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Martha Jefferson Randolph

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Martha Jefferson Randolph
Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka

4 ga Maris, 1801 - 4 ga Maris, 1809
← Abigail Adams (mul) Fassara - Dolley Madison (mul) Fassara →
First Lady of Virginia (en) Fassara

Rayuwa
Haihuwa Monticello (mul) Fassara, 27 Satumba 1772
ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Mutuwa Albemarle County (mul) Fassara, 10 Oktoba 1836
Makwanci Monticello Graveyard (en) Fassara
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi Thomas Jefferson
Mahaifiya Martha Jefferson
Abokiyar zama Thomas Mann Randolph (en) Fassara  (23 ga Faburairu, 1790 -
Yara
Ahali Madison Hemings (mul) Fassara, Mary Jefferson Eppes (en) Fassara, Harriet Hemings (mul) Fassara da Eston Hemings (en) Fassara
Karatu
Harsuna Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a ɗan siyasa
Imani
Addini Kiristanci

Martha " Patsy " Randolph ( wanda aka haifa Jefferson ; Satumba 27, 1772 - Oktoba 10, 1836) ita ce babbar 'yar Thomas Jefferson, shugaban Amurka na uku, da matarsa, Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson . An haife ta a Monticello, kusa da Charlottesville, Virginia .

Mahaifiyar Randolph ta mutu lokacin da take da kusan shekara 10, lokacin da 'yan uwanta biyu kacal cikin 'yan uwanta biyar ke raye. Mahaifinta ya ga tana da ilimi mai kyau. Tana magana da harsuna huɗu kuma ilimin da ta samu a makarantar sufaye ta Paris tare da 'ya'yan manyan Faransawa ya yi tasiri sosai. Zuwa shekarar 1804, ita kaɗai ce 'ya da ta rage a hannun Martha da Thomas Jefferson, ɗaya tilo daga cikin 'ya'yan ma'auratan da ta tsira bayan shekara 25.

Martha Jefferson ta auri Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., wanda ɗan siyasa ne a matakin tarayya da jiha kuma aka zaɓe shi a matsayin gwamnan Virginia (1819–1822), wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama matar shugaban Virginia. Sun haifi 'ya'ya goma sha biyu tare.

Randolph ta kula da harkokin Varina da Edge Hill tare da mijinta, da kuma Monticello tare da mahaifinta. Tana yin wasiƙu akai-akai da mahaifinta lokacin da ba sa tare. Ta samar wa Jefferson kwanciyar hankali, wanda ya taimaka masa ya shawo kan matsalolin siyasa da ya shiga. Baya ga kula da Monticello, ta zauna tare da Jefferson a Fadar White House, tana aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa ta yau da kullun.

Bayan Fadar White House, Randolph da 'ya'yanta sun zauna a Monticello suna kula da mahaifinta. Saboda bashi, Randolphs sun sayar da Varina kuma suka rasa gonar Edge Hill don kwacewa a shekarar 1825. Randolph ta gaji bashin Monticello da Jefferson lokacin da mahaifinta ya mutu a shekarar 1826. An sayar da yawancin bayin da ke Monticello don biyan wasu basussukan.

Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi (1772–1790)

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Virginia

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An haifi Martha Jefferson a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1772, a Monticello, gidan mahaifinta da ke Virginia (a lokacin yana Birtaniya ). Iyayenta su ne Thomas Jefferson da Martha Wayles Skelton . [1] [lower-alpha 1] A lokacin auren iyayenta [5] goma, suna da 'ya'ya shida. Randolph ita ce ɗan fari. Sai Jane Randolph (1774–1775) ta biyo baya; ɗa wanda ya rayu 'yan makonni kacal a 1777; Mary "Polly" (1778–1804); Lucy Elizabeth (1780–1781); da kuma wata Lucy Elizabeth (1782–1784). Randolph da Mary ne kawai suka tsira fiye da shekaru kaɗan. [6] Tun tana ƙarama, Randolph ta ga mahaifiyarta tana fama da wahala a lokacin ɗaukar ciki mai wahala kuma iyayen biyu suna makokin mutuwar jarirai huɗu. [7]

Iyalin sun yi rayuwa irin ta genteel kuma da farko an yi wa Randolph karatu a gida. Karatunta ya haɗa da darussan rawa. [1] Lokacin da take da shekaru bakwai, mahaifinta ya zama gwamnan Virginia . An zaɓe shi a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1779, kuma iyalin sun fara zama a Williamsburg . Sun ƙaura zuwa Richmond lokacin da gwamnati ta ƙaura zuwa can a 1780. [1] Sojojin Birtaniya sun ci gaba da kai hari zuwa Richmond a watan Mayu na 1781, kuma saboda gargaɗin da aka yi musu, 'yan Jefferson sun tsere zuwa ƙauyensu, Poplar Forest . [1]

Randolph tana da shekaru kusan 10 lokacin da mahaifiyarta ta mutu [5] [lower-alpha 2] a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1782, watanni huɗu bayan haihuwar ɗan ƙarshe na Jeffersons. Daga baya Randolph ta rubuta game da wannan lokacin da baƙin cikin mahaifinta, tana mai cewa "a cikin waɗannan baƙin cikin ni ne abokinsa na dindindin, shaida ɗaya tilo ga yawancin ɓacin rai." [lower-alpha 3]

Filadelfiya

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John Rogers, bayan hoton Thomas Sully, Mrs. Thomas M. Randolph (Martha Jefferson), 1880, zane mai tsawon kwata uku. [11] Martha Jefferson Randolph doguwa ce kuma siririya, tana da siffofi masu kusurwa da kuma gashi ja, kuma an ce ta yi kama da mahaifinta sosai, wanda take bauta masa.

