Marianne Brandt
 Marianne Brandt | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa | Chemnitz, 1 Oktoba 1893 |
| ƙasa | Jamus |
| Mutuwa | Kirchberg (en)  , 18 ga Yuni, 1983 |
| Ƴan uwa | |
| Abokiyar zama | Erik Brandt (mul) (12 ga Yuni, 1919 - 1935) |
| Karatu | |
| Makaranta | Bauhaus (1923 - 1929) |
| Harsuna | Jamusanci |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a | mai sassakawa, mai daukar hoto, painter (en) , university teacher (en) , industrial designer (en) , designer (en) da masu kirkira |
| Employers | Weißensee Academy of Art Berlin (en) Bauhaus (1927 - 1929) Ruppelwerk Metallwarenfabrik GmbH (en) (1929 - 1932) |
Marianne Brandt (1 ga Oktoba 1893 – 18 ga Yuni 1983) ta kasance mai zane-zane 'yar ƙasar Jamus, mai sassaka, mai ɗaukar hoto, mai ƙera ƙarfe, kuma mai zane wanda ya yi karatu a makarantar fasaha ta Bauhaus da ke Weimar kuma daga baya ya zama shugaban Bauhaus Metall-Werkstatt (Bita na ƙarfe) da ke Dessau a shekarar 1928. A yau, zane-zanen Brandt na kayan gida kamar fitilu da tiren toka ana ɗaukar su misalai na zamani na ƙirar masana'antu. Duk da cewa ta fara zane tun tana ƙarama kuma ta halarci makarantar fasaha mai zaman kanta da kuma Kwalejin Fasaha ta Grand Ducal da ke Weimar daga 1911 zuwa 1917, inda ta shirya ayyuka da yawa a cikin salon Expressionists kuma ta yi nazarin sassaka, mai zane ta fi shahara da kyawawan ƙirar masana'antarta. Brandt ya kuma yi aiki da daukar hoto a Bauhaus, yana daukar hotunan da ke dauke da kusurwoyi marasa kyau - musamman, hotunan kai - da kuma karkatar da tunani da kuma karkatar da tunani a saman gilashi da karfe. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar sashen zane na kamfanin Ruppelwerk Metallwarenfabrik GmbH da ke Gotha har zuwa 1932. A shekarar 1949, ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Fasaha (wanda yanzu haka Makarantar Fasaha ta Berlin Weißensee) har zuwa 1954. A shekarar, 1954 ta kuma jagoranci baje kolin fasahar Jamusanci ta GDR a Beijing da Shanghai a tsakanin 1953-54. Ta kuma ƙirƙiri hotunan hoto .
Tarihin Rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Brandt a cikin fitaccen iyali a Chemnitz kamar yadda Marianne Liebe. Brandt ya yi karatun zane da sassaka a Makarantar Fasaha ta Grand Ducal ta Weimar Saxon daga 1911 zuwa 1917. A shekarar 1919 ta auri mai zane-zane na ƙasar Norway Erik Brandt. Daga 1919 zuwa 1920 ita da mijinta suka zauna a ƙasashen waje, da farko na shekara guda a Norway, kafin su fara rangadin karatu na shekara ɗaya zuwa Paris da kudancin Faransa. Ta yi karatu kuma ta koyar a Bauhaus da ke Weimar da Dessau daga 1923 zuwa 1929. Tsakanin karatunta a waɗannan makarantu biyu, Brandt ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane mai zaman kansa. Ta yi karatun zane tare da masu fasaha Fritz Mackensen da Robert Weise kafin ta yi karatun sassaka tare da Robert Engelmann.
Ta yi horo a matsayin mai zane kafin ta shiga Weimar Bauhaus a watan Janairun 1924, inda ta halarci azuzuwan tare da Josef Albers, Wassily Kandinsky, da Paul Klee, da sauransu, kafin ta shiga aikin gyaran ƙarfe a lokacin bazara na wannan shekarar. [1] A can ta zama ɗalibin masanin ilimin zamani na Hungary kuma mai tsara László Moholy-Nagy . Duk da cewa Bauhaus ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana maraba da "duk wanda yake da kyakkyawan suna, ba tare da la'akari da shekaru ko jinsi ba", har yanzu akwai nuna wariya ga jinsi, kuma daga ƙarshe ta zama mace ɗaya tilo da ta sami digirinta a fannin ƙarfe. Ta yi sauri ta hau matsayin mataimakiyar bita; lokacin da Moholy-Nagy ta bar Bauhaus a shekarar 1928, ta zama darakta mai riƙo a bitar , tana aiki a matsayin na tsawon shekara ɗaya kuma tana tattaunawa kan wasu muhimman kwangilolin Bauhaus don haɗin gwiwa da masana'antu. Waɗannan kwangilolin samar da fitilu da sauran zane-zanen bitar ƙarfe misali ne mai wuya na ɗaya daga cikin bitar da ke taimakawa wajen ba da kuɗaɗen makarantar. Ɗaya daga cikin gudummawar da ta bayar na dindindin ita ce kayan haɗin fitilar da ita da Max Krajewski suka bayar an tsara shi ne don ginin Bauhaus da ke Dessau .
