Marianne Schmidl

Marianne Schmidl
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna	Therese Marianne Luise Emilie Marie Schmidl
Haihuwa	Berchtesgaden (mul) , 3 ga Augusta, 1890
ƙasa	Austriya
Mutuwa	Izbica (Lublin Voivodeship) Ghetto (en) , 1942
Yanayin mutuwa	kisan kai
Karatu
Makaranta	Schwarzwaldschule (mul)
Harsuna	Jamusanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	librarian (en) , ethnologist (en) da art collector (en)
Employers	Gidan Tarihi na Ethnological na Berlin (1916 - 1917); Linden Museum (en) (1917 - 1920); Neues Museum Weimar (en) (1920 - 1920); Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (mul) (1921 - 1938)

Marianne Schmidl (3 ga Agusta 1890 a Berchtesgaden – Afrilu 1942 a Izbica Ghetto) ita ce mace ta farko da ta kammala karatun digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam daga Jami'ar Vienna. ^[1] Schmidl, ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ta Austria, malamar makaranta, mai kula da ɗakin karatu kuma mai tattara zane-zane, an yi wa fashi da makami aka kashe ta a lokacin kisan kiyashin Holocaust ta hannun 'yan Nazi saboda asalinta na Bayahudiya.

Iyali da ilimi

Mahaifiyar Marianne Schmidl, Maria Elisabeth Luise Friedmann (1858–1934), ta zauna a Munich, kuma ta yi wa marubuci Paul Heyse aiki. Kakan Schmidl shi ne mai zane Friedrich von Olivier, babban amini ga Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, kuma kakanninsa su ne 'yan'uwan Heinrich Olivier da Ferdinand Olivier, waɗanda su ma suna da himma a fannin fasaha. Mahaifinta, Josef Bernhard Schmidl (1852–1916), wanda asalinsa Bayahude ne, lauya ne na kotu daga Vienna kuma ɗan dimokuraɗiyya na zamantakewa. ^[2] Jim kaɗan kafin auren a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1889, wanda dangin Friedmann suka ƙi shi da ƙarfi, ya koma addinin Furotesta. Asalin mahaifinta na Yahudawa zai zama abin ƙyama ga Schmidl lokacin da 'yan Nazi suka hau mulki.

Marianne ita ce babbar 'yar'uwa mata biyu a Berchtesgaden, inda iyalin ke da gidan hutu. Duk da haka, ta girma a Vienna kuma ta sami mafi kyawun ilimin 'yan mata a lokacin. Daga 1905 zuwa 1909 ta halarci "Makarantar Black Forest" mai ci gaba ta fannin koyarwa da salon rayuwa Eugenie Schwarzwald .

Daga shekarar 1910, Schmidl ta yi karatun lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Vienna . ^[3] Duk da haka, a zangon karatu na hunturu na 1913-14, ta koma ilimin ethnology a matsayin babbar jami'a, ilimin ɗan adam da ilmin kayan tarihi na tarihi a lokacin da take ƙarama. ^[4] Ba da daɗewa ba kafin hakan ta shiga Ƙungiyar Al'adun Austrian kuma ta yi wani batu na al'adun gargajiya a karon farko tare da "girman flax da sarrafa flax a Umhausen". Michael Haberlandt da Rudolf Pöch suna cikin malamanta. A shekarar 1916 ita ce mace ta farko da ta sami digirin digirgir. ^[5] ^[6]

Rayuwar aiki

Marianne Schmidl ta fara aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Ethnology na Berlin . Tun daga kaka ta 1917 ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Theodor Koch-Grünberg a Gidan Tarihi na Linden da ke Stuttgart a matsayin "mataimaki ga tambayoyin Afirka". Bayan ta yi aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Grand Ducal don Fasaha da Fasaha da aka yi amfani da su a Weimar, Marianne Schmidl ba ta sami isasshen aiki ba na dogon lokaci. Daga baya Michael Haberlandt ya tambaya ko "halaye biyu na mace da Bayahudiya sun kasance cikas ga cike gurbin ilimin ethnology". Daga Maris 1921 ta yi aiki a Laburare na Ƙasa na Austria, tare da matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati na dindindin daga 1924, a matsayin malamar ilimin ɗan adam, kimiyya, lissafi da magani . Bugu da ƙari, ta ci gaba da binciken kimiyya a fannin tarihin al'adun Afirka, musamman a fannin saka kwando. Daga 1926 ta yi aiki a kan wani aikin bincike kan ayyukan hannu na Afirka a Gidan Tarihi na für Völkerkunde da ke Vienna, wanda Cibiyar Bincike ta Saxon don Ethnology da ke Leipzig ke ba da kuɗi. A cikin wannan, ta yi bincike a gidajen tarihi na al'adu a Switzerland, Faransa, Ingila, Belgium, Jamus da Italiya kuma ta buga littattafai da yawa na ilimi. ^[7] ^[8]

