Jump to content

Mashigar Ruwa

Gyara hanyoyin mahaɗar
Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Mashigar Ruwa
type of watercourse (en) Fassara da type of structure (en) Fassara
The Alter Strom, a wurin shakatawa na teku na Warnemünde, Jamus
Royal Canal a kasar Ireland
Kanali na kananan jiragen ruwa kamar Basingstoke Canal sun bunkasa Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu a yawancin sassan Turai da Amurka.
Gada a kan Naviglio Grande, a garin Cassinetta di Lugagnano, a kasar Italiya
Kanal a Broek in Waterland, Netherlands
Kanal a Venice

Magudanar Ruwa ko Kanal hanyoyin ruwa ne ko kofofin ruwa da aka gina domin sarrafa magudanar ruwa (misali shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa) ko kuma domin jigilar ababen hawan ruwa (misali taksin ruwa). Suna dauke da ruwa mai gudu cikin kwanciyar hankali a karkashin karfin iska na sararin samaniya, kuma ana iya daukarsu a matsayin koguna na gina-zaune.

A mafi yawancin lokuta, kanal yana da jerin madatsun ruwa da kofofin kulle ruwa wadanda ke samar da madatsun ruwa masu gudun gaske a hankali. Wadannan madatsun ruwan ana kiransu da "matakan ruwa maras karfi", sau da yawa kuma ana kiransu "matakai". Ana iya kiran kanal da kanal din kewayawa lokacin da ya tafi daidai da kogi na halitta kuma yake raba wani sashi na kwararar ruwansa da kwararon magudanar ruwansa, sannan yake amfani da albarkatunsa ta hanyar gina madatsun ruwa da kofofin kulle ruwa domin karawa da kuma tsawaita tsawon matakan ruwansa maras karfi yayin da yake tsayawa a kwarurukansa.

Kanal yana iya yanke ta tsakiyar rarrabewar magudanar ruwa a saman tsauni, wanda yawanci ke bukatar asalin ruwa na waje sama da mafi girman mizanin tsayi. Fitaccen misali na irin wannan kanal din shi ne Panama Canal.

An gina kanali da yawa a wurare masu tsaayi, sama da kwaruruka da sauran hanyoyin ruwa. Kanali masu asalin ruwa a matakin da ya fi girma suna iya kai ruwa zuwa inda ake bukata kamar birni inda ake bukatar ruwan. Hanyoyin jigilar ruwa na Daular Roma sun kasance irin wadannan kanali na samar da ruwa.

An taba amfani da kalmar a dā domin siffanta wasu layuka na musamman a saman doron duniyar Mars, kodayake hotunan zamani sun nuna cewa wannan kuskuren suna ne kawai.

Irin magudanun ruwa na gina-zaune

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Saimaa Canal, kanal din jigila tsakanin Finland da Rasha, a Lappeenranta

"Kewayawa" wani jeri ne na kofofin ruwa da ke tafiya kusan daidai da kwararo da gadon rafi na kogin da ba a gyara ba. Kewayawa koyaushe tana raba kwararon magudanar ruwa na kogin. Jirgi yana amfani da sassa masu kwanciyar hankali na kogin kansa gami da gyare-gyaren da aka yi, yana ratsa ta cikin canje-canje na tsayi iri daya.

Ingantaccen "kanal" shi ne kofar ruwa da ke yanke ta tsakiyar rarrabewar magudanar ruwa, yana samar da hanyar ruwa mai kewayuwa da ke hada kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda biyu mabanbanta.

Westbury Court Garden: lambun "Kanal"

Tsare-tsare da ake amfani da su a magudanun ruwa na gina-zaune

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dukansu kewayawa da kanali suna amfani da tsare-tsaren injiniyan gine-gine domin inganta kewayawa:

  • madatsun ruwa kanana da manya domin daga matakan ruwan kogi zuwa zurfin da za a iya amfani da shi;
  • hanyoyin gangarowa na kewaye domin samar da doguwar hanya mai sauki kusa da sassan ruwa masu gudu da sauri ko magudanan ruwa na faduwa;
  • kofofin kulle ruwa domin ba wa jiragen ruwa da kwatoci damar hawa da sauka.

Tun da yake suna yanke ta tsakiyar rarrabewar magudanar ruwa, maimakon bin matakin ruwa na halitta, ingantattun kanali sun fi wahalar ginawa kuma sau da yawa suna bukatar karin gyare-gyare, kamar gadoji masu dogon zango da gadojin ruwa.

Irin kanali

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai manyan nau'ikan kanali guda biyu:

  • Hanyoyin Ruwa: kanali da kewayawa da ake amfani da su wajen daukar jiragen ruwa masu jigilar kayayyaki da mutane. Ana iya raba wadannan guda biyu:
  • Wadanda ke hada tabkuna, koguna, sauran kanali ko tekuna da manyan tekuna da ke akwai.
  • Wadanda ke hade a cikin tsarin birni: kamar "Canal Grande" da sauran na Venice; "grachten" na Amsterdam ko Utrecht, da kuma hanyoyin ruwa na Bangkok.
  • Gadojin ruwa: kanali na samar da ruwa wadanda ake amfani da su don jigila da isar da ruwan sha, amfanin birni, kanali na makamashin ruwa da ban ruwa na aikin gona.
Loda gawayi a Lehigh Canal don ciyar da masana'antun farko na Amurka a zamanin majagaba
1. Tsarin Matakin Ruwa Mai Tsauni (HWL) 2. Kofar ruwa mara zurfi 3. Kofar ambaliyar ruwa 4. Gangarar gefen kogi 5. Katangar gefen kogi 6. Kololuwar katangar kariya 7. Gangarar gefen kasa 8. Katangar gefen kasa 9. Shinge na musamman 10. Tufafin kariya na ruwa mara zurfi 11. Kasar gefen kogi 12. Katangar kariya 13. Kasa mai kariya ta can kasa 14. Shiyyar kogi
Danube-Black Sea Canal a Romania
Amsterdam-Rhine Canal kusa da Rijswijk, Netherlands

Mahimmanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A tarihi, kanali sun kasance masu mahimmancin gaske ga kasuwanci, ci gaba, girma da kuzari na wayewar kai. Motsin manyan danyen kayayyaki kamar gawayi da ma'adinai—wadanda kusan sune sharadin kara bunkasar birane da masana'antu—sun kasance masu wahala kuma basu da saukin kudi idan ba ta hanyar jigilar ruwa ba. Motsin manyan danyen kayayyaki, wanda kanali suka saukaka, ya rura wutar Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, wanda ya kai ga sabbin fannonin bincike, sabbin masana'antu da tattalin arziki na fadin kasa, tare da daga matayin rayuwa ga al'ummomin da suka ci gaba da masana'antu.

Kadan daga cikin kanali da ke aiki har yanzu a karni na 21 kadan ne idan aka kwatanta da adadin da aka taba kula da su a farkon Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu. Sauya su ya kasance a hankali, yana farawa ne da farko a United Kingdom a shekarun 1840, inda aka fara habaka jigilar kayayyaki ta kanal sannan daga baya tsarin layin dogo wanda ya fi sauri, mara takaitaccen yanayi na kasa, da kuma saukin kulawa ya maye gurbinsa gaba daya.

A farkon shekarun 1880, kanali da yawa ba su iya yin gaba da jigilar layin dogo ba don haka aka yi wariyar da su. A karni na 20, man fetur ya kara zama zababben makamashi na dumi, kuma yawan jigilar gawayi ya fara raguwa. Bayan Yakin Duniya na Farko, ci gaban fasaha a motocin manyan motoci gami da fadada hanyoyin mota ya sa an kara jigilar kayayyaki ta hanya, kuma kanali na karshe na kananan kwatoci na Amurka sun ga raguwa a kai a kai na ton-milon kaya.

Kananan hanyoyin ruwa na cikin gida wadanda a dā suke da muhimmanci, wadanda aka tsara kuma aka gina su azaman kanali na jiragen ruwa da kwatoci, an fi yawanci maye gurbinsu kuma aka cike su, aka watsar da su aka bar su su lalace, ko kuma aka ajiye su don aiki a karkashin hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa da ma'aikatan gwamnati ke kula da su, inda ake kula da madatsun ruwa da kofofin kulle ruwa don shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa ko tukin jirgi na nishadi. A yau, yawancin kanali na jiragen ruwa (wadanda aka yi niyya don manyan jiragen ruwa na teku) da farko suna hidimar jigilar kaya masu yawa da manyan masana'antun jigilar jiragen ruwa.

Kanal mafi tsayi da ke akwai a yau, Grand Canal a arewacin China, har yanzu ana amfani da shi sosai, musamman sashin da ke kudancin Yellow River. Ya tashi daga Beijing zuwa Hangzhou a tsawon kilomita 1,794 (miliyan 1,115).

Gina

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana gina kanali ta hanya daya daga cikin hanyoyi guda uku, ko kuma hadakar duka ukun, dangane da ruwan da ke akwai da kuma hanyar da ke akwai:

Rafukan da mutum ya yi
  • Ana iya samar da kanal inda babu wani rafi a halin yanzu. Ko dai a haka ramin kanal din ko kuma a samar da gefen kanal din ta hanyar yin katangun kasa ko shinge ta hanyar tara datti, dutse, kankare ko sauran kayan gini. Siffar karshe ta kanal din kamar yadda ake gani a rabe-raben tsakiya ana kiranta da "prism na kanal".[1] Dole ne a samar da ruwa don kanal din daga asalin waje, kamar rafuka ko madatsun ruwa. Inda sabuwar hanyar ruwa dole ne ta canza tsayi, ana gina ayyukan injiniya kamar kofofin kulle ruwa, na'urorin daukawa ko lif domin daga da sauke jiragen ruwa. Misalai sun hada da kanali da ke hada kwaruruka a kan wani babban yanki na kasa, kamar Canal du Midi, Canal de Briare da Panama Canal.
  • Ana iya gina kanal ta hanyar hakar rami a kasan tabkin da ke akwai. Lokacin da ramin ya cika, sai a kwashe ruwan tabkin kuma ramin ya zama sabon kanal, yana yin hidimar magudanar ruwa na polder da ke kewaye da kuma samar da jigila a can. Misalai sun hada da Samfuri:Interlanguage link multi. Haka kuma mutum zama zai iya gina katangun kasa guda biyu masu tafiya daidai a cikin tabkin da ke akwai, yana samar da sabon kanal a tsakanin su, sannan ya kwashe sauran sassan tabkin. An gina gabashi da tsakiyar sassa na North Sea Canal ta wannan hanyar. A cikin duka shari'o'in biyu, ana bukatar tashoshin famfo don kiyaye kasar da ke kewaye da kanal din ta kasance a bushe, ko dai ta hanyar hako ruwa daga kanal din zuwa ruwan da ke kewaye, ko kuma hako shi daga kasar zuwa cikin kanal din.
Mayar da kogi kanal da kewayawa
  • Za a iya mayar da rafi ya zama kanal domin sanya hanyar kewayawarsa ta kasance mai saukin hangowa da saukin sarrafawa. Mayar da kogi kanal yana gyara rafin ne don daukar ababen hawa cikin aminci ta hanyar sarrafa kwararar rafin ta hanyar hakar kasa, yin madatsar ruwa da gyara hanyarsa. Wannan akai-akai ya hada da sanya kofofin kulle ruwa da madatsun zubar da ruwa na ragi, wadanda ke sanya kogin ya zama na kewayawa. Misalai sun hada da Lehigh Canal a yankin gawayi na Northeastern Pennsylvania, Basse Saône, Canal de Mines de Fer de la Moselle, da kanal Aisne. Ana iya bukatar mayar da yankin riparian yadda yake.
Kanali na gefe
  • Lokacin da rafi ya kasance mai wuyar gyarawa ta hanyar "mayar da kogi kanal", ana iya samar da rafi na biyu kusa da ko a kalla kusa da rafin da ke akwai. Wannan ana kiransa da "kanal na gefe", kuma yana iya juyawa a cikin babban lankwasa na takalmin doki ko jerin lankwasawa mai nisa kadan daga gadon rafin asalin ruwan, yana tsawaita ingantaccen tsayi domin rage mizanin hawa a kan tafiya (gangarawa ko kusurwa). Rafin da ke akwai yawanci yana aiki azaman asalin ruwa kuma yanayin kasa na gefen bankunansa yana samar da hanya don sabon jikin ruwan. Misalai sun hada da Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Canal latéral à la Loire, Garonne Lateral Canal, Welland Canal da Juliana Canal.

Kananan kanali na jigila suna iya daukar kwatoci ko kananan jiragen ruwa, yayin da kanali na jiragen ruwa ke ba wa jiragen ruwa na teku damar tafiya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na cikin gida (misali, Manchester Ship Canal), ko daga wani teku ko babban teku zuwa wani (misali, Caledonian Canal, Panama Canal).

Siffofi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A mafi sauki, kanali sun kunshi rami mai cike da ruwa. Dangane da irin kasar da kanal din yake ratsawa ta cikinta, yana iya zama dole a lallaba ramin da wani nau'i na kayan da ba ya barin ruwa ya wuce kamar yumbu ko kankare. Lokacin da aka yi wannan da yumbu, ana kiransa puddling.

Kanali suna bukatar su kasance a daidaitaccen mataki, kuma yayin da kananan rashin daidaituwa a cikin yanayin kasar za a iya magance su ta hanyar hakar ramuka da gina katangun kasa, don manyan karkatattun abubuwa an dauki wasu hanyoyin. Mafi na kowa shi ne kofar kulle ruwa ta daki, wacce ta kunshi daki wanda a ciki za a iya daga ko sauke matakin ruwan, yana hada ko dai sassa biyu na kanal a mataki mabanbanci ko kuma kanal din da kogi ko teku. Lokacin da akwai tsauni da za a hau, ana iya amfani da jerin kofofin kulle ruwa da yawa a jere cikin kankanin lokaci.

Kafin bunkasar kofar kulle ruwa ta daki (mai kofofi biyu) a karni na 10 a kasar China[2] da karni na 15 a Turai, jiragen ruwa dole ne su hau su sauka ko dai da kofofin kulle ruwa na gaggawa, wadanda suka kunshi kofa guda daya, ko kuma da gadoji masu gangarawa, wani lokacin kuma suna da na'urorin mirgina. Kofofin kulle ruwa na gaggawa sun kasance masu wahalar sha'ani kuma ana iya amfani da su ne kawai inda akwai wadataccen ruwa.

Zagayowar kofar kulle ruwa yana amfani da yawan ruwa mai yawa, don haka magina sun dauki wasu hanyoyin don yanayin da babu wadataccen ruwa. Wadannan sun hada da na'urorin daukawa jiragen ruwa, kamar Falkirk Wheel, wadanda ke amfani da akwatin ruwa wanda jiragen ruwa ke shawagi a ciki yayin da ake motsa su tsakanin matakai guda biyu; da gadoji masu gangarawa na kanal inda ake janyo akwatin ruwa a kan layin dogo mai gangarawa sosai.

Ketare rafi, hanya ko kwararo, inda tsaikon da jerin kofofin kulle ruwa za su haifar a kowane gefe ba zai amfuhu ba, ana iya cimma hakan ta hanyar gina gadon ruwa mai kewayuwa, kamar Pontcysyllte Aqueduct (wanda yanzu yake rukunin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO) a fadin kwararon kogi na River Dee a Wales.

