Maria Trubnikova
 Maria Trubnikova | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa |
Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky (en)  da Chita (en) , 6 ga Janairu, 1835 (Julian) |
| ƙasa |
Russian Empire (en) |
| Mutuwa |
Tambov (en) da Saint-Petersburg, 28 ga Afirilu, 1897 (Julian) |
| Makwanci |
Novodevichy Cemetery (en) |
| Ƴan uwa | |
| Mahaifi | Vasily Ivashev |
| Mahaifiya | Kamilla Ivasheva |
| Yara |
view
|
| Karatu | |
| Harsuna | Rashanci |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a | marubuci da Mai kare hakkin mata |
| Fafutuka | Feminism |
[a] (Russian: Мари́я Васи́льевна Тру́бникова, née Ivasheva [Ивашева]; 6 ga Janairu 1835 - 28 ga Afrilu 1897) ta kasance 'yar Rasha ce kuma mai fafutuka a karni na 19.
Daga al'adun Rasha da Faransanci, Trubnikova ta kasance maraya tun tana ƙarama kuma daga baya dangi mai arziki ya tashe ta. Ta yi aure tana da shekaru 19, kuma ita da mijinta, Konstantin, suna da 'ya'ya bakwai. Lokacin da ta girma, Trubnikova ta dauki bakuncin Salon mata kawai a Saint Petersburg wanda ya zama cibiyar gwagwarmayar mata. Ta kuma ci gaba da alaƙa ta duniya da 'yan mata a Ingila, Faransa, da sauran ƙasashe. Tare da Anna Filosofova da Nadezhda Stasova, waɗanda ta jagoranci, Trubnikova na ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin farko na ƙungiyar mata ta Rasha.
Tare, an kira abokai uku da abokan tarayya da "triumvirate". Sun kafa kuma sun jagoranci kungiyoyi da yawa da aka tsara don inganta 'yancin kai na al'adu da tattalin arziki na mata, gami da hadin gwiwar wallafe-wallafen. Daga baya, sun samu nasarar tura jami'an gwamnati don ba da izinin ilimi mafi girma ga mata, kodayake ci gaba da adawa yana nufin cewa nasarorin su a wasu lokuta suna iyakance ko juyawa. Daga baya a rayuwarta, Trubnikova ta fuskanci mummunar rashin lafiya da matsaloli. Ta mutu a shekara ta 1897.
Rayuwa ta farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Maria Vasilievna Ivasheva a ranar 6 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1835 a Chita, wani birni a Gabashin Gabashin Daular Rasha. Ita ce ta biyu cikin yara huɗu.[1] Mahaifinta, Vasily Ivashev , ya kasance mai shiga cikin Juyin Juya Halin Disamba shekaru goma da suka gabata kuma saboda haka an tura shi gudun hijira zuwa Siberia. Mahaifiyar Ivasheva, Camille LeDentu (a madadin "LeDantieux"), ta fito ne daga asalin Faransa.[2] Iyayenta biyu sun mutu lokacin da take ƙarama: mahaifinta a 1839, mahaifiyarta, a lokacin haihuwa, a shekara mai zuwa. [1] [3]
Daga baya, mahaifiyar da ta fi arziki, Gimbiya Ekaterina Khovanskaia ce ta haifi Ivasheva.[lower-alpha 1] Ta sami ilimi mai inganci (bisa ga ka'idojin lokacin) daga masu koyarwa masu zaman kansu. A lokacin da take da shekaru 19, a shekara ta 1854, ta auri Konstantin Trubnikov, mai mallakar ƙasa kuma jami'in gwamnati, kuma ta ɗauki sunansa (a matsayin mata, Trubnikova). [1] [2] 'Yancin kai na Trubnikov ya yi kira ga Trubnikova.[1] Ya jawo ta ta hanyar "karanta sassan Herzen", marubucin Rasha mai tsattsauran ra'ayi.[her][5] Ita da Trubnikov suna da 'ya'ya bakwai (ciki har da Olga Konstantinovna Bulanova-Trubnikova ) - kodayake hudu ne kawai, duk' ya'ya mata, suka tsira har zuwa balaga.[3] Trubnikov, ta amfani da gadon Trubnikova daga kawunta don samun kuɗi, ta zama mai cinikin hannun jari kuma ta kafa jarida, Birzhevyie Vedomosti . [1] [2]
