Marja'
 Marja' | |
|---|---|
position (en)  , take da Islamic religious occupation (en) | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
knowledge in Islam (en) |
| Ilimi a |
hawza (en) |
| Addini | Musulunci da Shi'a |
| Field of this occupation (en) |
Sharia Sciences (en) da Ijitihadi |
| Gudanarwan | Marja' |
Marja ' ( Arabic ; jam'i marājiʿ ; lit. ' ) lakabi ne da aka bai wa babban malamin addini na Shi'a na Twelver, tare da ikon da wani malami mai suna hawzah (wani cocin karantu inda ake koyar da malaman Musulunci na Shi'a) ya ba shi don yanke shawara ta shari'a a cikin iyakokin shari'ar Musulunci ga mabiya da malamai a ƙarƙashinsa a matsayi. Marjiʿ mafi matsayi ana kiransa marja al-mutlaq ko marja al-taqlid al-mutlaq . [1] [2] [note 1] Marji' yawanci kuma ana kiransa babban ayatollah .
Majiyoyi sun bambanta game da lokacin da aka kafa marja˓, inda Murtadha al-Ansari (ya mutu a shekara ta 1864) [2] da Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (ya mutu a shekara ta 940 ko 941) [3] dukkansu ana kiransu marja'i na farko.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, akwai sama da maraji 50 da ke rayuwa, kusan dukkansu suna zaune a Iran ko Iraki.
Lakabi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A halin yanzu, ana ba wa maraji' lakabin Grand Ayatullah ( Arabic ʾĀyatullāh al-ʿUẓmā ). [4] A da, an yi amfani da lakabin Allamah (kamar Allameh Tabatabaei, Allameh Majlesi, Allameh Hilli ) da Imam (kamar Imam Khomeini, Imam Rohani, [5] Imam Shirazi [6] da Imam Sadr ) [7] . Wani tushe (Abbas Djavadi) ya ce marja' "yawanci" babban ayatollah ne.
Wanda ke bin/"kwaikwayi" marja'i (wanda ke yin taqlid ) ana san shi da muqallid .
Sauran lakabi na malaman addini
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ayatollah
Ana ba da lakabin ayatullah ne lokacin da malami/malamin addini ya kai matsayin hawaza (makarantar addini) inda ɗalibansa da mabiyansa suka amince da shi don amsa tambayoyinsu kan batutuwan addini. Ayatullah dole ne ya buga wani littafi na shari'a, wanda aka sani da risalah amaliyah - littafi ko kuma rubutun hukunce-hukuncen addini masu amfani waɗanda aka tsara bisa ga batutuwan da suka shafi tsarkin al'ada, ibada, al'amuran zamantakewa, kasuwanci, da harkokin siyasa. Risalah ya ƙunshi fatawoyin ayatullah akan batutuwa daban-daban, bisa ga iliminsa na ingantattun majiyoyin Musulunci da kuma aikace-aikacensu ga rayuwar yau da kullun. A al'ada, shahararrun ayatullah ne kawai suka buga risalah. Duk da cewa wasu daga cikin shahararrun ayatullah sun ƙi rubuta ɗaya, wasu da yawa daga cikin asali masu daraja sun yi hakan a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Marja al-taqlid al-mutlaq
Mafi girman marja' ko "na farko-da-daidai", ana kiransa Marja al-taqlid al-mutlaq .
Matsayi, iko, da buƙatu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A al'adance, taqlid ko "kwaikwayon" ƙwararre a fannin shari'ar Musulunci ( mujtahid ) ba wai kawai halal ba ne, har ma wajibi ne a kan tambayoyi da yawa na addini ga dukkan Musulmai waɗanda ba su horar da kansu ba; [8] (akan "al'amuran imani" ko usulu 'din, wajibi ne ga Shi'a su horar da kansu). [9] Daga mahangar shari'ar Shi'a, a lokacin ɓoyayyen Mahadi, (tsawon shekaru 1000+ da suka gabata) manyan malaman hauza na Shi'a suna da alhakin fahimtar da bayyana shari'ar addinin Musulunci. Tun daga ƙarni na 19, malaman Shi'a sun koya wa masu imani su koma ga "tushen taqlid " ( marja' at-taqlid ) "don neman shawara da jagora da kuma a matsayin abin koyi da za a yi koyi da shi." [10] [11]
Bayar da jagora na addini
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Abbas Djavadi ya bayar da misalai na yadda muqallid zai yi koyi da marja'insu :
Imagine you are a Shi'ite Muslim facing a long intercontinental flight and you aren't sure how to arrange your prayers or ablutions. Or imagine there is a political event or dispute in your society, such as an election, and you are not sure how to act. You check the book of your marja, the risalah (treatise on practical Islamic law), and find the answers you need.