Wani zabin na daban don magance tsaunuka shi ne hakar rami ta cikin su. Misali na wannan hanyar shi ne Harecastle Tunnel a kan Trent and Mersey Canal. Ramukan karkashin kasa suna da amfani ne kawai don kananan kanali.

Wasu kanali sun yi kokarin kiyaye canje-canje a matakin ruwa zuwa mafi karanci. Wadannan kanali wadanda aka sani da kanali na kwatankwacin layi suna daukar dogon lokaci, hanyoyi masu karkacewa, wadanda kasar take da tsayi iri daya. Wasu kanali na daban, yawanci na baya, sun dauki hanyoyi kai tsaye wadanda ke bukatar amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don magance canjin matakin ruwa.

Kanali suna da siffofi daban-daban don magance matsalar samar da ruwa. A wasu lokuta, kamar Suez Canal, kanal din yana bude yake ga teku. Inda kanal din ba ya a matakin teku, an dauki hanyoyi da yawa. Daukar ruwa daga koguna ko idanun ruwa da ke akwai ya kasance zabi ne a wasu lokuta, wani lokacin kuma ana cika shi da sauran hanyoyin don magance bambance-bambancen lokaci na kwararar ruwa. Inda babu irin wadannan asalin ruwan, an yi amfani da madatsun ruwa – ko dai na daban da kanal din ko kuma wadanda aka gina a cikin hanyarsa – da famfo na dawo da ruwa baya don samar da ruwan da ake bukatar. A sauran lokuta, an yi amfani da ruwan da aka hako daga mahakar ma'adinai don ciyar da kanal din. A wasu takamaiman lokuta, an gina "kanali na ciyarwa" masu fadi don kawo ruwa daga asalin da ke da nisa sosai da kanal din.

Inda ake loda ko sauke kayayyaki masu yawa kamar a karshen kanal, ana iya gina ramin kanal. Wannan yawanci zai kasance sashin ruwa ne wanda ya fi fadin kanal din na gaba daya. A wasu lokuta, ramukan kanal din suna dauke da runfuna da na'urorin daukawa kaya don taimakawa da motsin kayayyaki.

Lokacin da ake bukatar rufe wani sashi na kanal domin a iya kwashe ruwansa don gyare-gyare, galibi ana amfani da allunan datse ruwa. Wadannan sun kunshi allunan katako da aka sanya a fadin kanal din don samar da madatsar ruwa. Yawanci ana sanya su ne a cikin ramukan da ke akwai a bankin kanal din. A kan kanali na zamani, wani lokacin ana sanya "kofofin tsaro" ko kofofi don ba wa sashin kanal damar rufewa cikin sauri, ko dai don gyare-gyare, ko kuma don hana asarar ruwa mai yawa saboda fashewar kanal din.

Faduwar kanal

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

"Faduwar kanal", ko digon kanal, faduwa ce ta tsaye a cikin gadon kanal. Ana gina wadannan ne lokacin da gangarar kasar ta halitta ta fi tsananin gangarar kanal din da ake bukata. Ana gina su ne domin makamashin motsi na ruwan da ke fadowa ya bazu domin hana shi kwashe gado da gefen kanal din.[3]:643

Ana gina faduwar kanal ta hanyar hakawa da cikawa. Ana iya hada shi da na'urar sarrafawa, gada, ko wani tsari daban don rage farashi.[3]:643–4

Akwai nau'ikan faduwar kanal daban-daban, dangane da siffarsu. Nau'i daya shi ne faduwar ogee, inda faduwar ke bin lankwasa mai siffar s don samar da sauyi mai santsi da rage hargitsi. Sai dai, wannan sauyi mai santsi ba ya baje makamashin motsi na ruwan, wanda ke kai ga kwashe kasa mai yawa. Sakamakon haka, kanal din yana bukatar a karfafa shi da kankare ko aikin gini domin kare shi daga dacewa.[3]:644

Wani nau'i na faduwar kanal shi ne faduwar tsaye, wacce take da "sauki da tattali". Wadannan suna dauke da "tanka", ko yanki mai zurfi kadan a can kasa bayan faduwar, don "tafasa" ruwan ta hanyar samar da tafki mai zurfi don makamashin motsinsa ya bazu a ciki. Faduwar tsaye tana aiki don digon da ya kai tsayin mita 1.5 a tsayi, da kuma kwararar ruwa da ta kai mita kubik 15 a sakan guda.[3]:646

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kanal a Sète, France

Karfin jigilar dabbobin dako da amalanke yana da iyaka. Alfadari yana iya daukar iyakar kaya na fam 250[4] a kan tafiya ta kwanaki ko makonni da yawa,[4] kodayake ya fi haka nesa ba kusa ba don gajerun nisa da lokuta tare da hutu mai dacewa.[4] Bayan haka, amalanke suna bukatar hanyoyi. Jigilar kayayyaki ta ruwa tana da inganci sosai kuma tana da tsada kalilan don manyan kayayyaki.

