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Maryana Marrash

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Maryana Marrash
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Aleppo, ga Augusta, 1848
ƙasa Daular Usmaniyya
Mutuwa Aleppo, 1919
Ƴan uwa
Ahali Francis Marrash (en) Fassara da Abdallah Marrash (en) Fassara
Karatu
Harsuna Larabci
Sana'a
Sana'a maiwaƙe, salonnière (mul) Fassara da marubuci
Muhimman ayyuka Bint Fikr (en) Fassara

 Maryana bint Fathallah bin Nasrallah Marrash (Arabic), wanda aka fi sani da Maryana al-Marrash ko Maryana Marrash al-Halabiyah, marubuci ce kuma mawaki Siriya ta Nahda ko Renaissance ta Larabawa. Ta farfado da al'adar salons na wallafe-wallafen a Duniyar Larabawa kuma ita ce mace ta farko ta Siriya da ta buga tarin shayari. Wataƙila ita ce mace ta farko da ta rubuta a cikin jaridu na yau da kullun na Larabci.

Rayuwa

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Tarihi da ilimi

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An haifi Maryana Marrash a Aleppo, wani birni na Ottoman Siriya (Syria ta yanzu), ga tsohuwar iyalin Melkite na 'yan kasuwa da aka sani da sha'awarsu ta wallafe-wallafen.[1] Bayan sun sami wadata da matsayi a karni na 18, iyalin sun kafu sosai a Aleppo, kodayake sun shiga cikin matsala: dangi na Maryana, Butrus Marrash, sojojin Wali ne suka kashe shi a tsakiyar rikici na Katolika da Orthodox a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1818. [2][3] Sauran Katolika na Melkite an tura su gudun hijira daga Aleppo a lokacin tsanantawa, daga cikinsu firist Jibrail Marrash . [4]Mahaifin Maryana, Fathallah, ya yi ƙoƙari ya warware rikicin ɗarika ta hanyar rubuta wani rubutu a 1849, inda ya ƙi Filioque.[lower-alpha 1][6] Ya gina babban ɗakin karatu mai zaman kansa don baiwa 'ya'yansa uku Francis, Abdallah da Maryana cikakken ilimi, musamman a fagen harshen Larabci da adabi. [7][8] Kamar yadda Marilyn Booth ya ce, mahaifiyar Maryana ta fito ne daga "sanannen dangin al-Antaki", wanda ke da alaƙa da Archbishop Demetrius Antachi.[9]

Aleppo ta kasance babbar cibiyar ilimi ta Daular Ottoman, tana nuna masu tunani da marubuta da yawa da ke damuwa da makomar Larabawa.[10] A makarantun mishan na Faransa ne dangin Marrash suka koyi Larabci tare da Faransanci, da sauran harsunan kasashen waje (Italiyanci da Ingilishi). [10] Ta hanyar samar da 'yarsu da ilimi, a lokacin da matan Gabashin Bahar Rum ba su sami komai ba, iyayen Maryana sun kalubalanci imani da ya zama sananne a lokacin cewa bai kamata a ilimantar da yarinya ba "don haka ba za ta zauna a cikin ɗakin karɓar maza ba", kamar yadda Marilyn Booth ya nakalto.[11] Don haka, Fathallah ya sanya 'yarsa mai shekaru biyar a makarantar Maronite.[12] Daga baya, Maryana ta sami ilimi daga nuns na St. Joseph a Aleppo . [13] Daga karshe ta tafi makarantar Ingilishi a Beirut.[14] Baya ga iliminta na yau da kullun a waɗannan makarantu, inda aka fallasa ta ga al'adun Faransanci da Anglo-Saxon, mahaifinta da 'yan uwanta ne suka koya mata, musamman kan batun wallafe-wallafen Larabci.[7] Tarihin farko na Maryana ya ambaci cewa ta yi fice a Faransanci, Larabci da lissafi, kuma ta buga Qanun kuma ta raira waƙa da kyau.[15]

Masanin tarihin Aleppine Muhammad Raghib al-Tabbakh ya rubuta cewa ta kasance ta musamman a Aleppo, kuma "mutane suna kallon ta da ido daban".[16] Kodayake tana da masu sauraro da yawa, da farko tana so ta kasance ba tare da aure ba.[17] Koyaya, an rinjaye ta ta yi aure bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta, kuma ta zaɓi mijinta Habib Ghadban, zuriyar iyalin Kirista na yankin.[18] Suna da ɗa ɗaya da 'ya'ya mata biyu.[19]

Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen

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Shafin taken Bint fakir

Tun a farkon shekara ta 1870, Marrash ya fara ba da gudummawa ga labarai da waƙoƙi ga mujallu - musamman Al-Jinan da Lisan al-hal, duka biyu na Beirut.[20] A cikin rubutunta, ta soki yanayin matan Larabawa, tana roƙon mata - ba tare da la'akari da addininsu ba - su nemi ilimi kuma su bayyana kansu kan batutuwan da suka damu da su.[21] An buga tarin waƙoƙinta na Bint fakir (A Daughter of Thought) a Beirut a cikin 1893. Gwamnatin Ottoman ta ba Marrash izini don buga littafinta bayan ta rubuta waka da ke ɗaukaka Sultan Abdul Hamid II.[22][lower-alpha 2] A wasu daga cikin wasu jawabai da aka haɗa a cikin tarin, ta kuma yabo wa gwamnonin Ottoman na Aleppo . [24] Waƙoƙinta sun fi al'ada a cikin salon fiye da ɗan'uwanta Francis', kamar yadda aka kwatanta da waƙoƙin da ta rubuta don kokawa da mutuwarsa; duk da haka, tana gida tare da waƙoƙi na Romantics na Faransa, musamman na Alphonse de Lamartine da Alfred de Musset.[25] Sami Kayyali ya ce game da Marrash:

Fitowar mace da ke rubutawa a cikin manema labarai da kuma rubuta waka a wannan zamanin duhu wani muhimmin abu ne. Tarihinmu na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa yana da wuya har ma da maza su karanta da rubutu; bayyanarta a cikin waɗannan daren duhu kamar tauraro mai haske ne a tsakiyar sammai.[26]

Ayyukanta marasa fiction sun haɗa da tarihin marigayi Ottoman Syria, [Tarikh] [Suriya] al-hadith, littafi na farko a kan batun.[27]

Marrash

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Marrash ta shahara ne saboda salon da ta gudanar a gidan da ta raba tare da mijinta.[28] Ta yi tafiya zuwa Turai sau ɗaya, kuma abin da ta gani game da rayuwa a can ya burge ta.[29] Kamar yadda Joseph Zeidan ya bayyana:

Bayan dawowarta Aleppo, Maryana Marrash ta juya gidanta zuwa wurin taruwa ga ƙungiyar shahararrun marubuta waɗanda suka haɗu a can a kai a kai don haɓaka abokantaka da juna da tattauna batutuwan adabi, kiɗa, da siyasa da zamantakewa.[7]

Koyaya, a cewar Joseph Zeidan, babu wata hujja da ke tallafawa ko ta kirkiro salon ta ko a'a bayan ta ga irin waɗannan a Turai; a kowane hali, ba ta fara daga farawa ba, tunda "yawancin mahalarta baƙi ne na yau da kullun zuwa gidan iyalinta, inda suke saduwa da mahaifinta da 'yan uwanta biyu. " [22] Membobin salon Maryana sun haɗa da fitattun masu ilimi na Aleppine na maza da mata, [29] ban da 'yan siyasa da membobin rundunar diflomasiyyar kasashen waje.[lower-alpha 3] Marrash ta cika da jawabin ilimi kuma za ta kuma faranta wa baƙi rai ta hanyar kunna Qanun da raira waƙa.[7] Antun Sha'arawi ya bayyana irin daren da aka yi a gidan Marrash:

Sa ko dai duk baƙar fata ko duk fararen riguna da aka ba da umarni daga Paris, Marrash ya dauki bakuncin tarurruka na maraice wanda batutuwa na wallafe-wallafen suka bambanta kamar Mu Chanin - sake zagayowar waƙoƙi bakwai na pre-Islamic - ko aikin Rabelais aka tattauna. An buga wasannin Chess da katin, kuma an gudanar da wasannin 'Akk masu rikitarwa; ruwan inabi da 'araq sun gudana kyauta; mahalarta sun raira waƙa, sun yi rawa, kuma sun saurari rikodin da aka buga a kan phonograph.[31]

