Martine Bertereau
 Martine Bertereau | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa |
Touraine (en)  , 1590 |
| ƙasa | Faransa |
| Mutuwa |
Vincennes (en) , 1642 |
| Ƴan uwa | |
| Abokiyar zama |
Jean de Chastelet (en) |
| Karatu | |
| Harsuna | Faransanci |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
geologist (en) da injiniya |
Martine de Bertereau, wanda kuma aka sani da Baroness de Beausoleil, (c. 1600 - bayan 1642) ita ce mace ta farko da aka yi rikodin ma'aikacin ma'adinai da injiniyan ma'adinai tare da mijinta, Jean de Chastelet. Ta zagaya ko'ina a Turai don neman ma'adanan ma'adinai da ruwa mai dadi a karkashin ayyukan manyan mutane da sarakuna daban-daban. A lokacin mulkin Sarkin Faransa, Luis XIII, Martine da mijinta sun yi nazari a kan wuraren da ake iya samun ma'adinai a Faransa. A lokacin wani balaguron hakar ma'adinan da suka yi ana zargin Martine da danginta da maita kuma suka gudu zuwa Hungary. Daga baya, an kama Martine, mijinta da babbar ’yarta kuma a ƙarshe sun mutu a kurkuku bayan shekara ta 1642. A lokacin rayuwarta, ta samar da littattafai da yawa waɗanda aka samo asali daga littafin injiniyan Roman Vitruvius akan gine-gine, De architectura. Rubuce-rubucenta sun bayyana yadda ake amfani da sandunan duba, kama da sadaka, da kuma wasu sanannun ra'ayoyin kimiyya. Martine de Bertereau ba ta fito ba game da yadda ta yi amfani da ra'ayoyin kimiyya daban-daban, kuma ta fi son jama'a su yarda cewa tana amfani da sihiri, ko kuma sanannun tsoffin ra'ayoyin kimiyya. Nasarar da ta samu ya samo asali ne daga ci gabanta a cikin fahimtar yanayin duniyar da ke kewaye da ita. Babu tabbas dalilinta na yanke shawarar yin karya game da ainihin hanyar samun nasara. Littattafanta sun ba da haske na musamman game da fasaha da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don hakowa a ƙarni na sha bakwai.[1]
Rayuwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Martine Bertereau ta fito daga dangin Faransanci masu daraja a cikin Touraine. A cikin shekara ta alif 1610 ta auri Jean de Chastelet, Baron de Beausoleil et d'Auffenbach wanda kwararre ne a ma'adinai.[2] Sun haifi 'ya'ya da yawa. 'Yarsu ta fari, wacce ta mutu a gidan yari tare da mahaifiyarta, da kuma babban ɗansu Hercule, wanda ke fassara zuwa Hercules, su ne kawai biyu da ke da bayanai. Daga shekara ta alif 1610 zuwa shekara ta alif 1626 sun yi zamansu a kasashen waje. A lokacin da suke kasashen waje sun tsallaka Tekun Atlantika zuwa Potosi, Bolivia don ziyartar ma'adinai.