A farkon shekarun aurenta, Trubnikova tana da ciki akai-akai kuma an tsare ta a gida, amma ta yi amfani da damar don karatu a ko'ina da kuma ilmantar da kanta. Marubutan Faransanci kamar Jules Michelet, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, da Henri de Saint-Simon, da sauransu kamar Kant, Plato, da Heine sun rinjaye ta. A rayuwarta, a cewar masanin tarihi Barbara Engel, Trubnikova ta kasance "mafi yawan wadanda ba su yarda da su ba fiye da 'yan tawaye", tana farin cikin sa tufafin maza a gidan ƙasar lokacin da 'ya'yanta mata ne kawai ke tare da ita, amma da sauri ta canza zuwa tufafin mata lokacin da mijinta ya shiga.[6] Trubnikov ya kasance mai zalunci kuma mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a harkokin cikin gida.[6]
Ayyuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Trubnikova ta dauki bakuncin wani shahararren Salon zamantakewar jinsi a babban birnin Saint Petersburg, kuma ta kafa salon mata kawai a 1855 a matsayin reshe. Mata da suka dauki bakuncin wadannan salons na jinsi-jima sau da yawa ana kiransu da kyau a matsayin kawai don kirkirar namiji. Trubnikova, duk da haka, ta nemi ilimantar da 'yan uwanta mata kan batutuwan mata, ganin sabon salon ta a matsayin hanyar haɗi da ƙarfafa su.[1] Trubnikova ta yi amfani da duk wata dama don daukar mata zuwa ga manufarta; alal misali, a lokacin alƙawari na likita, ta shawo kan likitanta ya aika matarsa zuwa salon.[1] Masanin tarihi Natalia Novikova ya bayyana ta a matsayin "dan takara, mai la'akari, [kuma] mai magana mai gamsarwa". [and][2]
Trubnikova, Nadezhda Stasova da Anna Filosofova (wasu mambobi biyu na salon Trubnikov) sun zama abokai da abokantaka, kuma tsaran su suna kiransu "triumvirate". Filosofova da Stasova dukansu sun rubuta cewa sun kasance "marasa komai" kafin abokantakarsu da ita. Uku sun zama shugabannin ƙungiyar mata a Daular Rasha, kodayake ba su bayyana kansu a matsayin masu fafutuka ba. Masanin tarihi Richard Stites ya bayyana triumvirate a matsayin "manyan mutane uku na mata", wadanda suka sami goyon baya daga manyan kungiyoyi na mata da yawa wadanda suka "shiga ciki da waje" na matsayi daban-daban.[5] Marubucin Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams na baya ya rubuta cewa "[Mambobin Triumvirate] sun cika juna sosai. Shirye-shiryen da za su fito ne daga Trubnikova. Sashe na Stasova shine wasan kwaikwayon, juriya wajen yin aikin. Filosofova ya ƙunshi ruhaniya da ɗabi'a". Ya bambanta da motsi na zamani na Rasha, Trubnikova da sauran mambobin triumvirate ba su da tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin salon jama'a ko salon, kuma sun riƙe tashoshin su a cikin kyawawan halaye na aji na sama.[1]
Triumvirate, tare da wasu da yawa, sun kafa Society for Cheap Lodgings and Other Benefits for the Citizens of St. Petersburg a cikin 1859. Kungiyar tana da ƙungiyoyi biyu, " Jam'iyyar Jamus" da " Jam'idar Rasha", waɗanda suka bambanta da hanyar da suka fi so.[lower-alpha 2] "Jamusanci" sun fi son hanyar gargajiya ta taimakon jama'a wanda ya haɗa da kula da talakawa. "Russians" sun mayar da hankali kan taimakon kai tsaye da taimakon kai tsaye, suna ƙoƙari su guji patronization da kuma kula da sirrin waɗanda aka taimaka. [1] [6] A farkon 1861, kungiyar ta rabu kashi biyu, tare da Stasova-Trubnikova-Filosofova triumvirate da ke jagorantar "Russians".[6] Gwamnatin Tsarist ta amince da yarjejeniyar kungiyar a watan Fabrairun 1861, kuma an zabi Trubnikova a matsayin shugabarta ta farko. [1] [6][2] Kungiyar ta samar da gidaje da aiki a matsayin masu sutura ga abokan cinikin mata (musamman gwauraye da matan da mazajensu suka watsar da su). [6] Ya haɗa da kula da rana da kicin jama'a.[6]