Koyaya, Heghnar Zeitlian Watenpaugh ya ɗauka bayanin Sha'arawi ya zama wani ɓangare na apocryphal.[32]

Ayyuka

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  • Bint fakir (lit. 'Yar Tunanin'), 1893.
  • [Tārīkh] [Sūriyā] al-ḥadīth (lit. ''). [27]

Rubuce-rubucen da aka buga a cikin jaridu:

Taken Lokaci-lokaci Ranar An fassara taken
شامة الجنان Al-Jinan July 1870 (15) Yankunan Kyau na Aljanna [33]
جنون القلم Al-Jinan July 1871 (13)
مرثية Al-Jinan Afrilu 30, 1876 (9)
الربيع Al-Jinan Yuli 15, 1876 (14)

Bayani

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  1. ↑ Little is known about the lives of Butrus Marrash and Jibrail Marrash. Butrus was married by the time he was killed, and the name of his father was Nasrallah Marrash; Niqula al-Turk wrote a funeral ode for him.[5]
  2. ↑ She had dedicated the following lines to the mother of Abdul Hamid II upon the latter's accession to the throne: "As she raised him up from childhood fearful of her responsibilities / So must he now guide the nations with the reins of kingship" (translation by Bruce Alan Masters).[23]
  3. ↑ Joseph Zeidan and Antun Sha'arawi have mentioned, among these intellectuals: Jibrail al-Dallal, Kamil al-Ghazzi, Rizqallah Hassun, Qustaki al-Himsi, Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi, Victor Khayyat, Antun al-Saqqal and his son Mikha'il, and Abd al-Salam al-Tarmanini.[30]

manazarta

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  1. ↑ Wielandt 1992; Zeidan 1995.
  2. ↑ Wielandt 1992; Hafez 1993.
  3. ↑ Wielandt 1992; Charon 1903; Kuroki 1993.
  4. ↑ Charon 1903.
  5. ↑ Wielandt 1992, p. 120; Charon 1903, p. 115.
  6. ↑ Wielandt 1992.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Zeidan 1995.
  8. ↑ Wielandt 1992; Tomiche 1991.
  9. ↑ Booth 2001; Ṭarrāzī 1913.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Tomiche 1991.
  11. ↑ Watenpaugh, H. Z., 2010; Booth 2001.
  12. ↑ Booth 2001.
  13. ↑ Dabbāgh 1972; Watenpaugh, K. D., 2006.
  14. ↑ "Māryānā Marrāsh".
  15. ↑ Watenpaugh, H. Z., 2010.
  16. ↑ Watenpaugh, H. Z., 2010.
  17. ↑ Watenpaugh, H. Z., 2010.
  18. ↑ Watenpaugh, H. Z., 2010; [[#CITEREFAl-MawsūSamfuri:Aynah_al-ṣuḥufīyah_al-Samfuri:AynArabīyah|Al-MawsūSamfuri:Aynah al-ṣuḥufīyah al-Samfuri:AynArabīyah]].
  19. ↑ [[#CITEREFAl-MawsūSamfuri:Aynah_al-ṣuḥufīyah_al-Samfuri:AynArabīyah|Al-MawsūSamfuri:Aynah al-ṣuḥufīyah al-Samfuri:AynArabīyah]].
  20. ↑ Halevi & Zachs 2015; Watenpaugh, H. Z., 2010; Eissa 2000; Zeidan 1995.
  21. ↑ Zeidan 1995; Ende & Steinbach 2010.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Zeidan 1995.
  23. ↑ Masters 2001, p. 179.
  24. ↑ Zeidan 1995.
  25. ↑ Somekh 1992; Zeidan 1995.
  26. ↑ Ashour, Ghazoul & Reda-Mekdashi 2008.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Ashour, Ghazoul & Reda-Mekdashi 2008.
  28. ↑ Watenpaugh, H. Z., 2010; Watenpaugh, K. D., 2006.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Watenpaugh, H. Z., 2010; Zeidan 1995.
  30. ↑ Zeidan 1995, p. 50; Watenpaugh, H. Z., 2010, p. 229.
  31. ↑ Watenpaugh, K. D., 2006.
  32. ↑ Watenpaugh, H. Z., 2010.
  33. ↑ Halevi & Zachs 2015.
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