Mary Two-Axe Earley
 Mary Two-Axe Earley | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa |
Kahnawake (en)  , 4 Oktoba 1911 |
| ƙasa |
Kanada Mohawk (en) |
| Mazauni |
Brooklyn (mul) |
| Mutuwa |
Kahnawake (en) , 21 ga Augusta, 1996 |
| Yanayin mutuwa | Sababi na ainihi (cutar huhu) |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
gwagwarmaya, Mai kare hakkin mata da indigenous rights activist (en) |
| Kyaututtuka | |
Mary Two-Axe Earley [note 1] "National Order of Quebec" OQ (an haife ta 4 ga Oktoba, 1911 - 21 ga Agusta, 1996) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata ta Mohawk da Oneida daga ajiya Kahnawake a Quebec, Kanada. Bayan ta rasa matsayinta na Indiya saboda ta auri mutumin da ba shi da matsayi, Two-Axe Earley ta ba da shawarar sauye-sauye ga Dokar Indiya, wanda ya bunkasa nuna bambancin jinsi kuma ya kwacewa Mata daman shiga cikin harkokin siyasa da al'adu na gidajensu.
A shekara ta 1967, Two-Axe Earley ya taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar Equal Rights for Indian Women kuma ya jagoranci gabatar da taƙaitaccen bayani ga Royal Commission on the Status of Women . A shekara ta 1974, ta kafa kungiyar mata ta Quebec, kuma a shekara mai zuwa ta sami kulawa ta kasa da kasa a taron Shekarar Mata ta Duniya a Mexico lokacin da ta yi yaƙi a fili game da yunkurin majalisa ta ƙungiyar ta na fitar da ita daga Kahnawake.
A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1985, Majalisar dokokin Kanada ta zartar da Bill C-31 don gyara Dokar Indiya, ta kawar da nuna bambancin jinsi na asali na Dokar da kuma samar da sabon tsari na sake dawowa ga matan Kasashen Farko da suka shafa don dawo da matsayin Indiya. Two-Axe Earley ta zama mace ta farko da aka dawo da matsayinta, kuma dubban sauran matan First Nations da zuriyarsu an ba su damar samun damar da ta ɓace ta shari'a da al'adu a ƙarƙashin dokar Kanada. NFB ta fitar da fim din a kan gwagwarmayarta don daidaito, Mary Two-Axe Earley: Ni Indiya ce kuma, a cikin 2021.
Rayuwa ta farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An haifi Mary Two-Axe a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1911, a wurin ajiyar Mohawk na Kahnawake (wanda aka sani da Caughnawaga). [1] Mahaifinta, Dominic Onenhariio Two-Axe, Mohawk ne, yayin da mahaifiyarta, Juliet Smith, ma'aikaciyar jinya ce kuma malama ce ta Oneida. Lokacin da Mary Two-Axe ke da shekaru 10 kawai, mahaifiyarta ta mutu daga mura ta Mutanen Espanya yayin da take kula da marasa lafiya na mura a Arewacin Dakota, kuma Two-Aje ta shafe sauran yarinta tare da kakanninta a Kahnawake. [2][3]
Lokacin da Two-Axe ke da shekaru 18, ta koma Brooklyn, New York don neman aiki.[3] Ta auri wani injiniyan lantarki na Irish-Amurka mai suna Edward Earley a 1938, [3] kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu: Edward da Rosemary . [1] Iyalin sun ziyarci Kahnawake a kowane bazara.
