Mary Ann McCracken

Mary Ann McCracken
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Belfast (mul) , 8 ga Yuli, 1770
ƙasa	Ireland
Mutuwa	Belfast (mul) , 26 ga Yuli, 1866
Ƴan uwa
Ahali	Henry Joy McCracken (en)
Sana'a
Sana'a	social reformer (mul)

Mary Ann McCracken (8 ga Yulin 1770 - 26 ga Yulin 1866) ta kasance mai fafutukar zamantakewar al'umma kuma mai fafutuka a Belfast, Ireland, wanda aka ambaci wasikar ta da yawa a matsayin muhimmiyar tarihin zamaninta. An haife ta ne ga wata sananniyar iyalin Presbyterian masu sassaucin ra'ayi, ta haɗu da kasuwanci a masana'antar masana'antu ta Belfast tare da tallafi ga shirin dimokuradiyya na United Irishmen; bayar da shawarwari ga matalauta; shirya taimako da ilimi ga matalautan; kuma, a cikin garin da ke da hannu sosai a cinikin Atlantic, sadaukarwar rayuwa ga kawar da bautar. A Ranar Mata ta Duniya (8 Maris) 2024, an kaddamar da wani mutum-mutumi na Mary Ann McCracken a filin Belfast City Hall.

Shekaru na farko da tasiri

An haifi McCracken a Belfast a ranar 8 ga Yulin 1770. Mahaifinta, Kyaftin John McCracken, mai ibada na Presbyterian na zuriyar Scotland, ya kasance sanannen mai mallakar jirgi kuma abokin tarayya a cikin ginin a cikin shekara ta 1784 na ma'aikatar auduga ta farko a garin. Mahaifiyarta Ann Joy, ta fito ne daga dangin Huguenot na Faransa, wanda ya sami kuɗin sa a kasuwancin lilin kuma ya kafa Wasikar Labaran Belfast . Abin mamaki, kafin aurenta ta gudanar da shagon ta kuma daga baya ta gudanar da karamin kasuwanci da ke kera muslin. Daga bugawa na Common Sense (1776), Ann Joy ta kasance mai sha'awar Thomas Paine kuma ta kasance haka har sai, a cikin 1796, tare da The Age of Reason ya juya ra'ayinsa daga aristocracy zuwa addini (yarta ta ba da labarin "bugawa mara aminci" "ra'ayi").

Tare da 'ya'yan wasu iyalan Presbyterian masu haske, Mary Ann da babban ɗan'uwanta Henry Joy ("Harry") sun halarci makarantar David Manson mai ci gaba a titin Donegall. A cikin aji daga inda ya nemi ya kori "magunguna da tsoron sandar", Manson ya ba "matasa mata" "kimanin ilimi mai zurfi kamar samari". Mary Ann ta ci gaba da son lissafi da wallafe-wallafen.

A shekara ta 1788, ɗan'uwa da 'yar'uwa sun yi ƙoƙari su kafa nasu makaranta: karatun Lahadi da safe da rubutu ga matalauta. An ba da shawarar cewa sun bi misalin ƙungiyar Robert Raike na Sunday School a Ingila Amma ba kamar Raike ba wanda ya nace kan halartar coci da kuma koyarwa, McCrackens ba su yi watsi da sabbatarian ko ra'ayi na ɗarika ba. A sakamakon haka, ba su daɗe ba a zaman kafin shugaban Anglican na garin (da kuma Lord Donegall's factotum), William Bristow, ya bayyana a ƙofar ɗakin makarantar su na Kasuwanci kuma, tare da mata masu amfani da sanda da yawa, sun sanya "masu majagaba masu tawali'u" su gudu.

Mace mai kasuwanci da ma'aikaci

A cikin shekarun 1790, bin misalin mahaifiyarsu, McCracken da 'yar'uwarta Margaret sun fara karamin kasuwanci wanda ya fara samar da muslin da aka tsara da kuma duba. Da farko wani karamin aiki da ke daukar ma'aikata a cikin gidajensu, a shekara ta 1809 bayan sun taru kuma sun koya wa mata matasa da yawa su yi aiki a cikin tambarin da ya koma cikin samar da masana'antu.

A cikin 1815, a cikin rushewar bayan yakin da ake buƙata, an tilasta musu rufewa. Amma a lokacin da aka samu raguwa a kasuwanci, 'yan'uwa mata sun nuna kansu a matsayin ma'aikata ta hanyar ƙin rage farashin a kan ma'aikatansu, daga cikinsu akwai matasan mata masu zane-zane da masu koyo. Mary Ann "ba za ta iya tunanin korar ma'aikatanmu ba, saboda babu wanda zai ba su aiki". "Yankin masana'antar mata", ta koka, "yana da iyaka, kuma hanyoyi kaɗan ne ke buɗe mata, kuma waɗanda suke da ƙaya".

A cikin masana'antar masana'antu, McCracken ya ga ci gaban da ke fara ware Belfast da yankinta daga sauran Ireland: hanzarta aikace-aikacen injuna wanda ya fadada masana'antu yayin da yake riƙe da farashin ma'aikata. Lokacin da a farkon shekarun 1790 masu sa tufafi da auduga suka fara hada kai don nuna rashin amincewa da albashi da hauhawar farashi, a cikin Wasikar Labarai kawunta, Henry Joy, ya ki amincewa da cewa a gasar da Ingila, ƙananan farashin ma'aikata shine kawai "bege mai ma'ana". A shafukan Northern Star abokanta sun rabu. Duk da yake Samuel Neilson (wanda ya yi alkawarin kasuwancin ulu don kafa takarda) ya ba da shawarar cewa masu sa kai su taimaka wajen aiwatar da dokokin da suka shafi haɗuwa; Thomas Russell ya bukaci ma'aikata da masu saƙa su bi misalin masu saƙa.