwararriyar masaniyar kimiyya mace ta ƙarni na 17 ta canza fahimtarmu game da kwari daga The Observer