Bayan ya bar Bauhaus zuwa Berlin a shekarar 1929, Brandt ya yi aiki da Walter Gropius a ɗakin studio ɗinsa na Berlin. Daga ƙarshen 1929 zuwa 1932, Brandt ta kasance shugabar zane a masana'antar Ruppel Metal Goods da ke Gotha, Jamus, har sai da ta rasa aikinta saboda matsalar tattalin arziki da ke ci gaba da addabarta.
Sha'awar Brandt akan daukar hoto ta fara ne a cikin 1923 tare da hoton kai, Selbstportät mit Lilien (Hoton Kai da Lilies). Shekarar 1929 ta kasance shekara mai matuƙar amfani ga ɗaukar hotunanta kuma ta fara aiki da mujallar Bauhaus.
A farkon shekarar 1933, a farkon zamanin Nazi a Jamus, Brandt ta fara ƙoƙarin neman aiki a wajen ƙasar, amma nauyin iyali ya mayar da ita Chemnitz. Ba ta sami aiki mai ɗorewa ba a duk lokacin mulkin Nazi. A shekarar 1939 ta zama memba na " Reichskulturkammer ," ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta gwamnatin Nazi, domin samun kayayyakin fasaha, waɗanda da ba haka ba, da an hana ta. Duk da haka, Brandt bai taɓa zama memba na Jam'iyyar Nazi ba. Bayan shekaru da yawa na zama a ware, ita da Erik Brandt sun saki a hukumance a shekarar 1935.
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Brandt ta ci gaba da zama a Chemnitz don taimakawa wajen sake gina gidan iyalinta, wanda ya lalace sosai a lokacin tashin bama-bamai. Ta rayu tsawon rayuwarta a Gabashin Jamus, kuma ta mutu a Kirchberg, Saxony, tana da shekaru 89. Bisa gayyatar Mart Stam, daga 1949 zuwa 1951, Brandt malami ne a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dresden . Ta koyar a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Aiwatar da Aiki da ke Berlin daga 1951 zuwa 1954.
Aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An san ƙirar Brandt don tiren toka na ƙarfe, hidimar shayi da kofi, fitilu, da sauran kayan gida a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun Weimar da Dessau Bauhaus. Bugu da ƙari, suna cikin ƙananan ƙirar Bauhaus da aka samar da su da yawa a lokacin yaƙin basasa, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu a halin yanzu ana samun su azaman kwafi. A wani gwanjo a watan Disamba na 2007, an sayar da ɗaya daga cikin tukwanen shayinta - na'urar shan shayi mai lamba MT49 - akan dala $361,000. [2]
Tun daga shekarar 1926, Brandt ta kuma samar da wani aikin gyaran hoto, duk da cewa ba a san dukkansu ba sai kaɗan sai a shekarun 1970 bayan ta yi watsi da salon Bauhaus kuma tana zaune a Gabashin Jamus ta Kwaminisanci. Wasu daga cikin hotunan daukar hoto sun jawo hankalin jama'a bayan masanin tarihi na Bauhaus Eckhard Neumann ya nemi gwaje-gwajen farko, wanda sha'awar sake dawowa a gwajin zamani a Yamma ta motsa shi. Waɗannan hotunan hoto galibi suna mai da hankali kan yanayi mai sarkakiya na mata a lokacin yaƙi, lokacin da suka ji daɗin sabbin 'yanci a fannin aiki, salon kwalliya da jima'i, amma kuma suna fuskantar wariya ta gargajiya akai-akai.
