Masallacin Birnin Bagerhat
 Masallacin Birnin Bagerhat | ||||
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Masallacin Birnin Bagerhat (Bengali: মসজিদের শহর বাগেরহাট, wanda aka fassara zuwa roman: Môsjider Shôhôr Bagerhat; wanda aka fi sani da Khalifatabad a tarihi) wani yanki ne na Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO a Gundumar Bagerhat, Bangladesh. Ya ƙunshi masallatai 360, gine-ginen jama'a, kaburbura, gadoji, hanyoyi, tankunan ruwa da sauran gine-ginen jama'a da aka gina da tubali. An gina masallatan a lokacin Sultanate na Bengal a ƙarni na 15, wanda Masallacin Sixty Dome shine mafi girma. Sauran masallatan sun haɗa da Masallacin Singar, Masallacin Dome Tara, Kabarin Khan Jahan, Masallacin Bibi Begni da Masallacin Ronvijoypur. An gina masallatan ne a lokacin gwamnan Ulugh Khan Jahan, wani jami'in soja na Turkiyya da Sultan Mahmud Shah na Bengal ya naɗa a matsayin gwamna a Sundarbans.
Shafin ya kasance "birni mai laushi" na Bengal Sultanate . Bagerhat yana daya daga cikin manyan masallatai na zamanin sultanate a Bangladesh. Birnin tarihi yana da fiye da mint-gine 50 da aka gina a cikin salon bambancin Bengal Sultanate na gine-ginen Indo-Islama. Wannan wani lokacin ana kiransa 'Khan Jahan Style'. An gano waɗannan bayan an cire ciyayi da suka rufe su daga gani na ƙarni da yawa. An rubuta shafin a matsayin Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO a 1983 a ƙarƙashin Criterion (iv) - "a matsayin misali mai ban sha'awa na ƙungiyar gine-gine wanda ke kwatanta wani muhimmin mataki a tarihin ɗan adam" [1] - mafi shahara shine Masallacin Sixty Dome, wanda ke da ginshiƙai 60 da dome 77. [2] [3] [4] Masallatai suna da zane-zane na terracotta da arabesque.
Yanayin ƙasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Birnin masallacin yana cikin kudancin Bengal kusa da babban bakin kogin Bengal. Yana da nisan kilomita 60 (37 daga bakin teku Bay of Bengal . Birnin ya bazu a kan yanki na kilomita 50 (19 sq , [1] a bakin rairayin bakin teku na Kogin Bhairab tare da kilomita 6 (3.7 (a gabas zuwa yamma kuma kimanin kilomita 25 (16 a arewa maso kudu [4]), wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gandun daji na Sundarbans. A yau duk abubuwan tunawa an saita su a cikin yanayin da ba a lalata ba na abin da ke yanzu gonaki, kewaye da itatuwan dabino.[3]
Sarkin Musulmi na Bengal ya naɗa Khan Jahan Ali, wanda aka fi sani da Ulug Khan, a matsayin gwamnanta a Sundarbans da ke kudancin Bengal a ƙarni na 15. Ulugh Khan Jahan mutum ne ɗan asalin Turkiyya. Lakabin Ulugh ya kasance ruwan dare gama gari ga sarakuna daga al'adun Turco-Persiya. Sarkin Musulmi na Bengal ya jawo hankalin baƙi da yawa daga Gabas ta Tsakiya da Tsakiyar Asiya, waɗanda suka zo da ra'ayoyin gine-ginen Musulunci. Masu wa'azin addinin Musulunci sun yi amfani da Sufanci don jawo hankalin jama'ar yankin. Yawan masallatai yana nuna yadda al'ummar yankin suka rungumi Musulunci cikin sauri.