Randolph ta tafi Philadelphia tare da mahaifinta a shekarar 1782, sannan kuma a kaka ta 1783 lokacin da ya wakilci Virginia a Majalisar Tarayyar . [7] Birnin da ya fi girma a Amurka a lokacin, Philadelphia ita ce cibiyar wayewar Amurka . [7]

Mahaifin Randolph bai yarda da ilimin gwamnati ga 'yan mata ba, amma ya shirya wa 'yarsa ta sami ilimin sirri. [12] Tsakanin Disamba 1782 da Mayu 1784, ta yi zaman tare da iyali ta kuma yi karatun Faransanci, rawa, zane, da kiɗa tare da masu koyarwa masu zaman kansu, waɗanda suka sami jadawali mai tsauri na yau da kullun da umarni game da yadda ya kamata a gudanar da karatunta daga Thomas Jefferson. [1] Manufarsa ita ce ya sanya ta mace mai daraja, mai karatu sosai. [7] Ya fi mai da hankali kan tsafta da haruffa, waɗanda duka suna da mahimmanci don ƙirƙirar hoton mace mai kyau tare da ɗabi'a da magana. [1] A halin yanzu, mahaifinta yana aiki a Philadelphia kuma yana jiran umarnin Majalisa don zuwa Faransa. [1]

Paris

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'Yan'uwanta mata ƙanne, Mary da Lucy Elizabeth, sun ci gaba da zama a Virginia tare da 'yan uwanta yayin da Randolph da mahaifinta suka yi tafiya zuwa Boston tare da James Hemings . Sun tashi zuwa Paris a cikin jirgin Ceres a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1784, kuma suka isa Faransa a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1784. [1] Randolph ta zauna a Paris daga shekara 12 zuwa 17 yayin da mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Amurka a Faransa . [13] A watan Oktoba na 1784, ƙanwarta Lucy ta mutu sakamakon tari mai tsanani . [1]

Jefferson ta yi mata rajista a Pentemont Abbey, wata makarantar musamman ta masu bautar gumaka, bayan ta sami tabbacin cewa ɗaliban Furotesta ba a barin su daga koyarwar addini. A wannan makarantar kwana, Randolph ta koyi lissafi, labarin ƙasa, tarihin duniya, da Latin, da kuma kiɗa da zane. [1] Shekaru huɗu da ta yi a makarantar masu bautar gumaka sun yi mata tasiri sosai. Abokan karatunta su ne fitattun 'yan Faransa waɗanda suka samar da samfurin "hankali, iyawa, da kuzari" kuma sun fuskanci "albarkatun ibada na Roman Katolika". Ya ba ta damar yin tattaunawa mai kyau da wayo da kuma tunani game da yadda za ta tafiyar da ilimin 'ya'yanta na gaba. [13]

Pentemont Abbey ( French ), wata makaranta ce ta musamman ta gidajen sufaye a birnin Paris, Faransa wadda Randolph ta halarta lokacin da mahaifinta yake Ministan Amurka a Faransa [13]

  Lokacin da ta yi mu'amala da jama'a a Abbey, ta koyi game da rawar da mata ke takawa a harkokin siyasa, rikicin da ya haifar da juyin juya halin Faransa, da kuma labarin fada. [7] Mahaifinta ya yi tasiri wajen tsara Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam a Faransa. [7] Randolph ta ce game da lokacin da ta yi a Faransa shine "ɓangare mafi haske a rayuwa mai cike da damuwa da baƙin ciki." [7]

Mary ta yi tafiya tare da Sally Hemings zuwa Paris kuma ta haɗu da 'yar uwarta a makarantar sufaye a watan Yulin 1787. [1] Randolph da 'yar uwarta Mary sun kamu da cutar typhus a lokacin hunturu na 1788 kuma suka zauna tare da mahaifinsu har sai sun dawo da lafiyarsu. Sun koma gidan sufaye a bazara na 1789. [1] Bayan Randolph ta nuna sha'awarta ta koma addinin Katolika kuma ta ce tana la'akari da umarnin addini, Jefferson ta janye ta da ƙanwarta Polly daga makarantar da sauri. A tsawon karatunta, Randolph ta koyi yin harsuna huɗu. [12]

