Masallacin Sultan al-Mu'ayyad
| Masallacin Sultan al-Mu'ayyad | |
|---|---|
| Musulunci Alkahira | |
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| Wuri | |
| Ƴantacciyar ƙasa | Misra |
Governorate of Egypt (en)  | Cairo Governorate (en) |
| Coordinates | 30°02′35″N 31°15′27″E / 30.0431°N 31.2575°E |
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| History and use | |
| Opening | 1421 |
| Karatun gine-gine | |
| Style (en) |
Mamluk architecture (en) |
| Heritage | |
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Yankin السلطان المؤيد | |
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| Kasancewa | Musulunci na Sunni |
| Matsayi na coci ko na ƙungiya | Masallaci |
| Matsayi | Mai aiki |
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| Wurin da yake | Hanyar Al-Mu'izz, Alkahira ta Musulunci |
| Kasar | Misira |
 Taswirar hulɗa na Masallacin Sultan al-Mu'ayyad | |
| Ma'auni | 30°02′35′′N 31°15′27′′E/__hau____hau____hau__30.04306°N 31.25750°E |
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| Irin wannan | Masallaci, masallaci |
| Hanyar da ake amfani da ita | Mamluk |
| Wanda ya kafa shi | Al-Mu'ayyad Sayf ad-Din Shaykh |
| An kammala shi | 1421 |
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| Dome | 1 |
| Minaret | 2 |
Masallaci Sultan al-Mu'ayyad (Arabic), masallaci na kan titin al-Mu-izz, kusa da Bab Zuwayla, a Alkahira Misira . An gina ginin ne tsakanin 1415 da 1421, a karkashin mulkin Mamluk sultan al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh, wanda ya samo sunansa. Gidan ya hada da Masallacin Jumma'a da mausoleums guda biyu, wanda ke dauke da kabarin al-Mu'ayyad da danginsa. Abin tunawa ya maye gurbin kurkuku wanda da farko ya tsaya kusa da Bab Zuwayla. Lokacin da aka kammala shi, ya haɗa da madrasa wanda ke koyar da madhhab guda huɗu. An gina minaret guda biyu na masallacin a saman tsofaffin hasumiyoyin zamanin Fatimid na Bab Zuwayla, zaɓi na musamman ga wannan masallaci.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sultan al-Mu'ayyad
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dangane da al'adar Mamluk, Sultan Barquq ya sayi al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh lokacin da yake dan shekara goma ko goma sha biyu. Yayinda ya girma, ya yi aiki na shekaru goma a matsayin gwamnan Tripoli a karkashin nadin Sultan al-Nasir Faraj. : 239 :239
Masanin tarihin zamanin da, al-Maqrizi, ya ba da labarin cewa an tsare Sultan al-Mu'ayyad na gaba a gidan yarin da masallacin ya maye gurbinsa a lokacin da yake sarki a ƙarƙashin Sultan Faraj. Shaykh ya sha wahala sosai daga ƙuraje da ƙwarƙwara a lokacin da yake tsare, inda ya yi alƙawarin zai mayar da gidan yarin zuwa "wuri mai tsarki don ilmantar da malamai" idan ya hau mulki..[1] Gaskiya ga maganarsa, lokacin da ya zama sultan ya ba da umurni ga masallacin.
A cikin 1412, Shaykh ya taimaka wajen hambarar da Sultan Faraj, kuma a cikin watanni shida, ya karɓi iko kuma ya zama sabon sultan. Ya ɗauki taken al-Mu'ayyad kuma ya fara fadada daularsa ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙe da yankunan makwabta. A matsayinsa na sultan, al-Mu'ayyad ya jagoranci kamfen din da ya yi nasara a arewacin Siriya, da kuma yaƙi da maƙwabtan Turkoman a Anatolia. Ya ci gaba har zuwa Konya kafin ya koma Alkahira. Sarautar Sultan al-Mu'ayyad ta sha wahala daga matsaloli: annoba ta Bubonic, Rage darajar kuɗi, da 'yan tawaye duk sun dame mulkinsa. ::239 Duk da wannan, sultan har yanzu ya sami damar kula da gina babban masallacinsa.