Tsananta wa Nazi da korarsa

Bayan Anschluss na Austria ko "haɗawa" da Nazi German Reich a 1938, an ayyana Marianne Schmidl a matsayin Bayahudiya saboda mahaifinta Bayahudiya ne, duk da cewa ta ɗauki kanta a matsayin Kirista. An tilasta mata barin aikinta, kuma aka jefa ta cikin talauci sakamakon haraji na musamman da 'yan Nazi suka ɗora wa Yahudawa don su kwace kadarorinsu. ^[9] An tilasta wa Schmidl sayar da ayyukan fasaha na iyalinta amma ba ta iya guduwa ba. A watan Afrilun 1942, an koro ta zuwa ghetto na Izbica a Poland kuma daga can ana tsammanin zuwa sansanonin tsare mutane na Belzec ko Sobibor.

Alamar ƙarshe ta rayuwa ita ce a watan Mayu na 1942. Ba a san yanayin da kuma ainihin ranar mutuwarta ba, kuma ba a sanar da mutuwarta ba sai a watan Mayu na 1950. ^[10]

Tarin zane-zane da kuma mayar da shi

A yau ana tunawa da Marianne Schmidl ba wai kawai a matsayin digirin digirgir na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na ƙasar Austria ba, ^[11] har ma da saboda - a cikin ƙa'idodin dawo da kayan fasaha da aka sace waɗanda aka tsara a taron Washington na 1998 - ita ce ainihin mai zane-zane da 'yan'uwa Olivier da Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld suka iya ganowa.

Bayan rasuwar mahaifiyarta a shekarar 1934, ta gaji tarin zane-zane na dangin Olivier da Schnorr von Carolsfeld. Bayan " Anschluss " na Austria a shekarar 1938, an tilasta wa Schmidl gabatar da sanarwar kadarori a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1938 don tarin zane-zanenta wanda 'yan Nazi suka sanya haraji na musamman a kai. Haraji na musamman ga Yahudawa, biyan kuɗin bincikensu, da kuma rage albashin da aka rage gaba ɗaya ya bar Maria Schmidl ba tare da wani zaɓi ba illa ta sayar da tarin zane-zane. ^[12]

Surukinta wanda ba Bayahude ba, Karl Wolf, ya kawo kadarorin ga dillalin Vienna Christian Nebehay, wanda shi kuma ya mika su ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Leipzig CG Boerner.

A ranar 28 ga Afrilu 1939, an yi gwanjon takardu 19 mallakar Schmidl ba tare da an ambaci sunansu ba a matsayin "Tarin W" (wanda a yau ake kira "Tarin Wolf").

Kamfanin Albertina da ke Vienna ya mayar wa magada iyalansa takardu 8 da Friedrich Olivier ya yi amfani da su a shekarar 2013.

A shekarar 2014, an sake gyara wasu zane-zane guda biyu da Olivier ya yi daga Kupferstichkabinett a Berlin a shekarar 2015, zane-zane biyu daga Kupferstichkabinett a Dresden . ^[13]

A shekarar 2016, an sake gyara wani zane mai suna 'Reshe Mai Ganyayyaki Masu Rage Rage ' wanda Schmidl ya sayar a ƙarƙashin tilas a Austria a shekarar 1939. ^[14] Hukumar NGA ta sami zanen a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Wolfgang Ratjen. ^[15]

A shekarar 2019 an sake yin zane da Friedrich da Ferdinand Olivier suka yi daga Lenbachhaus da ke Munich. ^[16]

Littattafai (zaɓi)

1913 Flachs-Bau und Flachs-Bereitung in Umhausen . A cikin: Zeitschrift für Österreichische Volkskunde . Band 19, 1913, S. 122–125.
1915 Zahl da Zählen a Afirka . A cikin: Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, Band 45, 1915, S. 166–209. Wannan aikin ( dissertation ɗinta) ya kasance ginshiƙi ga sabuwar hanya, wacce ta ɗauki lissafi a matsayin kimiyya ta duniya baki ɗaya, ba tare da la'akari da al'ada da al'umma ba. Ta bayyana cewa akwai nau'ikan da maganganun ƙirgawa da ƙirgawa daban-daban.
1928 Altägyptische Techniken an afrikanischen Spiralwulstkörben . A cikin: Festschrift für Wilhelm Schmidt, (SVD), S. 645-654.
1935 Die Grundlagen der Nilotenkultur . A cikin: Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien . Band 65, 1935, S. 86–125. (Rubutun karshe da ta buga)
2005 (Posthum) Afrikanische Spiralwulstkörbe . A cikin: Katja Geisenhainer: Maria Schmidl (1890–1942), Leipzig 2005, S. 265–339.