Randolph ta yi mu'amala da mata 'yan Turai masu "tunani mai 'yanci" da kuma ƙwararrun mata na wayewar Faransa, kamar Georgiana, Duchess na Devonshire da Germaine de Staël . [7] Ta kuma haɗu da shugabannin duniya yayin da take Faransa. Ta ji daɗin rayuwar zamantakewa wanda ya haɗa da ƙwallo da kade-kade a lokacin bazara. [1] Wayson ta ce ta sami damar "gane ƙarfin haɗin gwiwar matan Faransa yayin da suka yi tattaki zuwa fadar sarki a Versailles kuma suka tilasta wa ma'auratan sarauta komawa Paris ƙarƙashin rakiyar Marquis de Lafayette, abokiyar dangin Jefferson." [7] A watan Satumba na 1789, bayan fara juyin juya halin Faransa, Thomas Jefferson, 'ya'yansa mata, da James da Sally Hemings suka yi tafiya zuwa Amurka, [1] suka isa a 1790. [7]  

Aure da iyali (1790–1818)

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  A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1790, tana da shekaru 17, ta auri Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., wani mai shuka, a Monticello. Shi ne ɗan uwanta na uku, kuma zuriyar Pocahontas . [5] [7] Mijinta, ɗan abokin Thomas Jefferson Thomas Mann Randolph Sr., ya kasance ɗan takara nagari a matsayin mijinta ta hanyoyi da yawa, amma iyalinsa suna fuskantar cin zarafi. An zargi wasu daga cikin Randolphs amma daga baya an wanke su daga kisan wani yaro da ake kyautata zaton Richard Randolph ne ya haifa. [1] Randolph ya kasance shaida a shari'ar Commonwealth v. Richard Randolph a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1793. Bugu da ƙari, surukinta ya haifar da cin zarafi lokacin da ya auri matashi. [1]

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan aurensu, mahaifinta, Thomas Jefferson, ya ba wa Monticello bayi takwas kyautar aure, ciki har da Molly Hemings, babbar 'yar Mary Hemings . Critta Hemings, 'yar'uwar Sally Hemings, ta taimaka wa Randolph wajen kula da yaran tsawon shekaru da yawa a Monticello da Edge Hill. [14]

Ma'auratan sun fara zama a gidan Randolph, Varina, a gundumar Henrico kuma Martha tana da 'ya'ya goma sha biyu. [1] Tana da 'ya'ya fiye da kowace 'yar shugaban ƙasa. Sabanin iyayenta da 'yar'uwarta, waɗanda kowannensu ya mutu a lokacin ƙuruciya, goma sha ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Randolphs sun rayu har zuwa girma: [1]

  • Ann Cary Randolph (1791–1826), wacce ta auri Charles Lewis Bankhead (1788–1833). [15]
  • Thomas Jefferson Randolph (1792–1875), wanda ya auri Jane Hollins Nicholas (1798–1871) 'yar Wilson Cary Nicholas . [16]
  • Ellen Wayles Randolph (1794–1795), ta mutu tana ƙarama a lokacin tafiyar da Randolph da mijinta suka yi daga Yuli 1795 zuwa Oktoba 1795 don inganta lafiyarsa. [1]
  • Ellen Wayles Randolph (1796–1876), wacce aka sanya mata suna bayan 'yar'uwarta da ta rasu, kuma ta auri Joseph Coolidge (1798–1879) kuma a lokacin ana kiranta da Ellen Randolph Coolidge. [17]
  • Cornelia Jefferson Randolph (1799–1871). A shekarun 1830, ta kafa makaranta a Edge Hill, a lokacin gidan ɗan'uwanta, inda ta koyar da zane, sassaka, da zane. Ta fassara kuma ta buga, The Parlor Gardener: A Treatise on the House Culture of Adornmental Plants. An fassara daga Faransanci kuma an daidaita shi zuwa ga Amfanin Amurka . Cornelia ba ta taɓa yin aure ba. [18]
  • Virginia Jefferson Randolph (1801–1881), wacce ta auri Nicholas Trist (1800–1874). [19]
  • Mary Jefferson Randolph (1803–1876). Ta zauna a Edge Hill kuma ta taimaka wa surukarta, Jane, wajen kula da gidan ɗan'uwanta Thomas Jefferson Randolph. Ita da 'yar'uwarta Cornelia suma sun ziyarci gidajen 'yan'uwansu a lokacin rashin lafiya. Ba ta taɓa yin aure ba. [20]
  • An haifi James Madison Randolph (1806–1834) a Gidan Shugaban Ƙasa, wanda yanzu ake kira Fadar White House, a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 1806. [1]
  • Benjamin Franklin Randolph (1808–1871), wanda ya auri Sarah Champe "Sally" Carter (1808–1896) memba na dangin Carter na Virginia. [21]
  • Meriwether Lewis Randolph (1810–1837), wanda ya auri Elizabeth Anderson Martin (1815–1871). [22] Bayan mutuwarsa, Martin ya auri Andrew Jackson Donelson, ɗan uwan Shugaba Andrew Jackson . [23]
  • Septimia Anne Randolph (1814–1887), wacce ta auri Dr. David Scott Meikleham (1804–1849), ta zama Septimia Randolph Meikleham. [24]
  • George Wythe Randolph (1818–1867), wanda ya kasance Sakataren Yaƙin Jihohin Confederate na Amurka na ɗan lokaci a 1862, kuma wanda ya auri Mary Elizabeth Adams Pope (1830–1871). [25]