Kanali na dā

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

The tsofaffin kanali da aka sani sun kasance kanali na ban ruwa, wadanda aka gina a Mesopotamia kimanin shekaru 4000 BC, a cikin abin da yake kasar Iraq a yau. Wayewar Kwararon Indus a cikin abin da yake kasar Pakistan da Northwestern India a yau (kusan 3000 BC) tana da ingantaccen tsarin ban ruwa da ajiya da aka habaka, gami da madatsun ruwa da aka gina a Girnar a shekarar 3000 BC.[5] Wannan shi ne karon farko da aka gudanar da irin wannan tsari na aikin gine-gine na bai-daya a duniyar dā. A kasar Egypt, kanali sun samo asali ne tun a kalla lokacin Pepi I Meryre (wanda ya yi sarauta a shekarun 2332–2283 BC), wanda ya ba da umarnin gina kanal don kewayawa babban magudanan ruwa na Nile kusa da Aswan.[6]

Grand Canal na kasar China a Suzhou, Jiangsu

A tarihin dā na kasar China, manyan kanali don jigilar koguna an kafa su tun a lokacin Spring and Autumn period (karni na 8 zuwa na 5 BC), mafi tsayi a wancan lokacin shi ne Hong Gou (Kanal na Tsuntsayen Daji), wanda a cewar masanin tarihi na dā Sima Qian ya hada tsofaffin jihohi na Song, Zhang, Chen, Cai, Cao, da Wei.[7] Tsarin Caoyun na kanali ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga harajin daular, wanda aka fi sani da kayayyaki kuma ya kunshi jigilar shinkafa da sauran hatsi masu taron yawa. Ya zuwa yanzu kanal mafi tsayi shi ne Grand Canal na kasar China, wanda har yanzu shi ne kanal mafi tsayi a duniya a yau kuma mafi tsoho da ke akwai har yanzu.[8] Yana da tsawon kilomita 1,794 kuma an gina shi ne don daukar Sarki Yang Guang tsakanin Zhuodu (Beijing) da Yuhang (Hangzhou). An fara aikin ne a shekarar 605 kuma aka kammala shi a 609, kodayake yawancin aikin ya hada tsofaffin kanali ne, inda sashin da ya fi tsufa na kanal din ya kasance tun a kalla shekarar 486 BC. Hatta a sassan birni da suka fi kunkuntar, yana da wuya fadinsa ya kasance kasa da mita 30.

A karni na 5 BC, sarkin Achaemenid Xerxes I na Farisa ya ba da umarnin gina Xerxes Canal ta kasan gabar tekun Dutsen Athos, Chalkidiki, da ke arewacin kasar Greece.[9] An gina shi ne a matsayin wani sashi na shirye-shiryensa na mamayar Farisa ta biyu a Greece, wani sashi na Yakunan Greco-Persian. Yana daya daga cikin 'yan abubuwan tarihi da Daular Farisa ta bari a Turai.[10]

Injiniyoyin Greece na cikin na farko da suka fara amfani da kofofin kulle ruwa na kanal, wadanda suka yi amfani da su wajen daidaita kwararar ruwa a tsohon Suez Canal tun a karni na 3 BC.[11][12][13]

Akwai karancin kwarewa wajen motsa kaya masu yawa ta amfani da amalanke, yayin da dokin dako zai iya daukar kashi daya cikin takwas na tan guda kawai. A kan hanya mai laushi, doki yana iya janyo kashi biyar cikin takwas na tan guda. Amma idan aka dauki kayan ta hanyar kwatoci a kan hanyar ruwa, to doki guda zai iya janyo har zuwa tan 30.
— masanin tarihin fasaha Ronald W. Clark yana magana ne game da zahirin jigila kafin juyin juya halin masana'antu da zamanin kanali.[4]

Hohokam ta kasance al'umma ce a yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka ta Arewa a cikin abin da yake wani sashi na Arizona, Amurka, da Sonora, Mexico a yau. Tsarin ban ruwansu ya tallafi mafi yawan jama'a a Kudu maso Yamma zuwa shekarar 1300 AD.[14] Masana kimiyyar kayan tarihi da ke aiki a wani babban aikin gano kayan tarihi a shekarun 1990 a kwararon Tucson, tare da kogin Santa Cruz, sun gano wata al'ada da mutanen da wataƙila sun kasance magabatan Hohokam.[15] Wannan rukunin mutane na kafin tarihi ya mamaye kudancin Arizona tun a shekarar 2000 BC, kuma a farkon lokacin aikin gona sun noma masara, sun rayu duk shekara a kauyuka na gina-zaune, kuma sun habaka ingantaccen kanali na ban ruwa.[14] Babban tsarin ban ruwa na Hohokam a yankin Phoenix ya kasance mafi sarkakiya a Arewacin Amurka na dā. An sabunta wani sashi na tsofaffin kanali don aikin Salt River Project kuma yanzu yana taimakawa wajen samar da ruwan birnin.

Yodha Ela, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka

Mutanen Sinhalese sun gina Yodha Ela mai tsawon kilomita 87 a shekarar 459 AD a matsayin wani sashi na faffadan tsarin ban ruwa na Sri Lanka wanda ya yi aiki irin na madatsar ruwa mai motsi saboda yanayin katangarsa guda daya don sarrafa matsin lamba na kanal din tare da kwararar ruwa. An kuma tsara shi azaman madatsar ruwa mai tsawo da ke ratsawa ta cikin tarkuna masu samar da kananan wuraren tara ruwa guda 66 yayin da yake kwarara daga Kala Wewa zuwa Thissa Wawa. Ba a tsara kanal din don saurin isar da ruwa daga Kala Wewa zuwa Thissa Wawa ba, a'a an yi shi ne don samar da dimbin ruwa tsakanin madatsun ruwa guda biyu, wanda hakan zai samar da ruwa ga aikin gona da amfanin mutane da dabbobi.[16] [17] Sun kuma cimma gangarwa mai karanci sosai ga lokacinsa. Har yanzu ana amfani da kanal din bayan an gyara shi.