Dangane da rubutun tsabar kudi na sultanate taka, an gina shi a karni na 15 kuma an san shi da sunan Khalifatabad a cikin karni na 16. [1] [2][4]
Ulugh Khan Jahan ya gudanar da wani yanki da ya mamaye sassan Sashen Khulna na yanzu da Sashen Barisal a Bangladesh.[ Rubuce-rubuce a Bagerhat sun nuna cewa an gina masallacin ne a lokacin mulkin Sultan Mahmud Shah tsakanin 1450 da 1459. Abin sha'awa, Mahmud Shah shi ma shi ne ya ɗauki nauyin mayar da babban birnin Bengal daga Pandua zuwa Gauda. Mulkin Mahmud Shah ya kasance mai cike da manyan gine-gine. A kudancin Bengal, birnin masallacin Bagerhat yana nuna 'Salon Khan Jahan' mai sauƙi na gine-ginen addinin Musulunci na Bengali. Ulugh Khan Jahan ne ke da alhakin kafa wani gari da aka tsara tare da hanyoyi, gadoji, da tankunan samar da ruwa (wanda har yanzu Ghoradighi da Dargadighi ke raye), ramuka, da masallatai da kaburbura da dama. Ulugh Khan Jahan Sufi ne.
A shekara ta 1895, binciken Archaeological Survey of British India ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi game da yankin, kuma an sake dawowa a 1903-04 a Masallacin Sixty Dome. A cikin 1907-8 an mayar da wani ɓangare na rufin da kuma gidaje 28.[5] A shekara ta 1983, UNESCO ta tsara babban shiri don yankin Bagerhat kuma ya zama Gidan Tarihin Duniya a shekarar 1985.
Gine-gine
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Sauran gine-ginen birnin galibi masallatai ne da gadoji da sauransu, waɗanda daga baya mazauna yankin ba sa son raba su don kayan su. Kadan ne kawai daga cikin gidaje na asali suka rage a yau. Ginin da ya fi girma yana amfani da salon Bengal Sultanate na gine-ginen Indo-Islama, tare da abubuwa daban-daban, gami da Bengali, Farisa da Larabawa. Birnin ya rufe masallatai 360 [1] (yawancinsu suna da ƙirar iri ɗaya) da kuma gine-ginen jama'a da yawa, mausoleums, gadoji, cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyoyi da tafkunan ruwa. Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su wajen gina gine-gine sune tubalin da aka yi da su, wanda a cikin ƙarni ya lalace a ƙarƙashin yanayin saline na ƙasa da yanayi.[1][2]
Masallatai suna da hasumiyoyin zagaye da ke nunawa a kusurwoyi huɗu; wani lokacin waɗannan suna fadada wata hanya sama da babban rufin don yin minaret a kusurwar gaban masallacin. Wadannan suna da gajeren lokaci ta hanyar ka'idoji na yau da kullun.
Tsarin, wanda aka bayyana bayan cirewar kayan lambu a kusa da birnin tarihi, ya nuna cewa birnin ya ci gaba a yankuna biyu daban-daban; babban yanki shine Masallacin Shait Gumbaz da yankunansa kuma ɗayan yankin a gabashin shi ne wanda ke kewaye da Mausoleum na Khan Jahan. Yankunan biyu sun rabu da nisan kilomita 6.5 (4.0 mi [1]).[2]
Masallatai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wadannan sun hada da jerin masallatai, kaburbura ko mausoleums da sauran abubuwan tunawa waɗanda aka dawo da su daga cikin yawancin rushewar da ke cikin birni.
Masallacin Dome sittin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Masallacin Sixty Dome, a gefen gabas na tankin ruwa ko tafki (Ghora Dighi), yana ɗaya daga cikin masallatai mafi tsufa a ƙasar kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "masallaci na tarihi wanda ke wakiltar Zamanin Zinariya na Muslim Bengal". Masallacin yana da tsari mai tsawo na 148'6" x 101'4" a waje da 123'3" x 76'2" a ciki. Masallacin na musamman ne saboda yana da ginshiƙai 60 waɗanda ke tallafawa 77 masu kyau "ƙananan shimfidar wuri" waɗanda suka lalace a tsawon lokaci; yana da ganuwa bakwai na tsakiya waɗanda ke da bangarori huɗu kuma an gina su a cikin salon Bengali.[3] Khan Jahan Ali ne ya kafa shi a cikin 1440.
Minar suna da hawa biyu kuma suna da siffar zagaye; ƙirar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ta kewaye shafts har zuwa tsakiya na tsayin minarets kuma taga da aka sanya a wannan tsakiya tana ba da iska da haske. Matakala mai juzu'i a cikin wannan minar tana kaiwa saman.