Rayuwa a Varina, Monticello, da Edge Hill (1790?–1800)

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  Randolph ta kula da harkokin gida a Varina da kuma gidan mahaifinta da ke Monticello a shekarun 1790. [1] Ta tarbiyyantar da 'ya'yanta a gida. [5] Duk da cewa ta yi aure, ta ci gaba da nuna soyayya da biyayya ga mahaifinta, kafin mijinta. [7] Dangantakar Randolph da mijinta Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ta yi tsami sakamakon kusancin da ta yi da mahaifinta, bayan ta zauna a Monticello, da kuma rashin kuɗi da takaddamar iyalan mijinta, dangin Randolph na Tuckahoe . [14]

I feel every day more strongly the impossibility of becoming habituated to your absence; separated in my infancy from every other friend, and accustomed to look up to you alone, every sentiment of tenderness my nature was susceptible of was for many years centered in you, and no connection formed since that could weaken a sentiment interwoven with my very existence.

— Martha Jefferson Randolph to Thomas Jefferson, Bellmont, January 22, 1798[26]

Tsawon shekaru goma, ita ce uwar gida ta Monticello, tana gina rayuwar zamantakewa wacce ke tallafawa rayuwar siyasa ta Jefferson. [7] An bayyana ta a matsayin "salon zamani na duniya a karkarar Virginia Piedmont", uba da 'ya suna karɓar baƙi. Ta san mata mafi tasiri a Amurka, kamar Dolley Madison, da takwas daga cikin shugabannin ƙasa tara na farko, ban da George Washington wanda ba ta taɓa haɗuwa da shi ba. Ta kasance ƙwararriyar mai magana, tana karatu da rubutu a harsuna huɗu. [14] John Randolph na Roanoke ya ce ita ce "mace mafi daɗi a Virginia". Randolph mace ce ta kudanci da ba kasafai ake samunta ba wacce ke da babban iko a kula da noma da ayyukan gida. [14] A Monticello ne Jefferson ya sami "wannan al'umma inda komai yake zaman lafiya da jituwa". [7] Matsayinta na mai masaukin baki da uwar gida ta shuka ya taimaka wajen shirya Randolph don rawar da ta taka a Fadar White House. [7]

Thomas Jefferson ya sayar da ƙasar ma'auratan don gonar Edge Hill domin su kasance kusa da shi a Monticello a gundumar Albemarle. Mutanen Randolph sun gina gida kuma suka zauna a can tun daga watan Janairun 1800. [1]

Fadar White House (1801–1809)

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Daga wani zane na CW Janson, Gidan Shugaban Kasa, wanda Sojojin Burtaniya suka kwace suka lalata kwanan nan, 1815

Randolph ta ziyarci Fadar Shugaban Kasa (wanda yanzu ake kira Fadar White House ) a lokacin da mahaifinta ke shugaban kasa. A lokacin ziyararta a lokacin hunturu na 1802-03 da 1805-06, ta dauki nauyin mai masaukin baki na dan lokaci a Fadar Shugaban Kasa. An san lokacin hunturu a matsayin lokacin zamantakewa a Washington, DC, domin a lokacin ne zaman majalisar dokoki na shekara-shekara ya kawo 'yan majalisa zuwa birnin. [27] Randolph ta samu rakiyar 'ya'yanta biyu (Ann da Jeff), 'yar uwarta Mary (wanda aka sani da Maria a lokacin girma), da kuma dan Maria Francis. Yayin da take Washington, mai masaukin baki na shugaban kasa da 'yar uwarta sun yi mu'amala da 'yan siyasa da manyan mutane a lokacin ziyarar safe, bukukuwa, hidimomin coci, tsere, da kuma cin abincin dare da liyafa na Fadar Shugaban Kasa. [7] A ziyararta ta biyu, Randolph ta samu rakiyar dukkan iyalinta [7] kuma ayyukanta sun fi mai da hankali kan rayuwar iyali da kuma tafiyar da siyasa "mai duhu" ta lokacin. [7] An haifi ɗan Randolph na takwas, James Madison Randolph, a Fadar Shugaban Ƙasa a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 1806. [1]

Daga 1803 zuwa 1807, mijinta Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai a Washington, DC [1] Ya yi yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan "mai goyon bayan Jefferson mai ƙwazo." [7] Jefferson za ta so Randolph ta zauna a Washington, DC, na tsawon lokaci. Duk da haka, Randolph tana da alhakin kula da gonar, kula da 'ya'yanta, da kuma kula da kanta a duk lokacin da take da juna biyu. [7] Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin Washington, DC, tana kewaye da ƙasar da ke da dausayi wadda ke haifar da rashin lafiya, wanda hakan ya takaita ziyararsu.

Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da rawar da Randolph ta taka a lokacin shugabancin mahaifinta. Shafin yanar gizo na Monticello ya bayyana cewa ta yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki na Jefferson kuma uwargidan shugaban ƙasa [5] [1] ta hanyar shirya jadawalin zamantakewa na Jefferson da kuma maraba da baƙi a liyafar da mahaifinta ya shirya. [28] [ mafi kyau tushe ana buƙata ] Marubuciya Catherine Allgor ta lura cewa ita aminin mahaifinta ne kuma ana girmama ta sosai a Washington. An san ta da hankali da rawar da take takawa a cikin tsani na zamantakewa, "duk lokacin da take babban birnin, Mrs. Randolph ta zama shugabar duk wani biki da ta halarta. Ko da kuwa irin rikicin zamantakewa ne, babu wanda ya yi jayayya game da haƙƙinta na fifiko."

Marubucin tarihin rayuwa Billy L. Wayson ya bayyana cewa ba mai masaukin baki ba ce ko kuma mai sirri, amma abokiyar zamanta ce ta kud da kud da mahaifinta kuma "ita ce ginshiƙin motsin rai" wanda ya goyi bayan rawar da Jefferson ya taka a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ko da tare da shi a zahiri ko ta hanyar wasiƙun da ake ci gaba da yi, ta taimaka wa mahaifinta ya ci gaba da daidaita kansa a tsawon rayuwarsa ta siyasa mai cike da rudani. Wayson ya bayyana cewa Randolph babban tasiri ne ga shugaban ƙasa. "'Yar fari' ita ce mafi girma kuma mai ci gaba da kasancewa a zuciyar mahaifinta, musamman a lokacin da yake fuskantar ƙalubalen siyasa mafi wahala." [7]

Shekaru kaɗan kafin ya zama shugaban ƙasa, Jefferson ya ce:

When I look to the ineffable pleasures of my family society, I become more and more disgusted with the jealousies, the hatred, and the rancorous and malignant passions of this scene, and lament my having ever again been drawn into public view.

— Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, Philadelphia, June 8, 1797[26]

Randolph ta kasance mai sadaukarwa ga mahaifinta. Tana da nutsuwa kuma ta taimaka wajen karkatar da hankali daga jita-jitar dangantakar Jefferson da Sally Hemings. Wani baƙo ya ce ta ba da "mafi kyawun ƙarya daga cikin duk zarge-zargen da aka yi masa." [1]

A shekarar 1982, Cibiyar Bincike ta Kwalejin Siena ta nemi masana tarihi su tantance matan shugabanni na Amurka, Randolph da wasu mata na "masu riƙon amana". Binciken matan shugabanni, wanda ake gudanarwa akai-akai tun daga lokacin, ya sanya matan shugabanni bisa ga jimillar maki kan ka'idoji masu zaman kansu na asalinsu, darajarsu ga ƙasa, hankali, jarumtaka, nasarorin da suka samu, mutunci, shugabanci, kasancewarsu mata na kansu, mutuncin jama'a, da kuma darajar shugaban ƙasa. A cikin binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 1982, daga cikin matan shugabanni 42 da mata na "masu riƙon amana", an tantance Randolph a matsayin ta 18 mafi daraja a tsakanin masana tarihi. An cire mata na mukamai na mukamai kamar Randolph daga maimaita wannan binciken. [29]

'Yar'uwar Randolph, Mary "Polly", ita ma mai masaukin baki ce a wasu lokutan, har sai da ta mutu a shekarar 1804 a lokacin haihuwa. [30] Dolley Madison mai ra'ayin siyasa sau da yawa tana yin ayyukan masaukin baki ga Jefferson. Mijinta, James Madison, a lokacin shine Sakataren Harkokin Waje. [30] Jefferson ta gano cewa lokacin da mata suka halarci taruka a Fadar White House, tattaunawar ba za ta kasance mai jayayya ba kuma ta tsoma baki kan ra'ayoyin mata game da harkokin gwamnati. [7]

Bayan Fadar White House (1809-1825)

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Ɗakin Zane na Cikin Gida, Monticello [31]

Randolph da 'ya'yanta sun fi zama a Monticello bayan ritayar Thomas Jefferson [5] a 1809. [1] Yayin da mijinta yake gwamnan Virginia daga 1819 zuwa 1822, ta ci gaba da zama a Monticello. An yi hakan ne don adana kuɗi. [1] Ta kula da ayyukan gida a gonar. Tana da ɗakinta a Monticello inda take kaɗai. Mijinta, wanda ya yi nisa da iyalinsa, [14] yana ziyartar Monticello lokaci-lokaci. Da yake damuwa da kuɗin iyalin da asarar kuɗin shiga idan mijinta ya yi aiki a soja a lokacin Yaƙin 1812, Randolph ta shawo kan Shugaba James Monroe ya ba shi mukamin mai riba, na ɗan lokaci. [1]