Zamanin Tsakiyar Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Thal Canal, Punjab, Pakistan

A Zamanin Tsakiyar Tarihi (Middle Ages), jigilar ruwa ta ninka sau da yawa a sauki da sauri fiye da jigilar kasa. An yi amfani da jigilar kasa ta hanyar karfin dabbobi da ke janyo amalanke a kusa da yankunan da mutane ke zaune, amma hanyoyin da ba a gyara ba sun bukaci ayarin dabbobin dako, yawanci alfadarai domin daukar kowane mataki na kaya, kuma yayin da alfadari zai iya daukar kaya na tan guda cikin takwas,[4] yana kuma bukatar matuka da za su kula da shi kuma mutum daya zai iya kula da alfadarai kusan biyar kacal,[4] wanda ke nufin jigilar kaya masu yawa ta kasa tana da tsada, tunda mutane suna tsammanin lada a matsayin albashi da wurin kwana da abinci. Wannan ya faru ne saboda hanyoyin nisa ba su da kwalta, kuma mafi akasari suna da kunkuntar da amalanke ba za su iya wucewa ba, balle manyan motocin dako, kuma suna cikin mummunan yanayi, suna bi ta cikin daji, wurare masu laka ko fadama kamar yadda suke bi ta busasshiyar kasa da ba a gyara ba. A wancan zamanin, kamar a yau, manyan kayayyaki, musamman danyen kayayyaki, ana iya jigilar su ta jirgin ruwa cikin sauki da tattali fiye da ta kasa; a zamanin kafin layin dogo na juyin juya halin masana'antu, jigilar ruwa ita ce mafi inganci da sauri. Kanal na farko da mutum ya gina a Yammacin Turai shi ne Fossa Carolina da aka gina a karshen karni na 8 a karkashin kulawar Charlemagne.

A kasar Britain, an yi amgaci cewa Glastonbury Canal shi ne kanal na farko bayan zamanin Roma kuma an gina shi ne a tsakiyar karni na 10 don hada River Brue a Northover[18] da Glastonbury Abbey, tazarar tana da kusan kilomita 1.75.[19] An yi amgaci cewa manufarsa ta farko ita ce jigilar duwatsun gini don gina wurin ibadar, amma daga baya an yi amfani da shi wajen isar da kayan amfanin gona, gami da hatsi, giya da kifi, daga kaddarorin da ke wajen wurin ibadar. Ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa a kalla karni na 14, amma mai yiyuwa ne ya kai har tsakiyar karni na 16.[20]

Mafi dorewa da tasiri ga tattalin arziki sun kasance kanali kamar Naviglio Grande da aka gina tsakanin 1127 da 1257 don hada Milan da kogin Ticino. Naviglio Grande shi ne mafi mahimmanci a cikin "navigli" na Lombardy[21] kuma kanal mafi tsufa da ke aiki har yanzu a Turai.

Daga baya, an gina kanali a Netherlands da Flanders domin kwashe ruwan polders da kuma taimakawa wajen jigilar kayayyaki da mutane.

An sake dawo da ginin kanali a wannan zamanin saboda fadada kasuwanci tun daga karni na 12. An inganta kewayawar koguna a hankali ta hanyar amfani da kofofin kulle ruwa na gaggawa guda daya. Daukar jiragen ruwa ta cikin wadannan ya yi amfani da ruwa mai yawa wanda ya haifar da rikici da masu nika na injinan ruwa, kuma domin gyara wannan, kofofin kulle ruwa na daki (pound lock) sun fara bayyana a karni na 10 a China da kuma Turai a shekarar 1373 a Vreeswijk, Netherlands.[22] Wani muhimmin ci gaba kuma shi ne kofar mitre, wacce aka kiyasta cewa an gabatar da ita a Italiya ta hannun Bertola da Novate a karni na 16. Wannan ya ba da damar gina kofofi masu fadi da kuma cire takaitaccen tsayi na kofofin kulle na guillotine.

Domin karya iyakokin da kwarurukan koguna ke haifarwa, an habaka kanali na matakin kololuwa na farko tare da Grand Canal na kasar China a shekarun 581–617 AD yayin da a Turai na farko, wanda kuma ya yi amfani da kofofin kulle guda daya, ya kasance Stecknitz Canal a Jamus a shekarar 1398.

Afirka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A Daular Songhai ta Yammacin Afirka, an gina kanali da yawa a karkashin Sunni Ali da Askia Muhammad I tsakanin Kabara da Timbuktu a karni na 15. An yi amfani da wadannan ne musamman don ban ruwa da jigila. Sunni Ali ya kuma yi kokarin gina kanal daga Kogin Niger zuwa Walata domin saukaka mamaye birnin amma ci gabansa ya tsaya lokacin da ya tafi yaki da Daulolin Mossi.[23]

Farkon zamanin zamani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kanal din Dutch a Negombo, Sri Lanka

Kimanin shekarun 1500–1800 kanal na matakin kololuwa na farko da ya yi amfani da kofofin kulle ruwa na daki a Turai shi ne Briare Canal da ke hada Loire da Seine (1642), sannan aka biyo baya da Canal du Midi (1683) mafi girma da ke hada Tekun Atlantic da Tekun Mediterranean. Wannan ya hada da jerin kofofin kulle guda 8 a Béziers, rami mai tsawon mita 157, da manyan gadojin ruwa guda uku.