An yi amfani da shi don addu'o'i, a matsayin zauren taro da madrasa. Gidaje saba'in da bakwai suna kan rufin kuma ƙananan huɗu a kusurwoyi huɗu hasumiyoyi ne (an yi amfani da hasumiyoyin don kiran masu aminci su halarci addu'o'i). Babban zauren addu'a yana da ƙofofi 11 a gabas da 7 kowannensu a arewa da kudu wanda ke ba da iska da haske ga zauren. Akwai hanyoyi 7 masu tsayi da zurfi 11 a tsakiyar ginshiƙai masu laushi da aka yi da dutse. Wadannan ginshiƙai suna tallafawa arches masu lankwasawa waɗanda aka rufe su da dome. Ganuwar yamma a cikin ciki tana da Mihrabs goma sha ɗaya waɗanda aka yi wa ado da dutse da terracotta kuma bene yana da tubali. Ganuwar da Mihrabs sun shafi sulphates. An gyara mafi yawan lalacewar. Arches suna da ƙafa 6 (1.8 kauri tare da ɗan ƙarami a kan ganuwar rami da zagaye. Masallacin ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin kotun Khan Jahan Ali . Yanzu yana jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido da baƙi da yawa. Masallacin an yi masa ado da yawa da terracotta da tubali. [6] [3] [1] [2][7]
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Masallacin Nine Dome yana yammacin tankin takur dighi kuma an gina shi a karni na 15. Tana kusa da kabarin Khan Jahan Ali. Ganuwar yammacin ta al'ada tana fuskantar yamma zuwa Makka, inda aka saka mihrab; naɗaɗɗun furanni na terracotta da zane-zanen furanni sune kayan ado da aka gani a kusa da mihrab. Ana ba da hasumiyoyi masu zagaye a cikin kusurwoyi huɗu. Ganuwar masallacin tana goyan bayan babban dome na tsakiya wanda ke da ƙananan dome takwas a kusa da shi. Wannan tsari kuma ya shafi sulphates. Tun daga lokacin an mayar da shi sosai. Kusa da wannan masallaci akwai Masallacin Zinda Pir da Mazar (kabari), waɗanda suka lalace.
Masallacin Singair
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masallacin Singair yana gefen hanya daga Masallacin Sixty Dome a gefen kudu maso gabashinsa. Masallaci ne mai siffar murabba'i guda ɗaya. A cikin abin da ya dace da Khan Jahan Style, an goyi bayan dome a kan bango mai kauri kuma an rufe shi da cornice. Masallacin Bigi Begni da Masallacin Chuna Khola suma suna da rufi guda ɗaya amma sun fi girma.[3]
Masallacin Ronvijoypur yana da mafi girma a Bangladesh . Yana da mita 11 (36 faɗin da ke goyan bayan arches da pendentives.[3] Kusurwoyi suna da turrets na zagaye yayin da cornice na waje yana da ɗan ƙaramin karkata. Gidan masallacin yana da kyau. Koyaya, manyan mihrabs suna da kayan ado na tsarin furanni. Tana gefen gefen Khan Jahan Kabarin a kan Khulna-Bagerhat Road . An gina shi a cikin salon gine-ginen Khan Jahan. An gyara shi sau da yawa a baya a cikin shekarun 1960 da 70. Koyaya, yana buƙatar ƙarin aikin gyara don hana danshi a cikin kabarin, da kuma tubali a kan farfajiyar waje.[3][6]
Masallacin Chunakhola
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Masallacin Chunakhola, wanda aka gina a karni na 15, yana cikin tsakiyar gonakin shinkafa a ƙauyen Chuna Khola (wanda ake kira bayan hakar dutse wanda sha'awa a nan a baya). An gano shi a matsayin wakiltar sauyawa daga abubuwan tunawa na salon Khan Jahan. Ginin murabba'in mita 7.7 ne mai kauri na mita 2.24 (7 in). Yana da ƙofofi uku a gabas kuma ɗaya a gefen arewa da kudu. Yana da 'mihrab' guda uku tare da tsakiyar mihrab kasancewa mafi girma a girman kuma yana tsarawa waje. Yana da dome na hemispherical tare da arches na gaba. Har ila yau akwai squinches da rabin dome. Ya bambanta da masallacin salon Khan Jahan a cikin kayan ado na waje, musamman bangon gabas, wanda ke nuna bangarori huɗu na rectangular da ke da iyaka da naɗaɗɗun littattafai tare da Merlons da ke da kayan shuka. Yana da turrets huɗu tare da cornices masu lankwasawa. Ganuwar tubali, musamman, sun lalace saboda tasirin sulphate. An gyara shi a cikin shekarun 1980 bisa ga jagororin da UNESCO ta kafa.[3]