Sultan al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh ya mutu a shekara ta 1421, shekaru goma sha ɗaya bayan ya hau mulki. A duk lokacin mulkinsa, ya sami suna a matsayin mutum mai tawali'u kuma a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu tallafawa gine-gine a Alkahira. A kan mutuwarsa, sultan ya bar wasu abubuwan tunawa na addini da na duniya, ciki har da Khanqah a Giza, manyan gidaje a gefen Tashar Khalij da Nilu, da Masallacin Sultan al-Mu'ayyad . : 239 :239
Gine-gine
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An fara gina masallacin ne a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1415. Aikin ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, yana kashe dinars 40,000 ga sultan tsakanin farawa da kammalawa.[1] A cewar al-Maqrizi, masu ginin talatin da ma'aikata ɗari sun yi aiki a kan tsarin sama da shekaru bakwai. : 241 :241
Masallacin ya buƙaci marmara mai yawa cewa an girbe wasu daga cikinsu daga gine-ginen da suka riga sun kasance. Baya ga marmara, wasu sassa da yawa na masallacin an cinye su daga wasu gine-gine, gami da ginshiƙan masallacin da kyakkyawar ƙofar tagulla da kandelero. Ƙofar da kandalmin sune sanannun lokuta na wannan; an ce duka biyu sun fito ne daga Masallacin-Madrasa na Sultan Hasan. Cire sassan masallatai na yanzu ba bisa ka'ida ba ne yayin da ake gina Masallacin Sultan al-Mu'ayyad, don haka karɓar ƙofar da kandal ɗin suna kama da sata, duk da gudummawar da sultan ya yi wa tsohuwar masallacin. Kodayake ba a kammala sabon masallacin ba har zuwa 1422, an gudanar da bikin kaddamarwa a watan Nuwamba 1419 don bikin sabon ginin. : 241 :241
Ko da bayan kammala aikin masallacin, ba a taɓa gina gine-gine da yawa a cikin tsare-tsaren asali ba. Ba a kammala rufin mausoleum na biyu da ke haɗe da masallacin ba. Ba a gina wani gini daban don amfani da shi a matsayin dakunan kwana ta daliban Sufi waɗanda suka yi karatu a madrasa ba nan da nan, duk da rabon dinar 20,000 a gare su. Daga baya bayanan masallacin ba su da tabbas game da ko an kammala dakunan kwana na Sufi daga baya a matsayin tsare-tsare, kodayake tabbas an ba wa ɗalibai sarari da za su zauna. : 241 :241
Manufar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masallacin an yi niyya ne a matsayin wurin jana'izar da kuma amfani da shi a cikin addu'o'in Jumma'a, amma kuma ya zama madrasa ga ɗaliban Sufi. Madrasa ta sadaukar da kanta ga nazarin makarantun Hanafi, Shafi'i, Maliki, da Hanbali na Shari'a Shari'a. Dangane da takardun asali na masallacin, madrasa za ta ba da gida ga Hanafis hamsin, Shafi'is arba'in, Malikis goma, da Hanbalis goma, tare da malamai da Imamai. Har ila yau, akwai azuzuwan biyu na dalibai ashirin kowannensu don daliban tafsir da hadith, da wasu biyu na goma kowannensu ga daliban karatun Alkur'ani da karatun shari'a, a cewar masanin shari'a na Hanafi al-Tahawi . : 239–241 :239–241
A karkashin tallafin sultan, madrasa a cikin masallacin ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun cibiyoyin ilimi na Alkahira a karni na goma sha biyar. Kyautar da sultan ya bari bayan mutuwarsa ta ba da damar madrasa ta hayar manyan malamai na ranar a matsayin furofesoshi. Mashahurin masanin Alkur'ani a Misira, Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani, ya ba da lacca a shari'ar Shafi'i a madrasa.[1]
Maidowa
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A cikin tarihinta, Masallacin Sultan al-Mu'ayyad ya sami gyare-gyare mai yawa. Ko da da farko, sake ginawa ya zama dole. A cewar al-Maqrizi, dole ne a ja minaret na gabas kuma a sake gina shi tun farkon 1418 saboda rashin tsaro na tsari daga tushe na hasumiya. Wani minaret mai hawa uku ya tsaya a ƙofar Yamma a kan titin gefe; ya rushe a cikin 1427 a lokacin mulkin Sultan Barsbay kuma nan da nan aka sake gina shi. : 241 :241
A ƙarni na goma sha tara, masallacin ya faɗi cikin irin wannan lalacewa cewa duk abin da ya rage shi ne bangon daya, ɗakin addu'a, da mausoleums.[1] Ibrahim Pasha, ɗan Muhammad 'Ali, ya kula da gyare-gyare a ƙarshen shekarun 1830 da 1840, gami da shigar da allunan Turkiyya a cikin bangon qibla. A ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara, Kwamitin Tsaro na Monuments de l'Art Arabe ya sake gina bangon yamma kuma ya juya farfajiyar zuwa lambu.