Tare da 'ya'yanta uku—Mary, Cornelia, da Thomas—ta gyara tarin rubuce-rubucen Jefferson na farko don bugawa. Ta yi aiki wajen yaɗa ikirari marasa tushe waɗanda suka musanta ubancinsa ga 'ya'yan Hemings kuma hakan zai sanya mahaifinta cikin kyakkyawan yanayi. [1]

Randolph ta sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarta ga shekarun da mahaifinta ke raguwa. Ta rabu da mijinta, wanda aka ce yana fama da matsalar shaye-shaye da rashin kwanciyar hankali a kwakwalwa. [32] A lokacin bazara na 1825, Tom Randolph ya zauna a wani ƙaramin gida da yake da shi a North Milton. [14]

Bashi (1825–1826)

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Randolph ta magance matsalolin kuɗi da suka shafi bashin mijinta, surukinta Thomas Mann Randolph Sr., da mahaifinta bayan mutuwarsu. Sun sha bashi saboda raguwar darajar ƙasa, saka hannun jari masu haɗari, gazawar amfanin gona da kuma dangin da ke da buƙata. [1] Sakamakon haka, 'ya'yan Randolph sun fuskanci barazanar rayuwa ta hanyar haihuwa. [14]

Thomas Mann Randolph ya sayar da gonar Varina a shekarar 1825 ga Pleasant Akin [33] ko Aiken na Petersburg. [34] An rufe gonar Edge Hill, tare da amfanin gonakinta, gine-gine, dabbobi, da bayi, a shekarar 1825 kuma kudin da aka samu daga sayar da ita bai biya dukkan masu bin bashin iyalin ba. Mai siyanta a gwanjon kwace kadarorin, wanda ya mallaki a watan Janairun 1826, shine babban ɗan Randolph, Thomas Jefferson Randolph . [35]

Shekarun da suka gabata da mutuwa (1826-1836)

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James Westhall Ford, Martha Jefferson Randolph, 1823, Monticello, Gidauniyar Thomas Jefferson . A lokacin da aka ɗauki hoton, Randolph yana da shekaru 51 kuma mahaifiyar 'ya'ya goma sha ɗaya ce. [36]

Jefferson ya bayyana Randolph a matsayin "abokiyar ƙuruciyarsa kuma mai kula da tsufansa". Ba da daɗewa ba kafin mutuwarsa, ya ce "ƙarshen rayuwarta shine rabuwa da ita." Thomas Jefferson ya mutu sakamakon uremia a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1826. Yana da shekaru 83. [1] Bayan mutuwarsa, ta gaji Monticello daga mahaifinta a 1826, da kuma basussukansa da yawa. Babban ɗanta Thomas Randolph ya yi aiki a matsayin mai aiwatar da kadarorin. Banda bayi biyar da aka 'yanta bisa wasiyyar mahaifinta, kuma "sun ba ta lokaci" ('yancinta ba bisa ƙa'ida ba) ga Sally Hemings, sun sayar da sauran bayi 130 a Monticello don ƙoƙarin biyan basussukan.

Randolph ta sanya Monticello a kasuwa makonni biyu bayan mutuwar mahaifinta a watan Yulin 1826. Ta yi ƙoƙarin sayar da shi ta hanyar caca, amma ba ta iya sayar da shi ba har zuwa 1831 ga James S. ko James T. Barclay a 1831. Bayan ta kasance a kasuwa tsawon shekaru biyar, gonar ta sayar da dala 7,000, kashi ɗaya cikin goma na darajarta ta dala 71,000. [37] [lower-alpha 4]

Tana da ɗan kuɗin shiga daga gidan mahaifinta [1] kuma tana rayuwa "a gefen talauci". Tana son tabbatar da ayyukan yi masu nasara ga iyalinta, waɗanda suka haɗa da surukanta, ta nemi Margaret Bayard Smith, wacce ta taimaka wa 'yan uwa su sami mukamai waɗanda suka kai ga samun ayyukan yi masu nasara a Washington. Misali, Nicholas Trist, surukinta, ya sami wannan matsayi tare da Henry Clay, Sakataren Harkokin Waje a ƙarƙashin Shugaba John Quincy Adams . [7]

Bayan mutuwar Jefferson, Randolph ta zauna tare da Thomas, babban ɗanta, a Tufton . [5] Ta zauna a gidan 'yarta Ellen da surukinta Joseph Coolidge a Boston daga Oktoba 1826 zuwa Mayu 1828. Tana da ƙananan 'ya'yanta biyu tare da ita. [1] Daga nan ta tafi wurin mijinta a watan Yuni 1828 ta sulhunta da shi. Tana gefen gadonsa lokacin da ya mutu a ranar 20 ga wannan watan. [5] [1]