Kabarin Khan Jahan Ali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mausoleum na Khan Jahan ko kabarin yana kan iyakar arewacin tankin ruwa (wani tafki da ke cike da aladu) wanda ake kira Thakur dighi a cikin Harshen Bengali. Tafkin yana da murabba'i a siffar kuma an yi amfani da kayan da aka tono daga tankin don yin shinge wanda aka gina Mausoleum. Ana kusantar tafkin ta hanyar tashi mai zurfi da tsayi da aka gina daga bakin teku. Yana da tsari guda ɗaya wanda aka gina a kan tsarin murabba'i na 47'0" x 47'0 "a waje yayin da a ciki yana da tsarin murabbaʼi na 28'2" x 28'2 ". Ginin an yi shi ne da bangon tubali a kan yadudduka biyar na dutse wanda ya zama ginshiki. Daga tushen da aka rubuta na 1866, an kuma ambaci cewa an sanya bene tare da teburin encaustic na hexagonal na kayayyaki da launuka daban-daban (yawanci blue, fari da rawaya). Koyaya, a halin da yake ciki a yanzu ana ganin irin wannan nau'in tiles ne kawai a kan 'yan matakai a kan Mausoleum kanta. Kabarin yana da baƙar fata waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don gina kabarin kuma an yi shi da matakai uku. An rubuta ayoyi daga Alkur'ani a cikin Larabci da Farisa. Akwai rubuce-rubuce a bangon kabari wanda aka ƙaddara a matsayin samar da bayanan tarihi game da rayuwar Ulugh Khan Jahan. Bayan ya yi ritaya, Khan Jahan ya yi ritayar rayuwarsa a nan kuma bayan mutuwarsa a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1459, an adana kabarinsa a nan.[8] Yanzu wuri ne na aikin hajji inda mutane ke girmama mutumin da ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa don gina birnin da abubuwan tunawa. Kabarin Pir Ali (na Pir Ali, abokin tarayya na Khan Jahan) gini ne mai alaƙa da wannan mausoleum kuma yana da tsari iri ɗaya. Masallaci da ake kira Masallacin Dargha yana haɗe da mausoleum.[3][8]
Gidan Tarihi
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Daraktan Archaeology na Bangladesh ne ya kafa wani karamin gidan kayan gargajiya, tare da haɗin gwiwar UNESCO, a gaban Masallacin Shait Gumbaz, inda ake nuna kayan tarihi da aka tattara daga yankin shafin tarihi suna ba da ilimi game da tarihin Bagerhat. Yana da tashoshin nune-nunen guda uku na kayan tarihi da ke da alaƙa da "Masar Masallacin Tarihi ta Bagerhat", wanda ya haɗa da rubuce-rubuce, tukwane, takalma na terracotta da tubali masu ban sha'awa. Hotuna na muhimman gine-ginen tarihi na Bangladesh suma suna daga cikin abubuwan da aka nuna a nan.[9][10]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Gine-gine na Bangladesh
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Unesco" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 3 4 5 "Evaluation Report: Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat" (PDF). UNESCO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Advisory" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Buildings and Recommendations" (PDF). Practical Survey of Individual Historic for Their Repair: a) Bagerhat and its environs. UNESCO. 1980. pp. 16–22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Environs" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 3 "Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat". Official plaque of the World Heritage Patrimone Mondal. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Plaque" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Begum, Ayesha (June 2003). "Architectural Heritage of Khalifatabad". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Humanities. 48 (1): 71. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- 1 2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedLeungMeggitt2009 - ↑ "World Heritage Site: This Time in Asia". TSLBuzz. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- 1 2 "Khan Jahan Mausoleum". ArchNet Digital Library. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ↑ "Bagerhat Museum". Lonely Planet.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
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