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Martha Jefferson

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Martha Jefferson
First Lady of Virginia (en) Fassara

Rayuwa
Haihuwa Charles City County (en) Fassara, 30 Oktoba 1748
ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Mutuwa Albemarle County (mul) Fassara, 6 Satumba 1782
Makwanci Monticello Graveyard (en) Fassara
Yanayin mutuwa Sababi na ainihi (puerperal disorders (en) Fassara)
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi John Wayles
Mahaifiya Martha Eppes
Abokiyar zama Bathurst Skelton (en) Fassara  (20 Nuwamba, 1766 -  30 Satumba 1768)
Thomas Jefferson  (1 ga Janairu, 1772 -  6 Satumba 1782)
Yara
Ahali Sally Hemings (mul) Fassara, James Hemings (en) Fassara, Critta Hemings Bowles (mul) Fassara da Peter Hemings (mul) Fassara
Sana'a
Sana'a ɗan siyasa

Martha Skelton Jefferson ( <i id="mwEQ">wanda aka fi sani da</i> Wayles ; 30 ga Oktoba, 1748 - 6 ga Satumba, 1782) ita ce matar Thomas Jefferson daga 1772 har zuwa rasuwarta a 1782. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta Virginia a lokacin mulkin Jefferson a matsayin gwamna daga 1779 zuwa 1781. Ta mutu a 1782, shekaru 19 kafin ya zama shugaban kasa . [1] [2]

Daga cikin 'ya'ya shida da Thomas da Martha suka haifa, biyu ne kawai suka tsira har zuwa lokacin girma, Martha da Mary . Martha ta mutu watanni huɗu bayan haihuwar ɗanta na ƙarshe. [1] Wasikun ma'auratan ga juna sun ƙone, kodayake ba a san su ba, kuma Thomas ba kasafai yake magana game da ita ba, don haka har yanzu tana da wani irin sihiri. [2] (Hakazalika, Jefferson bai yi magana sosai game da mahaifiyarsa, Jane Randolph Jefferson ba.) [3] [lower-alpha 1]

A matsayinsa na bazawara, Thomas yana da dangantaka mai tsawo da 'ya'ya tare da 'yar'uwar Martha, Sally Hemings, wata mace da aka yi wa bauta wadda take da kashi uku cikin huɗu na 'ya'yanta farar fata. [1]

Rayuwar farko da ilimi

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An haifi Martha Wayles a ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 1748 (OS 19 ga Oktoba, 1748), ita ce kaɗai 'ya da ta rage da aka haifa wa Martha Eppes Wayles (1721–1748) da John Wayles (1715–1773), [1] kusa da Colonial Williamsburg [2] a gundumar Charles City, Virginia . [3]

Mahaifiyar Martha, Martha Eppes Wayles, ta taɓa haihuwar tagwaye a shekarar 1746, amma babu wanda ya tsira; yarinyar ta mutu kuma yaron ya mutu sa'o'i bayan haihuwarsa. [4] An yi wa Martha laƙabi da "Patsy". Mahaifin Martha John ɗan Lancaster ne wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Masarautun Goma Sha Uku wanda ke aiki a matsayin lauya kuma mai wadata a shuka da kuma dillalin bayi . Bugu da ƙari, wakili ne na kamfanin Farrell da Jones da ke Bristol, yana gudanar da ayyuka kamar tattara bashi a madadinsu. [4] Martha Eppes Wayles 'yar Francis Eppes ce, wani mazaunin Bermuda Daruruwan, [4] wani tsohon mulkin mallaka na Virginia da aka kafa a bakin Kogin Appomattox . Duk da cewa ba a san komai game da rayuwar Martha Eppes Wayles ba, tana da sha'awar littattafai masu kyau, kamar littafin da ta fi so, Tristram Shandy da Les Aventures de Télémaque . (Sigar littafinta mai suna The Adventures of Telemachus, ta ƙunshi sa hannunta a shafin taken littafin kuma tana nan a Laburare na Congress ). [5]

