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Masana'antar matasa da ke fama da matsala

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Masana'antar matasa da ke fama da matsala

A Amurka, masana'antar matasa mai wahala (wanda aka fi sani da TTI) wani shiri ne na shirye-shiryen zama na matasa da aka tsara don gwagwarmaya da matasa. Kalmar ta ƙunshi wurare da shirye-shirye daban-daban, gami da cibiyoyin kula da matasa, shirye-shiryen jeji, sansanonin takalma, da makarantun kwana na warkewa.[1][2]

Wadannan shirye-shiryen suna da'awar farfadowa da koyar da matasa masu wahala ta hanyar ayyuka daban-daban. Cibiyoyin matasa masu wahala suna gudanar da kansu, kuma masana'antar matasa masu wahala ta zama masana'antar dala biliyan da yawa.[3] Suna karɓar matasa waɗanda ake la'akari da su suna fama da nakasa na ilmantarwa, Tsarin motsin rai, Rashin lafiya na hankali, da kuma shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Matasa na iya zama "matasa masu wahala", masu laifi, ko wasu harsuna a shafukan yanar gizon su da sauran kayan talla. Wani lokaci, ana amfani da waɗannan magunguna a matsayin horo don saba wa tsammanin iyali. Misali, an sanya mutum daya a cikin shirin matasa mai wahala saboda mahaifiyarta ta sami zabi a cikin saurayinta ba a yarda da shi ba.

Masana'antar matasa masu wahala ta fuskanci abin kunya da yawa saboda cin zarafin yara, cin hanci da rashawa, da mutuwar, kuma tana da rikice-rikice sosai.[4][5] Yawancin masu sukar waɗannan wuraren suna nuna rashin dokokin gida, jihohi, da tarayya a Amurka da sauran wurare da ke mulkin su.[6] Wasu ƙasashe da yankuna, kamar Bermuda, an san su da aika matasa zuwa shirye-shiryen da ke Amurka.[7] Baya ga ayyukan warkarwa masu rikitarwa, yawancin tsoffin mazauna sun ba da rahoton cewa Kamfanonin kula da matasa suna tura su zuwa wuraren da ke da matsala, aikin da ake kira "gooning".

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

The troubled teen industry has a precursor in the drug rehabilitation program called Synanon, founded in 1958 by Charles Dederich. By the late 1970s, Synanon had developed into a cult and adopted a resolution proclaiming the Synanon Religion, with Dederich as the highest spiritual authority, allowing the organization to qualify as tax-exempt under US law. Synanon rejected the use of medication for drug rehabilitation, and instead relied on the "Synanon Game", group sessions of attack therapy where members were encouraged to criticize and humiliate each other.[8][9] Synanon popularized "tough love" attack therapy as a treatment for addiction, and the idea that confrontation and verbal condemnation could cure adolescent misbehavior. Synanon disbanded in 1991, after its tax-exempt status was revoked by the IRS and it was bankrupted by having to pay US$17 million in back taxes.

A large and elegant pink-and-tan building with several archways and two large wings on either side.
Otal din tarihi Casa del Mar ya yi aiki a matsayin hedkwatar Synanon tun daga shekarar 1967.

Hanyoyin Synanon sun kasance masu tasiri sosai kuma sun yi wahayi zuwa ga kungiyoyin taimakon kai na ɗan adam kamar Erhard Seminars Training (est) da Lifespring .

An kuma yi amfani da maganin Synanon a cikin Straight, Incorporated da The Seed, shirye-shiryen gyaran miyagun ƙwayoyi guda biyu ga matasa.[10] : 8 :8

Tsohon memba na Synanon Mel Wasserman ya kafa CEDU Educational Services a 1967, kamfani wanda ke aiki a cikin masana'antar matasa mai wahala. CEDU ta mallaki makarantun kwana da yawa na riba, gidajen rukuni, da shirye-shiryen gyaran halayyar. Hanyoyin da makarantun CEDU suka yi amfani da su sun samo asali ne daga Synanon; alal misali, dogon lokaci, zaman manyan rukuni da ake kira "Annabi" sun ɗauki alamomi daga Synanon Game.[10] ::122 [11] CEDU ta fita daga kasuwanci a shekara ta 2005, a cikin karar da kuma takunkumin da aka yi a jihar.

Joseph "Joe" Ricci, wanda ya bar shirin kai tsaye na Synanon, ya kafa makarantar kwana mai suna Élan School a shekarar 1970. [10] ::122 Élan ya rufe a cikin 2011 a cikin ci gaba da zarge-zargen cin zarafi.