Bayan mutuwar mijinta, ta zauna tare da ɗanta a Edgehill estate har zuwa ranar 29 ga Nuwamba sannan a Washington, DC, da Boston tare da sauran 'ya'yanta da suka yi aure. [5] Domin samun kuɗin shiga, ta ɗauki hayar sauran bayinta. Ta kuma sami kuɗin shiga daga hannun jarin banki da aka bayar don girmama Jefferson daga jihohin Louisiana da South Carolina. [1] Majalisar dokokin jihar kowannensu ya ba ta gudummawar dala 10,000 don tallafinta, jimillar kuɗin ya kai dala 20,000 ( equivalent to $586,364 . ). [7]

An kafa makaranta a Edge Hill ta hannun 'ya'yanta mata marasa aure, Mary da Cornelia, da kuma Patsy, waɗanda ke koyar da kiɗa a can a wasu lokutan. Randolph kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa gidajen 'ya'yanta da suka yi aure a ƙarshen shekarunta. [1]

A lokacin da take Boston, Randolph ta rubuta wasiyyarta ta ƙarshe a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1836, kuma ta koma gidan Edge Hill a watan Yulin 1836. [1] Ta rasu a can a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1836, tana da shekaru 64 [5] kuma aka binne ta a makabartar dangin Monticello . [5]

Bauta

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Kakan Randolph na uwa John Wayles yana da iyalai biyu, ɗaya tare da matarsa Martha Epps da kuma ɗaya tare da wata baiwa Betty Hemings, wacce ' ya'yanta mallakar iyalan Wayles ne kuma suke yi wa hidima. [14] A shekara ta 1773, lokacin da Randolph ta yi aure shekara guda, kakanta ya mutu kuma ta gaji bayi 135, waɗanda suka haɗa da goggonta da kawunanta na dangin Hemings, da kuma 11,000 acres (4,500 ha) . [14] A Monticello, wata goggo ta Randolph, Sally Hemings ('yar John Wayles da Betty Hemings) ta haifi 'ya'ya da Thomas Jefferson. [14]

Lokacin da Randolph ke zaune a birnin Paris, ta ji cewa akwai ƙasashen da bauta ba ta halatta ba, sai ta ce wa mahaifinta, "Ina fata da raina cewa talakawan 'yan asalin ƙasar Negro duk an 'yantar da su". Ta kuma ce, bisa ga ra'ayin mahaifinta, ta "ƙi" rashin adalcin da ake yi wa baƙar fata, da kuma yadda hakan ke haifar da zalunci ga fararen fata. [14] Ta yi ƙoƙarin riƙe bayi tare da iyalansu lokacin da ta iya kuma ta 'yantar da wasu bayi, amma ta riƙe da yawa waɗanda daga baya masu ba ta bashi suka tilasta mata sayarwa don biyan basussukan da ba su da su. [1] [14] Misali, a shekara ta 1827, bayan mutuwar mahaifinta, ta sayar da bayi 130, wanda ya haifar da rabuwar iyalai. Sauran bayin su ne kadarorinta mafi daraja, kuma ta yi hayar su lokacin da za ta iya don samun kuɗi. Ta sayar da wasu bayi biyu a shekara ta 1833. [1] Ta kuma hukunta mutanen da aka bautar da ba su yi abin da take so ba, wani lokacin a zahiri. A shekara ta 1833, 'yar Randolph, Cornelia, ta bayyana wani misali inda ta riƙe wata mata ƙasa yayin da mahaifiyarta ta yi mata bulala, ta yi mata bulala "mai tsanani." [38]

A shekara ta 1831, ɗanta Thomas ya yi nasarar yin kira ga Virginia ta kawar da bauta a hankali ta kuma mayar da bayi mallake a Afirka, shawarar da Randolph ta amince da ita. Ta kuma yi la'akari da ƙaura zuwa ƙasa mai 'yanci. Duk da cewa ta 'yantar da bayi da dama bisa ga wasiyyarta, ta dogara da ƙoƙarinsu a tsawon rayuwarta. [1]

A cikin al'adun jama'a

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Martha Jefferson Randolph ita ce jigon littafin tarihi mai suna "America's First Daughter" wanda Stephanie Dray da Laura Kamoie suka wallafa, wanda aka buga a watan Maris na 2016. Littafin ya yi matuƙar amfani da wasiƙun Thomas Jefferson.