Martha Wayles tana da uwaye biyu, waɗanda ba su daɗe da yin aure bayan aurensu da John Wayles, kuma ta wurin uwar miji ɗaya, tana da 'yan'uwa mata huɗu. [4] Wayles ta auri Tabitha Cocke, [4] [lower-alpha 1] na Malvern Hill . Suna da 'ya'ya huɗu: Sarah, Elizabeth, Tabitha da Anne. [4] Sarah ta mutu tun tana ƙarama. [4] Tabitha da Anne sun auri 'yan'uwan Skipwith, Robert da Henry, bi da bi. Tabitha Skipwith ta mutu da haihuwarta ta farko. Nancy Skipwith, "Aunty Skipwith" ga 'ya'yan Jefferson da jikoki, ta mutu a shekara ta 1798. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">an buƙata ambato</span> ] Elizabeth ta auri Francis Eppes, ɗan uwan Martha, kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, Richard da John Wayles Eppes, na biyun kuma ya auri 'yar Thomas Jefferson ta biyu, Mary Jefferson. Matar Wayles ta biyu ta mutu ne bayan haihuwar Anne a watan Agusta na 1756 kuma kafin ya auri matarsa ta uku a watan Janairu na 1760. [4]

A ranar 26 ga Janairu, 1760, Wayles ya auri matarsa ta uku, Elizabeth Lomax Skelton (ita ce bazawarar Reuben Skelton, babban ɗan'uwan Bathurst Skelton, mijin 'yarsa Martha na farko). Ba tare da ta haifi ɗa da Wayles ba, ta mutu a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1761. [4] Daga nan John Wayles ya ɗauki Betty Hemings a matsayin ƙwarƙwararsa, ya kuma ba Martha ƙarin 'yan'uwa mata. [lower-alpha 3] Martha wataƙila ta sami iliminta - gami da adabi, rawa, kiɗa, yaren Faransa da nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki - daga masu koyarwa na sirri ko mata a cikin iyali. Ta zama "Uwar Gidan" bayan uwar gidanta ta biyu ta mutu lokacin da take da shekaru 13 kuma sau da yawa tana baƙunci ga tarurrukan zamantakewa na John Wayles kuma tana taimakawa wajen gudanar da harkokin kasuwancinsa da na gida. Ta san yadda ake yin kyandirori, sabulu, man shanu da magunguna don cututtuka.

Aure da yara

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Martha Wayles ta fara auren Bathurst Skelton (an haife ta a shekara ta 1744), lauya, a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1766, yana da shekaru 18. An haifi ɗansu, John, a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1767. Skelton ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1768. Daga nan Martha ta koma Dajin bayan mutuwar mijinta. John mai shekaru uku ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 1771. [1]

Thomas Jefferson

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Mather Brown, Thomas Jefferson, 1786, zanen mai, Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa

Wataƙila Thomas Jefferson ya fara soyayya da Martha a watan Disamba na 1770. [1] Sun yi sha'awar hawa doki, adabi, da kiɗa. A matsayin wani ɓangare na sadakin Martha don bikin aurensu na ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1772, [2] Thomas da Martha sun sami kadarori, gami da gonar Elk Hill, inda Martha ta zauna tare da mijinta na farko, da kuma bayi da yawa, wanda ya taimaka wa Thomas kammala ginin gidan Monticello da kuma shimfidar fili na eka 5,000 na gidan. [13] [14] [lower-alpha 4] Yayin da Monticello ke kan ginin kuma Thomas ba ya nan, Martha sau da yawa tana zama a gonar Elk Hill.

Suna da 'ya'ya shida, amma 'ya'ya mata biyu ne kawai suka girma. [1] Wani ɗa da ba a ambaci sunansa ba, Jane Randolph, da Lucy Elizabeth, waɗanda suka mutu sakamakon tari mai tsanani, sun mutu tun suna jarirai. [1] Babbar mace, Martha "Patsy" Jefferson, ce kawai ta tsira bayan shekaru 25:

  • Martha "Patsy" Jefferson [2] (27 ga Satumba, 1772) – 10 ga Oktoba, 1836)
  • Jane Randolph Jefferson (Afrilu 3, 1774) – Satumba 1775)
  • ɗa wanda ba a san sunansa ba (28 ga Mayu) – 14 ga Yuni, 1777), ya rayu tsawon kwanaki 17
  • Mary "Maria ko Polly" Jefferson [2] (1 ga Agusta, 1778 – 17 ga Afrilu, 1804)
  • Lucy Elizabeth Jefferson (3 ga Nuwamba, 1780) – 15 ga Afrilu, 1781)
  • Lucy Elizabeth Jefferson (8 ga Mayu, 1782) – c. October 13, 1784 ) [16]

Gidajen Bayi da Gidaje na Wayles

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Martha da Thomas Jefferson sun sayi bayi da dama a matsayin wani ɓangare na sadakin aurenta, daga baya kuma daga gidan John Wayles, wanda ya sanya Thomas ya zama na biyu mafi girman mai bayi a gundumar Albemarle. Sadakin ya ƙara yawan bayin da ya mallaka daga 52 zuwa 187.