Sarkin Roma mai tsarki, Rudolph, ya nada Jean babban kwamishina na ma’adanai na kasar Hungary. A cikin wannan damar sun yi balaguro da yawa suna ziyartar ma'adinai a cikin Turai, da yiwuwar Kudancin Amurka[3] na tsawon shekaru 16 don neman arzikin ma'adinai. A shekara ta alif 1626 an sake kiran su zuwa Faransa don fara aikin maido da masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta Faransa. A cikin shekara ta alif 1627, Hercule ya kamu da rashin lafiya na "zafi mai zafi a cikin hanji" kuma ya murmure bayan 'yan makonni a Garin Chateau Thierry. A wannan lokacin, Martine ya gano wani marmaro na halitta kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da ikon warkarwa. Ta sanar da likitan na gida kuma an tabbatar da gaskiya. Garin ya zama abin sha'awa wanda marasa lafiya da masu hannu da shuni suka ziyarci. A yau, ƙwararriyar tarihin ƙasa Martina Kölbl-Ebert ta tabbatar da cewa wannan wani tsari ne na zamba na kimiyya da aka daɗe. Ba a san dalilin da ya sa ake ƙoƙarin shawo kan mutane ba game da iyawarsu na sufanci da sa'arsu ta zahiri, ko da yake yana iya kasancewa wata hanya ce da suka yi imani cewa abokan ciniki masu wadata za su fi sha'awar. Yayin da suke Chateau Thierry, likitan yankin ya yi shakku game da tunaninta, kuma bai yarda cewa ta sami ruwan bazara ta hanyar amfani da sandar ruwa ba. An yi imanin sandunan duba, wanda kuma aka sani da sihirin ruwa, na taimaka wa mutum gano ruwa a karkashin kasa. Sandunan ƙarfe ne guda biyu lanƙwasa, kuma mai amfani da su. Akwai ƙaramin hujjar kimiyya a bayan hanyar, kuma an ɗauke ta a matsayin ra'ayin kimiyya na zamani, kamar allon Ouija, kuma mai amfani ne ke sarrafa shi.[4] Maimakon haka, likitan ya iya gane cewa ta sami ruwan ma'adinan ta hanyar bin jajayen jajayen ƙarfe a cikin dutsen dutse zuwa tushen ruwa. Wannan fahimtar da likitan ya yi ya fara rugujewar sana'o'insu. Bayan faruwar wannan lamari ne mutane suka fara shakku kan hanyoyinsu kuma ayyukansu ya jawo shakku ga malaman lardin. Duk da yake a ma'adinai tushe a Morlaix a Brittany cewa biyu ci gaba, wani firist, da Prevot lardin mai suna, Touche-Grippé da ma'aikacin kotu search su châteaux neman incriminating abu. Bayan gano bincikensu, sigogi, da sauran kayan aikin limaman sun ɗauka cewa hanyoyinsu sun haɗa da sihiri, kuma sun zargi Martine da mijinta da maita. Ba a tuhume su ba amma an tilasta wa ma'auratan barin Faransa suka gudu zuwa Jamus daga shekara ta alif 1628 zuwa shekara ta alif 1629 sannan Hungary. Bayan sun kasa yanke asara, sai suka koma Faransa.[5]
Da zarar sun koma Faransa, sai ta rubuta wa Luis na XII da fatan samun izinin tono ma’adinan da ta samu kafin ta gudu. A cikin wasiƙar ta, ta ba da shawarar tsarin kasuwanci wanda za su iya samun ƙarin kayan aiki masu daraja. A cikin rubuce-rubucen ta ta yi magana game da amfani da hanyoyi masu ban mamaki waɗanda ita da mijinta a zahiri ba su yi amfani da su ba. Hanyoyin bogi da aka tattauna, da zarar an cire su daga shawararta, sun bar takardar tare da ingantacciyar hanya mai kyau don neman ma'adinan ma'adinai. Bayan da Sarkin bai ba da amsa ba, Martine ta rubuta wa sakataren sarki Richelieu kuma bai sake samun amsa ba. Shekaru biyu bayan wasiƙar ta zuwa ga Richelieu, an kama ta tare da mijinta da babbar ’yarta. An tsare Martine a gidan yari a Chateau de Vincennes, yayin da aka aika Baron zuwa Bastille, da 'yarsu a Vincennes.[6] An kama su saboda karatun dabino, horoscope, da ilimin taurari. Ko da yake ba su shiga cikin waɗannan ayyukan ba, har yanzu sun mutu a kurkuku. Duk da tatsuniyar Martine da Baron sun ci gaba da wanzuwa, ba su shiga cikin wani abu na tatsuniya ba, amma kawai suna da kyakkyawar fahimtar ilimin kimiyyar asali, ilimin farko a cikin fassarar duwatsu, da ƙasar da ke kewaye da su. Sun shawo kan mutane cewa suna shiga cikin ayyukan tatsuniyoyi, alhalin kawai aikin kimiyya ne kawai.