Haɗin duniya da turawa don ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yayinda yake a Faransa a tsakiyar shekara ta 1861, Trubnikova ta karanta littafin Jenny d'Héricourt mai suna La femme affranchie, kuma ta fara rubutu da marubucin.[2] Ta hanyar d'Héricourt, ta kuma haɗu da Josephine Butler da John Stuart Mill . [2] Mill ta zama mai goyon bayan kokarin da ta yi a Rasha, kuma wasikarsu ta ba da tushen wahayi ga aikinsa The Subjection of Women . A wannan lokacin, Trubnikova ta kuma yi aiki a takarda da mijinta, Birzhevyie Vedomosti, ya kafa, a matsayin mai fassara da edita. [2]
A cikin 1863, Trubnikova, Stasova, da Anna Engelhardt sun kafa kungiyar buga littattafai ta mata ta Rasha (Russian: Женский издательский кооператив, Zhenskiy Izdatel'skiy Kooperativ).[2] Da yake daukar mata sama da talatin, hadin gwiwar ta mayar da hankali kan rubuce-rubuce da fassara. Ya wallafa littattafai iri-iri, gami da litattafai, ayyukan kimiyya da labarun yara, kamar Darwin's On the Origin of Species da Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales . [5] [2] Kodayake da farko ya ci nasara, hadin gwiwar ba ta taɓa samun amincewar gwamnati ba, kuma ta sha wahala daga matsalolin kuɗi bayan Trubnikova da Stasova sun tafi kasashen waje kuma abokin sayar da littattafai ya fadi. Duk da haka, a karkashin jagorancin Filosofova, ya kasance har zuwa 1879.
Trubnikova da Stasova sun fara turawa, a 1867, don jami'o'in Rasha su kirkiro darussan da ke buɗewa ga mata.[1] Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya fara ne da wani taro a gidan Trubnikova tsakanin mata masu sha'awar da (maza) malamai, inda aka amince da shirin aiki.[2][3] Matan sun rubuta takarda ga Karl Fedorovich Kessler, shugaban Jami'ar St. Petersburg. Tare da takamaiman baiwa don shirya tallafi mai yawa, sun tattara sa hannu sama da 400 tsakanin mata masu matsakaicin matsayi da na sama.[3] Neman kafa jami'ar mata, nasarar ta sami tallafi daga Kessler don ƙirƙirar "koyaswa na yau da kullun, masu tsanani" a buɗe ga mata, a cikin kalmomin masanin tarihi Christine Johanson.[2][3]
Mataki na gaba shine samun amincewa daga Dmitry Andreyevich Tolstoy, wanda ke da alhakin tsarin ilimi a matsayin Ministan Haskakawa na Kasa. Tolstoy ya yi jayayya cewa mata za su bar ilimi bayan sun yi aure, kuma ya kori masu sanya hannu ta hanyar bayyana cewa su "tumaki" ne kawai suna bin sabon salon. Ya ki amincewa da karar a ƙarshen 1868, amma a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga Tsar Alexander II, ya ba da izinin ba da ci gaba ba, laccoci na jama'a wanda mata za su iya halarta.[5][7][8] Wadannan an dauki su cikin sauri, galibi mata ne.[5][7] A duk lokacin yakin, Trubnikova ta sanar da wakilan kasashen waje game da ci gaban su, kuma ta sami goyon baya daga Mill da marubucin mata na Faransa André Leo.[2]
A cikin Tsarist Rasha, manufofin jihar ba su da daidaituwa kuma ba su dace ba saboda fa'idodin ministocin masu adawa, kuma triumvirate ya nemi wata hanya don tallafawa ilimi mafi girma ga mata. Sun yi kira ga ministan yaki mai sassaucin ra'ayi Dmitry Milyutin, wanda, matarsa, 'yarsa, da Filosofova suka rinjaye shi, ya amince da karbar bakuncin darussan mata a Saint Petersburg.[9] Tolstoy ya kalubalanci ta hanyar ba da izinin azuzuwan, amma a ɗakinsa, inda zai iya sa ido kan su.[7] Yunkurin siyasa don tallafawa ilimin mata ya ci gaba da girma, kuma a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1869, gwamnatin Rasha ta ba da izinin iyakantaccen darussan ga mata a kan batutuwa masu ci gaba (ciki har da ilmin sunadarai, tarihi, anatomy, zoology, da wallafe-wallafen Rasha). [7] [2] An fara darussan ne a watan Janairun 1870. Fiye da mata 200 ne suka halarta, sun zama sanannun darussan Vladimirskii, bayan mai masaukin su daga 1872, kwalejin Vladimir. [2]