Daga cikin bayi sama da 100 Baƙar fata da 'Yan Asalin ƙasar akwai Betty Hemings, 'yan asalin ƙasar, waɗanda suka fito daga kabilu daban-daban, da kuma 'ya'yanta 10 masu launin fata daban-daban. Ƙaramin, jariri, Sally Hemings ce. Ƙananan yara shida sun kasance kashi uku cikin huɗu na fararen fata a zuri'a da kuma 'yan'uwan Martha Wayles Jefferson, domin mahaifinta ne ya haife su. Betty kuma tana da 'ya'ya huɗu da aka haifa kafin na Wayles. Duk dangin Hemings sun sami matsayi na musamman a tsakanin bayi a Monticello, inda aka horar da su kuma aka yi musu aiki a matsayin bayin gida, masu dafa abinci, da kuma ƙwararrun masu sana'a. [17] Sally Hemings, wacce John Wayles ya haifa, ita ce 'yar'uwar Martha Wayles Jefferson, kuma batun badakala ne game da dangantakarta da Thomas Jefferson.

Mahaifin Martha, John Wayles, ya mutu yana da shekaru 58 a shekara ta 1773. Ya bar kadarori masu yawa, ciki har da bayi, amma kadarorin sun cika da bashi. Bayan mutuwar Wayles, an kai Betty Hemings da 'ya'yanta shida tare da John Wayles "ba tare da wata shakka ba" zuwa Monticello don hana raba Hemings. Kadarorin sun kai darajar £30,000, amma suna bin Farrell da Jones a Bristol kan £11,000. Wayles surukai uku, ciki har da Thomas Jefferson, sun yanke shawarar raba kadarorin da basussukan da ke cikinsu. Martha da mijinta Thomas Jefferson sun gaji gonakin Willis Creek da Elk Hill da jimillar mutane 135, ciki har da 'yan gidan Hemings . Sun kuma gaji bashin £4,000. Jefferson da sauran masu haɗin gwiwa na gidan Wayles sun yi aiki tsawon shekaru don biyan bashin kuma babban bashin ya haifar da lalacewar kuɗi ga Thomas Jefferson.

Bayanin Zamani

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Babu wani hoton Martha Jefferson da ya tsira a wannan lokacin, amma 'yan uwa da Isaac Granger Jefferson sun bayyana ta a matsayin ƙarama, mai kyau, kuma kyakkyawa, kuma kamar 'yarta, Mary Jefferson Eppes . Robert Skipwith, mijin 'yar uwarta, ya bayyana ta a matsayin wacce ta mallaki "... mafi girman asusun kyawawan halaye ... cewa haske da hankali wanda ke alƙawarin tabbatar muku da mafi girman farin ciki da mutane za su iya morewa." [1] Yayin da Thomas ke gina Monticello, ya sami piano forte daga Ingila don Martha a matsayin kyautar aure. Ta buga harpsichord piano forte, yayin da Thomas Jefferson ke buga violin. An ruwaito cewa Martha ta buga harpsichord "da ƙwarewa kuma wacce, a kowane fanni, mace ce mai hankali da ƙwarewa," a cewar wani jami'in Hessian, Jacob Rubsamen, wanda ya ziyarci Monticello a 1780. [1]

Zane na Monticello na farko, 1771

A cewar 'yarta, Martha Jefferson ta kasance mai ilimi sosai kuma mai son kiɗa, mai karatu koyaushe, mai kyawawan halaye da kuma halin rai wanda wani lokacin ya yi daidai da rashin kunya. Tana da matuƙar ƙaunar mijinta. Tana da ɗan tsayin 5 feet (150 cm) tsayi, mai siffar haske, gashin auburn, da idanu hazel. [2] Ta kasance ƙwararren mai allura, wasu daga cikin kayan aikinta har yanzu suna nan. [18] Martha ta adana tarin bayanai game da ayyukanta na gida da girke-girke, kamar yanka nama da warkar da nama da ƙirƙirar manyan sabulu mai laushi da tauri, kyandirori, da giya. A shekararta ta farko ta aure, ta fara yin giya, tana samar da 170 US gallons (640 L) a wannan shekarar.

Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta Virginia

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Governor's Palace
Fadar Gwamna, gidan Gwamna Jefferson da ke Williamsburg

Martha Jefferson ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta Virginia daga 1779 zuwa 1781, a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka . A wannan matsayin, kuma a matsayin amsa ga buƙatar Martha Washington, Mrs. Jefferson ta jagoranci mata a Virginia don tara kuɗi da kayayyaki ga sojojin jihanta a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Nahiyar har zuwa inda lafiyarta ta tanada. Wasikar da aka aika wa mahaifiyar James Madison, Eleanor Conway Madison, ita ce kawai wasiƙar da Martha Jefferson ta rubuta da aka sani a yanzu. Ta buga roƙo a cikin Virginia Gazette, tana sanar da cewa za a karɓi kuɗi a cikin coci-coci. A ƙasa baki ɗaya, ƙungiyar mata ta tara dala $300,000 don siyan rigunan lilin ga sojojin Washington. [19]

Matsalolin lafiya

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Makabartar Iyalan Monticello, gami da kabarin Thomas Jefferson

Gudanar da gidan Jefferson ya zama da wahala ga Martha Jefferson, wacce ta fuskanci aƙalla shari'ar cutar ƙanjamau sau ɗaya, wataƙila ta kamu da ciwon suga, kuma ta raunana saboda yawan ɗaukar ciki da ta yi, wanda a ƙarshe zai kashe ta. Ta gudu daga Richmond kafin sojojin Birtaniya su ci gaba da kai hari a farkon Janairu 1781, kuma ta guji kai hari kan Monticello a watan Yuni na wannan shekarar, [2] tana sane da cewa 'yan Birtaniya suna da sha'awar kama ta ko mijinta. [20] Jaririyar, Lucy Elizabeth ta Ɗaya, ta yi rashin lafiya a lokacin da aka kwashe ta daga gidan daga watan Janairu kuma ba ta warke ba, ta mutu a 1781 a ranar 15 ga Afrilu.

Thomas ya takaita aikinsa na siyasa saboda lafiyarta. [2] Jefferson ya kasance a Philadelphia don Babban Taron Nahiyar Nahiyar Na Biyu a 1776, inda ya tsara Sanarwar 'Yanci na tsawon makonni biyu a watan Yunin 1776. Yana son komawa gare ta da wuri-wuri. Thomas ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamna da kuma Majalisar Wakilai a Virginia. Ya ƙi tayin yin aiki a matsayin kwamishina ga Faransa da Majalisar Nahiyar ta yi yayin da take da rai. [2] [lower-alpha 5]

Mutuwa

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An ruwaito cewa haihuwar Lucy Elizabeth II, ƙaramin ɗansu, a watan Mayu na 1782 ita ce mafi wahalar ciki ga Mrs. Jefferson, tunda jaririn ya wuce kilo 16 a lokacin haihuwa. [lower-alpha 6] Edmund Randolph ya rubuta a watan mutuwarta cewa Thomas "ba shi da ta'aziyya" game da raguwar lafiyar Martha da radadin da take ji." [1]

Lafiyar Mrs. Jefferson ta tabarbare kuma ta mutu a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1782, watanni huɗu bayan haihuwar ɗanta na ƙarshe. [lower-alpha 7]

An binne ta a Monticello kuma an rubuta dutsen kabarinta da kalmomi da Thomas ya rubuta, wanda ƙarshen littafin ya ce: "An tsage shi daga gare shi ta hanyar mutuwa. Satumba 6, 1782. An rubuta wannan abin tunawa na ƙaunarsa". [1]

Domin kada 'ya'yanta su girma tare da uwayen mata, Martha ta roƙi Thomas Jefferson da kada ya sake yin aure, kuma bai taɓa yin hakan ba. An danganta buƙatarta da dangantakarta da uwarta. A lokacin mutuwarta, tana da shekaru 33; yana da shekaru 39.

Gado

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An dauki hoton Martha Jefferson ta hannun Blythe Danner a fim din 1972 mai suna 1776 .