Every marja has his own risalah. For things that cannot be found in those books, you turn to the nearest representative of your marja, write a letter or e-mail or, more recently, raise the question on the website of your marja and receive your answer.[12]
Hukuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Idan akwai bambanci a ra'ayi tsakanin maraji'i, kowannensu ya bayar da nasa ra'ayin kuma muqallid (mabiyansu) za su bi ra'ayin marja'i a kan wannan batu. [13] An keɓe daga buƙatar bin marja'i, wato wanda ya kammala horo mai zurfi ( dars kharij ) a cikin hawa kuma ya sami lasisin shiga ijtihad ( ʾijāz al-ʾijtihād ) daga ayatollah ɗaya ko da yawa. Duk da haka ijtihad ba koyaushe yake cikakke ba don haka mujtahid na iya zama ƙwararre a wani fanni na musamman na fiqhu na Musulunci ( fiqh ) kuma ya yi ijtihad a ciki amma yana bin marja'i a wasu fannoni na fiqhu.
Wanene kuma a ina
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manyan malamai da dama ne ke jagorantar makarantun hauza (ilimin addini). Gidajen hauza na Qom da Najaf su ne manyan cibiyoyin koyar da malaman addinin Shi'a. Duk da haka, akwai wasu ƙananan makarantun hauza a wasu birane da dama a duniya, waɗanda suka fi girma sune Karbala (Iraq), Isfahan (Iran) da Mashhad (Iran).
Akwai maraji guda 56 da ke zaune a duniya har zuwa 2023, [14] [15] galibi suna zaune a Najaf da Kum . Shahararru daga cikinsu akwai Hossein Vahid Khorasani, Ali Khamenei, Mousa Shubairi Zanjani, Sayyid Sadeq Rohani, Naser Makarem Shirazi, Sadiq Hussaini Shirazi, Hossein Noori Hamedani da Abdollah Javadi-Amoli a birnin Qum; Ali Sistani, Muhammad al-Fayadh, Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim and Bashir al-Najafi in Najaf.
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 Bazzi, Mohamad (12 August 2014). "The Sistani Factor How a struggle within Shiism will shape the future of Iraq". Boston Review. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- 1 2 3 Gleave, Robert. "MARJA˓ AL-TAQLID. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- ↑ yavari, neguin. "MARJA AL-TAQLID". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "موقع مکتب سماحة آیة الله العظمی السید محمد صادق الحسینی الروحانی (دام ظله) :: الصفحة الرئیسیة". Archived from the original on 2019-09-13. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
- ↑ "هشتمين سالگرد". Archived from the original on 2013-05-15.
- ↑ "مركز الإمام موسى الصدر للأبحاث والدراسات". Archived from the original on 2008-09-05. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
- ↑ Peter, Rudolph. "IDJTIHAD AND TAQLID IN 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY ISLAM". Die Welt des Islams: 139.
- ↑ "Taqlid: Meaning and Reality". al-Islam.org. 20 January 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ see also "Ask a Question. Marja'". Al-Islam. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ↑ Djavadi, Abbas (25 February 2010). "The Difference Between A Marja And A Supreme Leader". RLRFE. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
- ↑ "تکليف،تقليد و انتخاب مرجع تقليد براي بانوان". Archived from the original on 9 January 2008.
- ↑ "List of Maraji (Updated) as of 2017". Archived from the original on 2018-08-19. Retrieved 2018-08-19.
- ↑ "Another list of Maraji (2017)". 22 July 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-08-19. Retrieved 2018-08-19.
- ↑ According to Robert Gleave: "Marja˓ al-taqlid is a title given to the highest-ranking cleric within Twelver Shi˓ism. ... a number of scholars at the same time could be put forward as "sources" (maraji˓) simultaneously."[2] According to Mohamad Bazzi: "marja al-taqlid" is "a senior cleric whose edicts" the faithful "follow, or emulate", and there are numbers of marja' al-taqlid aka marja'. It is a "marja al-taqlid al-mutlaq" who is the "highest of these marjas ... a supreme religious authority".[1]
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