Yunkurin fafutuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Saboda Mary Two-Axe Earley ta auri wani mutum "marasa matsayi" - mutumin da ba shi da matsayin Indiya a ƙarƙashin dokar Kanada - saboda haka an cire ta daga matsayinta na Indiya.[3] Dokar Indiya, wacce aka samo daga ra'ayoyin Turai na Zamanin Victorian game da jinsi da iko, ta bi da maza da mata na al'umma ba daidai ba: kodayake namiji na iya auren mace mara matsayi kuma har yanzu yana riƙe da matsayinsa na Indiya a ƙarƙashin Dokar, wannan ba gaskiya ba ne ga mace da ta auri mutumin da ba shi da matsayi.[1] Lokacin da Two-Axe Earley ta auri Edward Earley, ta rasa matsayinta na Indiya da hakkokinta: an hana ta mallakar ƙasa a ajiyar Kahnawake, shiga cikin zaɓen ajiya, ko ma a binne ta a cikin makabarta [3] - kuma ba za ta iya ba da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ga 'ya'yanta ba, ko dai.[1]
A farkon shekarun aurenta, Two-Axe Earley ba ta da karfi game da asarar matsayinta, yayin da take rayuwa mai farin ciki tare da mijinta da 'ya'yanta. Bayan lokaci, duk da haka, ta ga tasirin motsin rai na dokar nuna bambanci ga abokan mata. A shekara ta 1966, aboki daya - ɗan'uwan Mohawk - ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya a hannayen Two-Axe Earley.[3] An tilasta wa matar ta fice daga Kahnawake, an kwashe gidanta saboda Dokar Indiya, kuma Earley mai Axe Biyu ya gamsu cewa matsanancin damuwa na waɗannan asarar ya ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar abokinta.[3]
Yaki domin Canji
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rashin abokinta ya yi tasiri sosai, Two-Axe Earley ta fara kamfen a duk faɗin Kanada don jawo hankali ga batun.[3] A shekara ta 1967, ta kafa kungiyar Equal Rights for Indian Women Association (daga baya Indian Rights for Indian mata), wacce ta girma ta zama kungiyar kasa. [4][1] Bayan tuntuɓar Sanata Thérèse Casgrain - sanannen mai ba da shawara ga haƙƙin mata - an ƙarfafa Earley mai Axe Biyu don gabatar da taƙaitaccen bayani ga Royal Commission on the Status of Women . Duk da matsin lamba daga mambobin ajiyar Kahnawake waɗanda ke son ta dakatar da kamfen ɗin, ta jagoranci ƙungiyar mata 30 na Mohawk don yin magana a gaban Hukumar, kuma Hukumar daga baya ta ba da shawarar cewa a yi gyare-gyare ga Dokar Indiya don duk mutanen First Nations "ya kamata su ji daɗin hakkoki da gata iri ɗaya a al'amuran aure da dukiya kamar sauran 'yan Kanada, "ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba.[1][5]
Two-Axe Earley ta fuskanci adawa mai tsanani daga shugabannin maza na First Nations a lokacin aikinta. Wasu sun ba da shawarar cewa canza Dokar Indiya don dawo da matsayi da haƙƙoƙin da suka ɓace ga mata da yaransu - ba su damar komawa al'ummominsu na asali - zai sanya matsin kuɗi mai yawa a kan ajiyar ƙasashe na farko.[5] Wasu kuma sun nuna fargabar cewa ba da izinin mata na al'umma ta farko su auri maza da ba 'yan asalin ba tare da hukunci ba na iya haifar da lalacewar al'adun' yan asalin da kuma cin gashin kansu a Kanada.[1]
A shekara ta 1969, mijin Two-Axe Earley ya mutu, kuma ta yanke shawarar komawa tsohuwar al'ummarta a Quebec. Kodayake Two-Axe Earley ta gaji gida a wurin ajiyar Kahnawake daga kakarta, an gaya mata cewa ba a maraba da ita don zama a can ba. Ta sami hanyar da za ta kewaye dokoki ta hanyar ba da gidan ga 'yarta, wacce ta sake samun matsayin Indiya bayan ta auri mutumin Mohawk daga ajiyar. Sai kawai an ba da izinin zama a can ta hanyar wannan hanyar, Two-Axe Earley ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "baƙo a gidana".[1]
Two-Axe Earley ta kafa kungiyar mata ta Quebec a shekara ta 1974. [3] A shekara mai zuwa, tare da wasu mata 60 da suka fito daga ajiyar Kahnawake, ta halarci Taron Shekarar Mata ta Duniya a Mexico a matsayin memba na tawagar Kanada. [6] Yayinda take taron, ta fahimci cewa majalisar ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da rashin ta daga Kahnawake don amfani da Dokar Indiya don fitar da ita a hukumance. Two-Axe Earley ta yi amfani da dandamali a taron don yada halin da take ciki, daga baya ta sami kulawa ta kasa da kasa, kuma an janye sanarwar fitarwa da Kahnawake ya yi.[1] A shekara ta 1976, an zabe ta a cikin sabuwar kwamitin daraktoci na Cibiyar Bincike ta Kanada don Ci gaban Mata .