A shekarar 1926, Brandt ya ƙaura tare da Bauhaus zuwa Dessau kuma bayan shekara guda ya ɗauki nauyin ƙirar hasken wuta tare da wurin aikin ƙarfe, kafin ya zama darektansa daga 1928 zuwa 1929. Yawancin kuzarin Brandt an mayar da shi ne ga ƙirar haskenta, gami da haɗin gwiwa da ƙaramin adadin abokan aiki da ɗalibai na Bauhaus. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukanta na farko shine fitilar rataye ta ME78B (1926). Wannan kyakkyawan hasken da aka yi da aluminum ya ƙunshi inuwa mai sauƙi ta saucer tare da tsarin pulley mai ƙirƙira da kuma nauyin da ya dace, wanda ya ba da damar daidaita tsayin fitila cikin sauƙi; an yi amfani da abin wuyan a wurare da yawa a harabar Dessau, ciki har da sashen ƙarfe, saƙa da gine-gine, da kuma ɗakin cin abinci na gidan Gropius.
A shekarun 1930 da 1940, Brandt ta zauna a kusa da keɓewa, duk da cewa tana da damammaki da yawa bayan zamanta a Bauhaus. Ta gama nuna hotuna biyar a wani shahararren baje kolin "FiFo" (Fim da Daukar Hoto) wanda Werkbund ya shirya. Tsohon mai ba ta shawara Moholy-Nagy ne ya tsara sashen da aka nuna aikinta a ciki. Bayan tafiya daga aiki zuwa aiki da kuma aiki zuwa aiki, Brandt ta zauna a garinsu na Chemnitz tsawon shekaru goma sha shida kuma ba ta da wani matsayi a hukumance. Har yanzu tana samar da aiki, amma ba don wani takamaiman dalili ko kwamiti ba ne. Bayan ta sake fara zane a lokacin mulkin Nazi, ta ci gaba da yin zane a lokacin juyin juya halin Jamus, a launukan ruwa da kuma yanayin zafi . Waɗannan kayan sun yi rahusa kuma ana iya kammala su da sauri. Zane-zanen wani lokacin suna da ban tausayi da kuma ɓacin rai, amma wannan ba abin mamaki ba ne idan aka yi la'akari da lokacin da suka yi a lokacin rashin aikinta da kuma lokacin Nazi. [3]
Ana kuma tunawa da Brandt a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto na farko. Ta ƙirƙiri waƙoƙin gwaji na rayuwa, amma jerin hotunanta ne suka burge ni sosai. Waɗannan galibi suna wakiltar ta a matsayin sabuwar Mace mai ƙarfi da zaman kanta ta Bauhaus; wasu misalai suna nuna fuskarta da jikinta sun karkace a saman ƙwallan ƙarfe masu lanƙwasa da madubi, suna ƙirƙirar hoton kanta da babban abin da ke cikinta a Bauhaus. Brandt tana ɗaya daga cikin mata kaɗan a Bauhaus waɗanda suka nisanta kansu daga gonakin da ake ganin sun fi mata a lokacin kamar saka ko tukwane.
Brandt ya ƙi amincewa da hoton jikin mace a cikin yanayin sutura ko cire kayanta. Kuma ba ta bayyana niyyar yin tunani game da siffar mace da ta dace ba. Kasancewarta cikin irin waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan kayan haɗin zai iya rage mata ƙarfin abubuwa masu amfani, gami da hoton kanta. A ƙarni na 20, akwai fifikon hotunan mata masu aiki da ke zaune a muhallin masana'antu, amma Brandt ta zaɓi ɗaukar hotunanta a cikin ƙarfe wanda ke nuna mata abin da take gani. Don haka, saman ƙarfe da ke nuna hoton Brandt yana tsayayya da tasirin "mai laushi" ko "mai daɗi", maimakon haka yana haifar da sanyin sanyi. [4]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Nero, Julie (2014). "Engaging Masculinity: Weimar Women Artists and the Boxer". Woman's Art Journal. 35 (1): 40–47. ISSN 0270-7993. JSTOR 24395362.
- ↑ vRawsthorn, Alice. "The tale of a teapot and its creator". New York Times. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2023.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
- ↑ Otto, Elizabeth (14 May 2013). "Marianne Brandt's Experimental Landscapes in Painting and Photography during the National Socialist Period". History of Photography. 37 (2): 167–181. doi:10.1080/03087298.2013.769780. S2CID 191542185.
- ↑ Dethal, Lor. "Marianne Brandt". Widewalls. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.