Adabi

F. Hillbrand-Grill: "Schmidl (Theresie) Marianne". In: Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Vol. 10, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1994, .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}ISBN 3-7001-2186-5, p. 325.
Susanne Blumesberger: Verlorenes Wissen. Ein gewaltsam abgebrochener Lebenslauf am Beispiel von Marianne Schmidl. In: Helmut W. Lang (Hrsg.): Mirabilia artium librorum recreant te tuosque ebriant. Phoibos, Wien 2001, ISBN 3-901232-27-3, S. 9–19.
Doris Byer: Marianne Schmidl. In: Brigitta Keintzel, Ilse Korotin (Hrsg.): Wissenschafterinnen in und aus Österreich. Leben – Werk – Wirken. Böhlau, Wien/Köln/Weimar 2002, ISBN 3-205-99467-1, S. 655–658.
Katja Geisenhainer: Marianne Schmidl (1890–1942). In: Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. Band 127, 2002, S. 269–300.
Katja Geisenhainer: Marianne Schmidl (1890–1942). Das unvollendete Leben und Werk einer Ethnologin. Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 2005, ISBN 3-86583-087-0 (enthält auch Schmidls unvollendet gebliebene Arbeit über afrikanische Spiralwulstkörbe).
Katja Geisenhainer: Jüdische Lebenslinien in der Wiener Völkerkunde vor 1938: Das Beispiel Marianne Schmidl, in: Andre Gingrich; Peter Rohrbacher (Hg.), Völkerkunde zur NS-Zeit aus Wien (1938–1945): Institutionen, Biographien und Praktiken in Netzwerken (Phil.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte 913; Veröffentlichungen zur Sozialanthropologie 27/1). Wien: Verlag der ÖAW 2021, S. 153–206. doi:10.1553/978OEAW86700
Katja Geisenhainer: Verfolgung, Deportation und Ermordung: Die letzten Lebensjahre von Marianne Schmidl, in: Andre Gingrich; Peter Rohrbacher (Hg.), Völkerkunde zur NS-Zeit aus Wien (1938–1945): Institutionen, Biographien und Praktiken in Netzwerken (Phil.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte 913; Veröffentlichungen zur Sozialanthropologie 27/3). Wien: Verlag der ÖAW 2021, S. 1553–1582. doi:10.1553/978OEAW86700
Ilse Korotin: „[...] vorbehaltlich eines jederzeit zulässigen Widerrufes genehmigt“. Ausgrenzung und Verfolgung jüdischer Wissenschafterinnen und Bibliothekarinnen. In: Österreichische Bibliothekarinnen auf der Flucht. Verfolgt, verdrängt, vergessen? Praesens, Wien 2007, ISBN 978-3-7069-0408-7, S. 103–126.

Duba kuma

Tsarin rarrabuwa
Kisan kare dangi a Austria
Jerin Da'awar Diyya ga Zane-zanen da 'yan Nazi suka kwace
Ilimin ƙabilanci
Matan Yahudawa a lokacin Yaƙin Holocaust
Nuna wariya ga jinsi a Wikipedia

Manazarta a

↑ Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland
↑ Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland
↑ Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland
↑ Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland
↑ Geisenhainer, Katja. "Marianne Schmidl (1890–1942)". nomadit.co.uk (in Turanci). Retrieved 23 March 2021.
↑ "Stein der Erinnerungfür Marianne Schmidl" (PDF).
↑ Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland
↑ Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland
↑ Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland
↑ Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland
↑ Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland
↑ Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland
↑ Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland
↑ Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland
↑ Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland
↑ Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland

[1] Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland

[2] Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland

[3] Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland

[4] Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland

[5] Geisenhainer, Katja. "Marianne Schmidl (1890–1942)". nomadit.co.uk (in Turanci). Retrieved 23 March 2021.

[6] "Stein der Erinnerungfür Marianne Schmidl" (PDF).

[7] Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland

[8] Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland

[9] Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland

[10] Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland

[11] Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland

[12] Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland

[13] Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland

[14] Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland

[15] Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland

[16] Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. "Restitution of two works from the Kupferstichkabinett". www.smb.museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 20 April 2021. Dr. Marianne Schmidl was born in 1890 in Berchtesgarden and grew up in Vienna. After becoming the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in Ethnology from the University of Vienna, she worked initially in various ethnology museums, including the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. In 1921 she became a librarian at the Austrian Nationalbibliothek, where she worked until 1938. On 1st October of that year, she was forced into early retirement because her father was of Jewish origin. Deprived of almost all means of financial support by this and other forms of persecution, and by the special levies imposed on Jews by the Nazi regime, she was obliged to sell the artworks which had been in her family for generations. In April 1942 she was deported to the ghetto of Izbica, in the Krasnystaw district of the province of Lublin, Poland

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