A shekara ta 2001, an sake gyara masallacin, a wannan karon bisa umarnin Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Masar. Waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun cire lambun daga farfajiyar kuma sun sake gina mafi yawan masallacin, gami da ɓacewar manyan gine-gine a kusa da farfajiyar..[1]
Gine-gine
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Masallacin Sultan al-Mu'ayyad shine babban masallaci na karshe da aka gina a Alkahira. Da farko yana da bangarori huɗu da ƙofofi. A tsawon lokaci, masallacin ya lalace, kuma a yau kawai bangon gabas da zauren addu'a sune asali ga masallacin. ::241 Yawancin abin da za a iya gani a yau an dawo da shi a cikin shekaru ɗari biyu da suka gabata kuma ba lallai bane ya kasance yadda masallacin ya fara.[1]
Don gina masallacin, dole ne a rushe wani ɓangare na bangon Fatimid wanda aka yi amfani da shi don kewaye da Alkahira; duk da haka, an gano wani tsohuwar bangare na bangon kwanan nan a cikin tsarin masallacin kuma baƙi za su iya gani a yau.[1] Hasumiyoyi biyu na ƙofar Bab Zuwayla da ke kusa, wanda aka saita a cikin bango na asali, an cece su daga rushewa kuma sun zama tushen sauran minaret guda biyu na masallacin; wani abu mai ban mamaki da na musamman na wannan masallacin. : 241 :241
Babban ƙofar an saita ta a cikin <i id="mw0g">pishtaq</i>, ko tsarin rectangular, wanda ya tashi sama da bangon masallacin.[1] Ya haɗa da rufin muqarnas ko rabin rumbun ajiya a saman ƙofar. Wannan ita ce babbar hanyar shiga ta ƙarshe da aka gina a zamanin Mamluk. An yi wa fuskar bangon ado da madaurin marmara da aka sassaka da rubutun kufic. An sassaka marmara a cikin tsarin geometric kuma an yi masa ado da duwatsu masu launin polychromatic da stucco masu launi a cikin babban sauƙi. Babban ƙofar wani kyakkyawan aikin tagulla ne da aka ɗauka daga Masallacin Sultan Hasan. Kubba misali ne na ginin dutse na Mamluk tare da tushe mai siffar silinda da kuma tsarin zig-zag da aka sassaka. Fuskokin masallacin suna da tsayi musamman a wannan lokacin, domin an tsara su ne don su dace da tsayin hasumiyoyin Fatimid da ake amfani da su a matsayin tushe ga minarets. An ƙawata fuskokin da layuka biyu na tagogi, kuma an ƙara shaguna a ƙarƙashin kowace bango na masallacin a cikin tsare-tsaren asali kuma har yanzu suna nan. 41–243 Shagunan da ke haɗe da kewaye da masallacin suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da masallacin, yayin da kashi na ribar da suke samu ke zuwa don kula da ginin da ma'aikatansa.a.