Har ila yau, dabarun Synanon sun yi wahayi zuwa ga World Wide Association of Specialty Programs (WWASP), ƙungiyar laima ta wurare da ake nufi don farfado da matasa masu wahala.[1] : 132-133 WWASP ba ta cikin kasuwanci ba, saboda yaduwar zarge-zargen cin zarafin jiki da tunani.[2] Yawancin shirye-shiryen WWASP sun rufe ta Costa Rican, Jamaican, da gwamnatocin Mexico bayan bincike kan zarge-zargen cin zarafi

Ayyuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An soki shirye-shiryen matasa masu wahala saboda rashin bayar da magunguna masu tushe kamar maganin halayyar fahimta ko Kulawa da rauni da tashin hankali.[6] Yawancin shirye-shiryen matasa masu wahala suna da asali na yau da kullun wanda ya fito daga Synanon, kuma suna amfani da wani nau'i na "wasan," zaman maganin rukuni. Bugu da ƙari, wasu shirye-shiryen TTI suna amfani da wani nau'i na maganin farko, wani nau'in maganin da ba a yarda da shi ba wanda ya haɗa da sake yin abubuwan da suka faru da kuma ciwo kamar fyade.[12]

Ayyuka da yawa da aka yi amfani da su a cikin shirye-shiryen matasa masu wahala, musamman azabtarwa, an ware su a matsayin cin zarafin yara ko sakaci. Wadannan sun hada da amma ba a iyakance su ba: ƙuntata sadarwa tare da iyali da takwarorinsu; amfani da ƙuntataccen jiki da sinadarai (watau, a cikin nau'ikan magunguna masu narkewa); amfani da ɓoyewa a matsayin horo; maganin juyin gay; yin amfani da bincike mai yawa da bincike; ƙin barci da abinci mai gina jiki; maganin ƙyama; da dai sauransu.[12]

A cikin shekara ta 2007, Ofishin Gudanar da Gwamnati ya buga wani binciken da ya tabbatar da dubban rahotanni na cin zarafi da mutuwa a wuraren TTI tun daga shekarar 1990. [6] [13][14] Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Naƙasassu ta Kasa ta buga wani rahoto a cikin 2021 wanda ke ba da rahoton batutuwan da aka saba da su a wuraren matasa masu wahala ciki har da nau'ikan cin zarafin da aka ambata a sama da kuma karancin ma'aikata, hana ilimi, da yanayin wuraren da ba su da tsabta da aminci.[15]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Mooney, Heather; Leighton, Paul (2019). "Troubled Affluent Youth's Experiences in a Therapeutic Boarding School: The Elite Arm of the Youth Control Complex and Its Implications for Youth Justice". Critical Criminology (in Turanci). 27 (4): 611–626. doi:10.1007/s10612-019-09466-4. ISSN 1572-9877. S2CID 210585644.
  2. ↑ Golightley, Sarah (2020). "Troubling the 'troubled teen' industry: Adult reflections on youth experiences of therapeutic boarding schools". Global Studies of Childhood (in Turanci). 10 (1): 53–63. doi:10.1177/2043610619900514. ISSN 2043-6106. S2CID 213786803.
  3. ↑ Krebs, Cathy (22 October 2021). "Five Facts About the Troubled Teen Industry". American Bar Association. American Bar Association. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  4. ↑ Younis, Yasmin (2021). "Institutionalized Child Abuse: The Troubled Teen Industry". SLU Law Journal Online.
  5. ↑ Mohr, Wanda K. (2009). "Still Shackled in the Land of Liberty: Denying Children the Right to be Safe From Abusive "Treatment"". Advances in Nursing Science. 32 (2): 173–185. doi:10.1097/ANS.0b013e3181a3b16f. ISSN 0161-9268. PMID 19461233. S2CID 40494944.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Review, The Regulatory (2023-06-27). "The Troubled Teen Industry's Troubling Lack of Oversight | The Regulatory Review". www.theregreview.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-07-13. Once there, RTFs advertise care, promise behavior modification, and seek to “fix” whatever parents may deem wrong with their teenage kids. But RTFs too often punish mental health and behavior, instead of treating it. Actual, evidence-based treatment, such as cognitive behavior therapy or trauma-informed care, is frequently supplanted by cruel, archaic methods of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Miller, Jessica (3 February 2020). "A teen from Bermuda died at a Utah treatment center, sparking anger there and investigations here". The Salt Lake Tribune (in Turanci). ISSN 0746-3502. OCLC 137343114. Retrieved 2023-12-24. She had been sent by Bermuda’s child welfare system more than 2,600 miles away to a Utah facility for troubled teens that was supposed to help her.
  8. ↑ Novak, Matt (15 April 2014). "Synanon's Sober Utopia: How a Drug Rehab Program Became a Violent Cult". Gizmodo. G/O Media. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  9. ↑ Ofshe, Richard (Summer 1980). "The Social Development of the Synanon Cult: The Managerial Strategy of Organizational Transformation". Sociological Analysis. 41 (2): 109–127. doi:10.2307/3709903. JSTOR 3709903. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Szalavitz: Help" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Hawkins, Eric (8 June 2020). "California School For 'Troubled Teens' Had Roots In A Notorious, Militant Cult". Oxygen True Crime. NBCUniversal. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "The Troubled Teen Industry – Breaking Code Silence" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-07-13. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  13. ↑ "Residential Treatment Programs: Concerns Regarding Abuse and Death in Certain Programs for Troubled Youth | U.S. GAO". www.gao.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  14. ↑ Kutz, Gregory D.; O'Connell, Andy (October 10, 2007). "RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT PROGRAMS: Concerns Regarding Abuse and Death in Certain Programs for Troubled Youth" (PDF). Government Accountability Office. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  15. ↑ "Desperation Without Dignity: Conditions of Children Placed in For Profit Residential Facilities" (PDF). National Disability Rights Network. July 13, 2023.
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