Rayuwa ta baya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1869, Trubnikova ta bar Rasha na ɗan lokaci don neman magani don rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, da kuma saduwa da Butler da Marie Goegg a Switzerland.[2] A duniya, an ga Trubnikova a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mata na ƙungiyar mata ta Rasha.[2] Amma a wannan lokacin mijinta ya zama mai sassaucin ra'ayi, ya zama mai adawa da gwagwarmayarta.[1][2] Ya kuma rasa yawancin gadonta a kasuwar jari.[1] Bayan ta dawo Rasha a 1876, Trubnikova da mijinta sun rabu, kuma ta yi gwagwarmaya don kudi.[3][2] 'Ya'yanta mata, wadanda suka zama masu gwagwarmaya, sun fara tallafa mata, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin marubuciya da mai fassara. [1] [2] Trubnikova ta dauki bakuncin tarurruka na al'ummomin da ba bisa ka'ida ba a gidanta, kuma sau ɗaya ta taimaka wajen ɓoye mai juyin juya hali Sophia Perovskaya (wanda ya tsara kisan Alexander II). [1]
A shekara ta 1878, rashin lafiyarta ta haifar da rashin aiki sosai, kodayake ta ci gaba da yin fassarori kuma ta yi aiki don sakin 'ya'yanta mata biyu bayan kama su a shekara ta 1881. Trubnikova ta koma karkara kusa da Tambov a 1882, ta koma Saint Petersburg don ziyara a 1888 da 1890. [2] A shekara ta 1892, ta taimaka wajen shirya taimakon abinci don mayar da martani ga yunwa a Tambov Oblast . Wani mummunar mura a cikin hunturu na 1893 zuwa 1894 ya kara tsananta yanayin Trubnikova, kuma an tura ta zuwa mafaka.[2] Ta mutu a mafaka ta Saint Petersburg a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 1897 a rungumar daya daga cikin 'ya'yanta mata.[2] An binne Trubnikova a Kabari na Novodevichy a Saint Petersburg, kuma abokan aikinta suna tunawa da ita a matsayin mai fafutukar fafutukar mata a Rasha.[2]
Bayani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Among the Russian nobility, the title of "Prince" or "Princess" (knyaz / князь) did not imply a direct relationship with the ruling family, but was used by many aristocratic families.[4]
- ↑ The "Germans" were primarily descended from German or Baltic aristocratic families, according to Stites.[5]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:3 - ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 Francisca de Haan. Krassimira Daskalova. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:0 - ↑ Lieven, D. C. B. (1990). Russia's Rulers Under the Old Regime (Reprint ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press. pp. 46–48. ISBN 978-0-300-04937-4.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:2 - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:4 - ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:6 - ↑ Francisca de Haan. Krassimira Daskalova.
- ↑ Johanson, Christine (1979). "Autocratic Politics, Public Opinion, and Women's Medical Education During the Reign of Alexander II, 1855–1881". Slavic Review. 38 (3): 426–443. doi:10.2307/2496713. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 2496713. PMID 11633168.
Haɗin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Media related to Maria Trubnikova at Wikimedia Commons- RashaTushen Wikisourceyana da rubutun asali da ya shafi wannan labarin:ESBE/Tribnikov, Maria Vasilovna