Bayanan kula

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  1. ↑ His wife's name is also given as Mary Cocke.[6]
  2. ↑ Although there were sources that believed that Wayles fathered children with Betty Hemings, author William G. Hyland, Jr. did not believe that Wayles had Betty as a mistress.[9]
  3. ↑ After the death of his third wife, Wayles took the then 26 year-old Betty Hemings as his mistress[7] or concubine.[4][8][lower-alpha 2] Born into slavery, the children of this union were three-quarters European in ancestry and half-siblings to Martha and Elizabeth Wayles.[10] The youngest was Sally Hemings, born in July 1773, two months after her father's death.[11][12]
  4. ↑ After the wedding, the couple left The Forest plantation for Monticello. A heavy snowfall began on the afternoon of their journey and produced two feet of snow. As a result, they had to forgo their carriage. Their horses were swapped for two fresh horses at Blenheim Estate of Jefferson's friend, Edward Carter. Martha and Thomas completed the remaining seven-mile leg of their journey of narrow paths.[15] Thomas Jefferson described his outlook for the marriage: "In every schemings of happiness she is placed in the fore-ground of the picture, as the principal figure. Take that away, and it is not a picture for me."[15]
  5. ↑ He served as commissioner to France beginning in 1784. He took his eldest child, Patsy, with him and later sent for his second daughter, Polly.[2]
  6. ↑ Martha wrote the following from Tristram Shandy just before she died.[1][21] Samfuri:Quote frame On the same document, Thomas responded to these lines with "and every time I kiss thy hand to bid adieu, every absence which follows it, are preludes to that eternal separation which we are shortly to make!" It is the rare document that Thomas Jefferson did not destroy of his wife's handwriting.[1][21] Thomas had written to Marquis de Chastellux of his state of suspense over the summer following the birth of Lucy Elizabeth.[1]
  7. ↑ At his wife's death, Thomas "was led from the room almost in a state of insensibility by his sister Mrs. Carr, who, with great difficulty, got him into his library where he fainted, and remained so long insensible that they feared he would never revive."[11] After the funeral, he withdrew to his room for three weeks. Afterward, he spent hours riding horseback alone around Monticello. His daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph wrote, "In those melancholy rambles I was his constant companion, a solitary witness to many a violent burst of grief."[11] Not until mid-October did Jefferson begin to resume a normal life when he wrote, "emerging from that stupor of mind which had rendered me as dead to the world as was she whose loss occasioned it."[11]

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Wilson, Gaye (October 10, 1998). "Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson". www.monticello.org (in Turanci). Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 George Bush White House (Archives). "Biography of Martha Jefferson". georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  3. ↑ "The Forest". www.monticello.org (in Turanci). Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Berkes, Anna (November 12, 2007). "John Wayles". www.monticello.org (in Turanci). Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  5. ↑ "Sowerby Catalogue Volume IV : page 434". tjlibraries.monticello.org. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  6. ↑ Schwartz, Marie Jenkins (2017-04-06). Ties That Bound: Founding First Ladies and Slaves (in Turanci). University of Chicago Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-226-46072-7.
  7. ↑ "John Wayles" Archived 2012-07-22 at Archive.today, Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia, Monticello, accessed 10 March 2011. Sources cited on page: Madison Hemings, "Life Among the Lowly," Pike County Republican, March 13, 1873. Letter of December 20, 1802 from Thomas Gibbons, a Federalist planter of Georgia, to Jonathan Dayton, states that Sally Hemings "is half sister to his [Jefferson's] first wife."
  8. ↑ Blassingame, John (1977). Slave Testimony: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews, and Autobiographies. LSU Press. p. 475. ISBN 0807102733.
  9. ↑ Hyland, William G. (2015-02-26). Martha Jefferson: An Intimate Life with Thomas Jefferson (in Turanci). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-4422-3984-5.
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "mont".
  11. 1 2 3 4 Robert P. Watson and Richard Yon, "The Unknown Presidential Wife: Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson" Archived Oktoba 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Jefferson Legacy Foundation, 2003, Quote: "(Wayles never remarried but had five children – Nance, Critta, Thenia, Peter, and Sally – to his slave Elizabeth "Betty" Hemings, the youngest of which would become famous for her relationship with Thomas Jefferson.)" Note: This varies from the Monticello website on the number and some of the names. Accessed 7 January 2012
  12. ↑ "Elizabeth Hemings" Archived 2019-02-13 at the Wayback Machine, Plantation and Slavery, Monticello, accessed 7 January 2012. Note: The Monticello website says that Hemings' children by Wayles were Robert, James, Thenia, Critta, Peter, and Sally.
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Hendricks p. 20".
  14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Kranish p. 38".
  15. 1 2 Kranish, Michael (2010-01-21). Flight from Monticello: Thomas Jefferson at War (in Turanci). Oxford University Press. pp. 39. ISBN 978-0-19-974590-6.
  16. ↑ "Lucy Jefferson (1782-1784) | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello".
  17. ↑ "Monticello Explorer: Elizabeth Hemings (1735-1807)". explorer.monticello.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Hendricks p. 19".
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Kukla".
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Hendricks pp. 20–21".
  21. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Hendricks p. 23".

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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Samfuri:Thomas Jefferson

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