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Kierner, Cynthia A (May 9, 2008). "Randolph, Martha Jefferson (1772–1836)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
  2. ↑ Malone, Dumas, ed. (1933). "Jefferson, Thomas". Dictionary of American Biography. 10. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 5–6.
  3. ↑ Brodie, Fawn (1974). Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-393-31752-7.
  4. ↑ Tucker, George (1837). The Life of Thomas Jefferson, Third President of the United States; 2 vol. Carey, Lea & Blanchard.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Martha Jefferson Randolph". www.monticello.org (in Turanci). Retrieved January 6, 2020.
  6. ↑ "Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson". White House. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Wayson 2016.
  8. ↑ "Martha Jefferson Randolph's Room at Monticello". Monticello (in Turanci). Retrieved January 6, 2020.
  9. ↑ Watson, Robert P.; Yon, Richard (2003). "The Unknown Presidential Wife: Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson". Jefferson Legacy Foundation. Archived from the original on October 15, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2012. Wayles never remarried but had five children – Nance, Critta, Thenia, Peter, and Sally – to his slave Elizabeth "Betty" Hemings, the youngest of which would become famous for her relationship with Thomas Jefferson.)" Note: This is incorrect on the number and some of the names; see Note for Monticello website
  10. ↑ Hyland Jr., William G. (2015). Martha Jefferson: An Intimate Life with Thomas Jefferson. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4422-3984-5.
  11. ↑ "Mrs. Thomas M. Randolph, (Martha Jefferson)". NYPL Digital Collections (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-12-31.
  12. 1 2 "Martha Jefferson Randolph – The Monticello Classroom". classroom.monticello.org. January 28, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
  13. 1 2 3 "The French Education of Martha Jefferson Randolph". Virginia Humanities (in Turanci). November 15, 2012. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "PA convent school" defined multiple times with different content.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Kierner 2012.
  15. ↑ "Charles Lewis Bankhead". The Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  16. ↑ "Jane Hollins Nicholas Randolph". The Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  17. ↑ "Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge". Monticello (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-01-09.
  18. ↑ "Cornelia Jefferson Randolph". www.monticello.org (in Turanci). Retrieved January 7, 2020.
  19. ↑ "Nicholas Philip Trist". The Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  20. ↑ "Mary Jefferson Randolph". www.monticello.org (in Turanci). Retrieved January 7, 2020.
  21. ↑ "Benjamin Franklin Randolph". The Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on December 20, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  22. ↑ Hackford, Heidi (2004). "Meriwether Lewis Randolph". Monticello (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-01-09.
  23. ↑ Wells, Camille. "Donelson, Andrew Jackson". Tennessee Encyclopedia (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-01-09.
  24. ↑ "Septimia Anne Randolph Meikleham". Monticello (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-01-09.
  25. ↑ "George Wythe Randolph". The Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on January 18, 2014. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  26. 1 2 Wayson 2016, p. 42.
  27. ↑ Cain, Rosie. "White House Hostesses: The Forgotten First Ladies". The White House Historical Association (in Turanci). Retrieved November 20, 2023.
  28. ↑ Andrews, Evan. "Not Every First Lady Has Been Married to the President". History Channel (in Turanci). Retrieved January 7, 2020.
  29. ↑ "Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail Adams Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 5 th to 4 th; Jackie Kennedy from 4th to 3rd Mary Todd Lincoln Remains in 36th" (PDF). Siena Research Institute. December 18, 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  30. 1 2 "Martha Jefferson Randolph, Maria Jefferson Eppes, Dolley Madison" (in Turanci). Miller Center, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
  31. ↑ Smalling, Walter (1978). "33. Interior, Drawing Room, West Bay - Monticello, State Route 53 vicinity, Charlottesville, Independent City, VA". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-12-31.
  32. ↑ Hart, Priscilla (October 5, 2009). "The Madhouse of Colonial Williamsburg: An Interview With Shomer Zwelling". History News Network. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
  33. ↑ "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Varina Plantation" (PDF). National Park Service. April 29, 1977. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
  34. ↑ "043-0020 Varina Plantation". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
  35. ↑ "Thomas Mann Randolph and Martha Jefferson Randolph's Conveyance". founders.archives.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-09.
  36. ↑ "Martha Jefferson Randolph (Painting)". Monticello (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-12-31.
  37. 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Evening Star".
  38. ↑ "Cornelia J. Randolph to Virginia J. Randolph Trist, 11 Aug. 1833". Jefferson Quotes & Family Letters, Monticello. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
  1. ↑ Her paternal grandparents were Peter Jefferson, a planter and surveyor, and Jane Randolph.[2][3] Her maternal grandparents were John Wayles (1715–1773) and his first wife, Martha Eppes (1712–1748). Wayles was an attorney, slave trader, business agent for Bristol-based merchants Farrell & Jones, and prosperous planter.[4]
  2. ↑ The Monticello site states that she was ten when her mother died.[8]
  3. ↑ Not until mid-October 1782 did her father, then 39, begin to resume a normal life when he wrote, "emerging from that stupor of mind which had rendered me as dead to the world as was she whose loss occasioned it."[9] Her mother asked her father to never marry again, and he never did. Her request has been attributed to protective feelings for her children, in view of her mother's own disagreeable relationships with her step-mothers.[10]
  4. ↑ Barclay sold it in 1834 to his uncle Commodore Uriah P. Levy, a United States naval officer. He bought the Monticello mansion and 218 acres (88 hectares) for $2,800.[37] Randolph's friends had a plan to gather the funds to buy Monticello, in accordance with Jefferson's wish that Randolph lived at Monticello throughout the remainder of her life, and that it stayed in the family. Levy purchased it, though, before they could make the necessary arrangements.[37]
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