Ba a san ainihin ranar mutuwar ba, ko da yake Martine da babbar 'yarta sun mutu a kurkuku bayan shekara ta alif 1642.
Ayyuka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Baroness ta rubuta rahotanni guda biyu akan aikinta tare da mijinta. Na farko, mai suna Véritable déclaration de la découverte des mines et minières an buga shi a cikin shekara ta alif 1632 kuma an jera ma'adinan Faransa 150 da ma'auratan suka gano.[7] Buga na farko ya kuma bayyana ma'adinan ma'adinai a Faransa da kuma yadda ake amfani da 'esoteric' na amfani da sanduna don gano ruwa. Har ila yau, wannan takarda ta ƙunshi abubuwa masu amfani da kimiyya da yawa waɗanda ke ba mu damar fahimtar yanayin yanayin ruwa na ƙarni na 17.
Na biyu ya kasance a cikin nau'i na waƙa, wanda aka yi wa Cardinal de Richelieu La restitution de pluton, (1640) wanda da gaske ne roƙo ga ma'auratan, musamman don a biya Martine kuɗin aikin da suka yi wa sarki.[6]
A ciki ta nemi kare matsayinta da ba a saba gani ba a matsayinta na mace a masana'antar hakar ma'adinai.
"Amma yaya game da abin da wasu ke cewa game da macen da ta dauki nauyin tono ramuka kuma ta huda tsaunuka: wannan yana da ƙarfin hali, kuma ya zarce karfi da masana'antar wannan jima'i, kuma watakila, akwai karin kalmomi da banza a cikin irin waɗannan alkawuran. (waɗanda ake yawan ambaton ƴaƴan gudun hijira) fiye da bayyanar gaskiya, zan mayar da wannan kafiri, da duk waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da su da makamantansu, zuwa ga tatsuniyoyi na ƙazanta, inda za su tarar cewa, a da, akwai. sun kasance mata waɗanda ba kawai ƙwararrun makamai ba ne, har ma da ƙari, ƙwararrun fasaha da kimiyar hasashe, waɗanda Helenawa suka yi ikirari kamar na Romawa.”[3]
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ How to Find Water: The State of the Art in the Early Seventeenth Century, Deduced From Writings of Martine de Bertereau (1632 and 1640) The History of Earth Sciences Society, Volume 28, Number 2 / 2009. Pages 204-218
- ↑ Curiosities of Olden Times S. Baring-Gould, Kessinger Publishing, (2004) Page 154, 08033994793.ABA
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ignacio Miguel Pascual Valderrama, Joaquín Pérez-Pariente. ALCHEMY AT THE SERVICE OF MINING TECHNOLOGY IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY EUROPE, ACCORDING TO THE WORKS OF MARTINE DE BERTEREAU AND JEAN DU CHASTELET. Spain: Catálisis y Petroleoquímica (ICP-CSIC). pp. Volume 37.
- ↑ "U.K. Water Companies Sometimes Use Dowsing Rods To Find Pipes". NPR.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-02-05.
- ↑ L Information Grammaticale. PERSEE Program. doi:10.3406/igram.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bertereau, Martine de Baronne de Beausoleil Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Bibliography of Mineralogy, The Mineralogical Record, 2011.
- ↑ "The curious talents and tales of the Baroness de Beausoleil". magazine.cim.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-03-28. Retrieved 2020-03-28.
Littafi Mai Tsarki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Wonderful history in modern times, Louis Figuier, Hachette, Paris, 1860
- The Veterans mineralogists of the kingdom of France, Nicolas Godet, Ruault, Paris, 1779
- Biography universal ancient and modern, Michaud, Paris, 1843