A Taron ministoci na farko a shekarar 1982, Two-Axe Earley ta nemi lokaci na yau da kullun don yin magana game da dalilin ta amma an hana ta izini. Lokacin da ya ji, Firayim Ministan Quebec René Lévesque ya ba da goyon bayansa ta hanyar miƙa mata wurin zama a maimakon haka. An sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Kanada da' Yanci a cikin doka daga baya a wannan shekarar, kuma dalilin daidaito tsakanin jinsi na asali daga baya ya sami ƙarin ƙarfi.[5]
A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1985, Majalisar Dokokin Kanada ta zartar da Bill C-31 don gyara Dokar Indiya. Dokar ta cire nuna bambancin jinsi na doka wanda ya shafi mata 'yan asalin ƙasar a zaɓin mijinsu, kuma ya ba da damar matan da aka kwace matsayinsu na Indiya su sake dawo da shi ta hanyar aiwatar da dawowa.[1][3] Two-Axe Earley ita ce mace ta farko da Ministan Harkokin Indiya David Crombie ya dawo da matsayinta.[7]
Sakamakon haka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Canjin dokar ya ba da damar wasu mata 16,000 na al'umma ta farko da zuriyar 46,000 su sake dawo da matsayinsu na Indiya da suka ɓace. Daga cikin wadannan mutane, kusan mata 2,000 sun cancanci komawa Kahnawake, wani kwararar da ta haifar da sabon tattaunawar al'umma - a wasu lokuta rarrabuwa - game da cancantar zama memba da amfani da albarkatu.
Wasu masu ajiya sun ci gaba da ƙin yarda mata su dawo, duk da matsayin shari'ar da aka dawo da su. A shekara ta 1993, kungiyoyin kasashe na farko da yawa sun kawo adawarsu a kotu, suna jayayya cewa gwamnatin tarayya ba ta da damar rinjayar wanda ya cancanci zama memba na ƙungiyar. A watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, duk da matsalolin kiwon lafiya, Earley mai shekaru 82 mai suna Two-Axe ya ba da shaidarta ga shari'ar kotu a matsayin shaida ga Majalisar 'yan asalin Kanada, yana kwatanta mummunar tasirin tsohuwar Dokar Indiya akan Mata na Farko. Kotun ta yanke shawarar cewa Bill C-31 zai tsaya.[1]
Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 1979, saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga 'yancin mata da daidaiton jinsi, Two-Axe Earley ta sami lambar yabo ta Gwamna Janar.[8] A shekara ta 1981, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Law daga Jami'ar York . [1] A shekara ta 1985, an shigar da ita cikin Order of Quebec a matsayin Jami'in . [3]
Two-Axe Earley ta kasance mai karɓar haɗin gwiwa na lambar yabo ta Robert S. Litvack ta 1990 daga Jami'ar McGill don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ta bayar ga "tsaron mulkin doka da kariya ga mutum daga ikon da ba a yarda da shi ba". [9] Wadanda ta karɓa a wannan shekarar su ne 'yan gwagwarmayar First Nations Jeanette Lavell da Sandra Lovelace . [9] A shekara ta 1996, Two-Axe Earley ta sami lambar yabo ta Aboriginal Achievement Award saboda aikinta game da wucewar Bill C-31. [7]
A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2021, an nuna Google Doodle yana murna da ita a ranar cika shekaru talatin da shida na gyaran Dokar Indiya. [10]
Mutuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Two-Axe Earley ta ci gaba da zama a Kahnawake har tsawon rayuwarta. A ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, 1996, ta mutu daga gazawar numfashi, tana da shekaru 84. An binne ta a cikin makabartar Katolika na ajiyar Kahnawake - burin kansa wanda ya yiwu ta hanyar canje-canjen shari'a da ta ba da damar.[3]
Bayani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Alternatively spelled in some sources as "Early".
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Brown, Wayne (November 2003). "Mary Two-Axe Earley: Crusader for Equal Rights for Aboriginal Women". Elections Canada. Retrieved 2020-08-08. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:3 - ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 Robinson, Amanda (March 23, 2017). "Mary Two-Axe Earley". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2020-08-08. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Timeline: Indigenous Suffrage". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2020-09-16.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Gray, Charlotte (February 1, 2016). "Mary Two-Axe Earley: An Unlikely Activist Who Improved the Lives of Thousands of Aboriginal Women and Children". Canada's History. 96 (1): 27. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:5 - ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Mary Two-Axe Earley: Public Service (1996)". Indspire. Retrieved 2016-11-16. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "indspire1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Governor General Awards in Commemoration of the Persons Case - Status of Women Canada". cfc-swc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Lecture Series in Human Rights: Litvack Award & Lecture". McGill University - Centre for Human Rights & Legal Pluralism (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-09-13.
- ↑ "Celebrating Mary Two-Axe Earley". Google. June 28, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
Ƙarin karantawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Haɗin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Tarihin Kanada: Mary Two-Axe Earley a YouTube
- Ku tashi! Tarihin Mata: 'Yancin Mata na asali
- Mary Two-Axe Earley: Ni Indiya ce kuma (2021) daga Hukumar Fim ta Kasa ta Kanada
- Mary Two-Axe Earley: Ni Indiya ce sake dawowa Live Q&A tare da Courtney Montour daga Hukumar Fim ta Kasa ta Kanada