Ginin kanal ya ci gaba a hankali a Jamus a karni na 17 da na 18 inda aka hada manyan koguna guda uku, Elbe, Oder da Weser ta hanyar kanali. A kasar Britain bayan zamanin Roma, kanal na farko da aka gina a farkon zamanin zamani ya kasance Exeter Canal, wanda aka auna shi a shekarar 1563, kuma aka bude shi a 1566.[24][25]

Kanal mafi tsufa a cikin matsugunan Turai na Amurka ta Arewa, wanda a fasahance kofar gudanar da injin nika ce da aka gina don amfanin masana'antu, shi ne Mother Brook tsakanin unguwannin Boston, Massachusetts na Dedham da Hyde Park da ke hada ruwan Charles River da bakin kogi na Neponset River da teku. An gina shi ne a shekarar 1639 domin samar da karfin ruwa ga injinan nika.

A kasar Russia, an bude Volga–Baltic Waterway a shekarar 1718, wanda tsarin kanal ne na kasa baki daya da ke hada Tekun Baltic da Tekun Caspian ta hanyar kogunan Neva da Volga.

Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tsarin kanal na makamashi na Lowell

Tsarin kanal na zamani ya kasance mafi akasari samfurin karni na 18 da farkon karni na 19 ne. Ya samu kafuwa ne saboda Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu (wanda ya fara a Britain a tsakiyar karni na 18) ya bukaci hanya mai sauki da amfani domin jigilar kayayyaki cikin yawa.

A farkon karni na 18, kewayawar koguna kamar Aire and Calder Navigation ya kasance mai inganci sosai, tare da kofofin kulle ruwa na daki (pound locks) da "ramuka" masu tsayi (wasu da kofofin kulle na tsakiya) don kauce wa sassan kogi masu wahala ko karkacewa. Daga karshe, kwarewar gina ramuka masu tsayi na matakai daban-daban tare da kofofin kulle na kansu ya haifar da ra'ayin gina kanal na "gaskiya", wato hanyar ruwa da aka tsara ta dangane da inda kayayyaki ke bukatar zuwa, ba inda kogi yake ba.

Ana tafka muhawara a kan ikirarin kanal na gaskiya na farko a Great Britain tsakanin magoya bayan "Sankey" da "Bridgewater".[26] Kanal na farko na gaskiya a cikin abin da yake United Kingdom a yau shi ne Newry Canal a Northern Ireland wanda Thomas Steers ya gina a shekarar 1741.

Sankey Brook Navigation, wanda ya hada St Helens da River Mersey, galibi ana da'awar shi ne a matsayin kanal na farko na zamani na "gina-zaune gaba daya" saboda ko da yake asalinsa shiri ne na sanya Sankey Brook ya kasance mai kewayuwa, ya kunshi sabuwar kofar ruwa ta gina-zaune gaba daya wacce ta kasance kanal a zahiri tare da kwararon kwarin Sankey Brook.[26][27] Duk da haka, magoya bayan "Bridgewater" sun nuna cewa kwatoci na karshe na kewayawar rafi ne na Brook da aka mayar da shi kanal, kuma Bridgewater Canal ne ya dauki hankalin jama'a kuma ya ruruta gina sauran kanali.[26][27]

Bridgewater Canal a kasar England

A tsakiyar karni na sha takwas, Duke na 3 na Bridgewater, wanda ya mallaki mahakar gawayi da yawa a arewacin England, yana bukatar hanya mai inganci domin jigilar gawayinsa zuwa birnin Manchester da ke saurin bunkasa masana'antu. Ya ba injiniya James Brindley aikin gina kanal don wannan manufar. Tsarin Brindley ya kunshi gadon ruwa da ke dauke da kanal din a fadin River Irwell. Wannan ya kasance abun al'ajabi na injiniya wanda nan da nan ya janyo hankalin masu ziyara.[26][27] Duke ne ya dauki nauyin gina wannan kanal din gaba daya kuma aka gina shi da suna Bridgewater Canal. An bude shi a shekarar 1761 kuma ya kasance babban kanal na farko na kasar Britain.[28]

Sabbin kanali sun nuna nasara mai girma. Jiragen ruwa a kan kanal din dawakai ne ke janyo su tare da hanyar kusa da kanal din don dokin ya yi tafiya a kai. Wannan tsari na dawakai ya nuna yana da tattali sosai kuma ya zama daidaitaccen tsari a fadin hanyoyin kanal na kasar Britain. Ana iya ganin jiragen ruwan kanal na kasuwanci dake amfani da dawakai a kan kanali na UK har zuwa shekarun 1950, kodayake a lokacin jiragen ruwa masu amfani da man dizal, wadanda galibi ke janyo jirgi na biyu mara inji, sun riga sun zama daidaitaccen tsari.