Da farko, an yi niyyar masallacin ya haɗa da mausoleums masu kama da juna da ke gefen zauren addu'a; wannan burin ya ɓace lokacin da ba a kammala dome na mausoleum na biyu ba. ::243 A kowane bangare na zauren addu'a akwai ɗakunan jana'izar, inda sultan da ɗansa ke zaune a cikin ɗakin arewa da mata na dangin sultan a cikin ɗakin kudu.[1] Gidan sultan yana da rufin rufi, kamar yadda aka tsara shi da farko, yayin da ɗakin mata yana da rufi mai laushi. Wannan dome shine rage kwafin tagwayen Faraj; saboda girman masallacin, dome ya bayyana karami a cikin saitin sa.[2] : 243 :243
Cikin gida
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wuri mai tsarki na masallacin yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun kayan ado na lokacinsa; kayan ado na bango an iyakance shi ne ga zauren addu'a, wanda aka yi wa ado da marmara mai launi mai tsawo don haɗawa da taga da wuraren mihrab. Ginshiƙan marmara sun kasance kafin Islama kuma suna da girma da siffofi daban-daban, tunda an samo su ne daga gine-gine a fadin Alkahira da yankunan da ke kewaye. An shimfiɗa bene da marmara mai launi a cikin wuri mai tsarki da farfajiyar, kodayake an shimfiɗa ƙananan riwaqs da dutse. Gidan addu'a ya haɗa da windows guda biyu da aka yi wa ado ko dai a cikin salon Andalusian ko Maroko, ɗaya a cikin tsarin lissafi ɗayan kuma a cikin furanni. : 244 :244
Mihrab da Minbar dukansu an yi musu ado a cikin salon zamani.[1] An yi wa minbar ado da ƙofofin katako da bangarori, kuma sama da minbar babban rosette na marmara mai launi ne. Wannan na musamman ne saboda wannan salon yawanci ana amfani dashi a ƙasa, maimakon a kan bango. : 243–244 :243–244
Gidan jana'izar galibi ba shi da kyau, kodayake akwai cenotaphs da aka sassaƙa a cikin marmara. Mafi girma daga cikin wadannan cenotaphs shine ambaton daga Alkur'ani a cikin rubutun Kufic da ke karantawa "Tabbas waɗanda ke guje wa mugunta za su kasance tsakanin lambuna da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa: shiga su cikin salama, lafiya" (Alkur'ani 15:45-46). Halin gani na rubuce-rubucen Kufic da aka sassaƙa ya nuna shi zuwa zamanin Fatimid, ma'ana al-Mu'ayyad mai yiwuwa ya cece shi daga ginin da ya gabata. ::244 Dukkanin ɗakunan jana'izar suna da ƙananan mihrabs a bangon su da ke fuskantar ƙananan riwaqs. Wadannan mihrabs ana amfani da su ne ta hanyar mutane da ke yin addu'a a cikin kowane riwaq, musamman ma idan akwai cikawa a lokacin addu'a.[1]
Sauran ɗakunan da ke cikin masallacin sun haɗa da ɗakin karatu, wanda aka san shi da tarin littattafai. Yawancin littattafai da ke cikin ɗakin karatu sun fito kai tsaye daga tarin sarakunan Citadel. Sakataren sirri na sarkin, Muhammad al-Barizi, ya bayar da wasu ɗari biyar. Don wannan gudummawar, an naɗa ɗan al-Barizi a matsayin mai wa'azi da ɗakin karatu na masallacin. Gudummawa makamancin wannan sun zama ruwan dare a tsakanin manyan ma'aikata da fatan za su sami irin wannan tagomashi tare da sarkin.. : 241 :241
Masallacin yana da babban ɗakin da aka kwatanta da sauran masallatai a yankin tare da maɓuɓɓugar wanka a tsakiya. An ce asalin maɓuɓɓugar yana da ginshiƙan marmara da aka rufa da katako mai zinariya a saman awning, yana ƙara girman ginin. A yammacin masallacin akwai rushewar hammam wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na harsashin masallacin. : 244 :244
A cikin minarets akwai zane-zane da aka zana da aka sanya hannu kuma mai tsarawa ya sanya kwanan wata a kan kammala kowannensu. Wannan yana da wuya sosai; ba a saba gani ba ga mai tsara gine-gine ya bar alamar sa a kan gini a wannan zamanin.[1] Minaret na gabas ya karanta cewa "ma'dhana" (ko minaret) Muhammad Ibn al-Qazzaz ne ya gina shi kuma an gama shi a watan Agusta 1419. Minaret na yamma ya ɗan bambanta, yana karanta cewa Sultan al-Mu'ayyad ya ba da umarnin gina "manars" biyu (minarets) kuma Muhammad Ibn al-Qazzaz ya kashe su kuma an kammala su a watan Agusta 1420. Masana ba su da tabbacin dalilin da ya sa aka yi amfani da kalmomi biyu daban-daban don minaret a kowane rubutun, kuma ya kasance ƙaramin asiri na ginin. Har ila yau, akwai minaret na uku a tashar Yamma zuwa titin, amma ya fada cikin lalacewa kuma ba a sake gina shi ba. : 241 :241
- Musulunci a Misira
- Jerin madrasas a Misira
- Jerin masallatai a Alkahira
- Jerin Tarihin Tarihi a Alkahira
- Maristan na al-Mu'ayyad
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Haɗin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Media related to Mosque of Sultan al-Muayyad at Wikimedia Commons
- Coste, Pascal Xavier. "Lithographs of buildings". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original (Coste was French, 1787-1879.) on 2022-05-21.