Jiragen ruwan kanal din suna iya daukar tan talatin a lokaci guda tare da doki guda daya kacal yana janyowa[28] – fiye da sau goma na adadin kaya ga kowane doki da zai yiwu a dauka da amalanke. Saboda wannan babban karuwa na samar da kayayyaki, kanal din Bridgewater ya rage farashin gawayi a Manchester da kusan kashi biyu cikin uku a cikin shekara guda kacal da bude shi. Bridgewater kuma ya kasance babban rabo na kudi, inda ya dawo da abin da aka kashe wajen gina shi a cikin 'yan shekaru kalilan.

Wannan nasara ta tabbatar da ingancin jigilar kanal, kuma ba dade ba masu masana'antu a sauran sassa da dama na kasar suka bukaci kanali. Bayan kanal din Bridgewater, rukunoni na daidaikun mutane masu zaman kansu masu sha'awar inganta sadarwa ne suka gina kanali na farko. A Staffordshire, shahararren mai kera tukwane Josiah Wedgwood ya ga damar kawo danyen laka mai yawa zuwa kofofin masana'antarsa da kuma jigilar kayansa na tukunyar da aka kammala masu saukin fashewa zuwa kasuwa a Manchester, Birmingham ko mafi nisa, ta hanyar ruwa, domin rage fashewa. A cikin 'yan shekaru kalilan da bude Bridgewater, tsarin kanal na kasa ya fara kafuwa, tare da ginin kanali kamar Oxford Canal da Trent and Mersey Canal.[29]

Erie Canal, Lockport, New York, c. 1855

Sabon tsarin kanal din ya kasance silar saurin habakar masana'antu na yankin The Midlands da kuma arewa. Lokacin tsakanin shekarun 1770 zuwa 1830 galibi ana kiransa da "Zamanin Zinariya" na kanali na kasar Britain.

Ga kowane kanal, dokar majalisa (act of Parliament) ta kasance dole domin ba da izinin gine-gine, kuma yayin da mutane suka ga irin dimbin kudaden shiga da ake samu daga harajin kanal, shawarwarin gina kanal sun fara fitowa daga masu zuba jari masu sha'awar samun riba daga rabon riba, kamar yadda mutanen da kasuwancinsu zai ci gajiyar jigilar danyen kaya da kayayyakin da aka kammala cikin rahusa suka nuna sha'awa.

A cikin wani ci gaba na gaba, galibi ana samun hayaniya ta neman riba, inda mutane ke kokarin siyan hannun jari a sabon kamfani da aka kafa domin sake sayar da su don samun riba cikin gaggawa, ba tare da la'akari da ko kanal din zai taba samun riba ba, ko ma an gina shi. A wannan lokacin na "haurajiyar kanal" (canal mania), an zuba dimbin kudade wajen gina kanal, kuma ko da yake da yawa daga cikin tsare-tsaren ba su kai ga gaci ba, tsarin kanal din ya fadada cikin sauri zuwa kusan kilomita 6,400 (mil 4,000) a tsawon sa.[28]

An kafa kamfanonin kanal masu fafatawa da juna da yawa kuma gasa ta yi tsanani. Zai yiwu mafi kyawun misali shi ne Worcester Bar a Birmingham, wani wuri da Worcester and Birmingham Canal da kuma Birmingham Canal Navigations Main Line suka kasance da tazarar kafa bakwai kacal tsakaninsu. Na tsawon shekaru da dama, takaddama game da haraji ta sanya kayayyakin da ke ratsawa ta Birmingham dole ne a kwashe su daga jiragen ruwa na wani kanal zuwa jiragen ruwa na dayan kanal din.[30]

Gadon ruwa a fadin Mohawk River a Rexford, New York, daya daga cikin gadojin ruwa guda 32 masu kewayuwa a kan Erie Canal

A dā, jihohi daban-daban ne ke ba da hayar kamfanonin kanal a United States. Wadannan kanali na farko an gina su ne, kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na hadin gwiwa ne suka mallake su tare da sarrafa su. An kammala hudu lokacin da Yakin 1812 ya barke; wadannan sun kasance South Hadley Canal (an bude a 1795) a Massachusetts, Santee Canal (an bude a 1800) a South Carolina, Middlesex Canal (an bude a 1802) shi ma a Massachusetts, da kuma Dismal Swamp Canal (an bude a 1805) a Virginia. Erie Canal (an bude a 1825) jihar New York ce ta ba da hayarsa kuma ta mallake shi sannan aka ba da kudadensa ta hanyar takardun lamuni da masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu suka guda. Kanal din Erie yana da tsawon kusan kilomita 584 (mil 363) daga Albany, New York, a kan Hudson River zuwa Buffalo, New York, a Lake Erie. Kogin Hudson ya hada Albany da tashar ruwa ta Atlantic na New York City kuma Erie Canal ya kammala hanyar ruwa mai kewayuwa daga Tekun Atlantic zuwa Manyan Tafukan (Great Lakes). Kanal din yana dauke da kofofin kulle ruwa guda 36 kuma ya kunshi jimillar bambancin tsayi na kusan mita 172 (kafa 565). Erie Canal tare da saukin cudanyarsa da mafi yawan yankunan tsakiyar yammacin Amurka da New York City nan da nan ya biya duk jarin da aka zuba masa (dala miliyan 7 na Amurka) kuma ya fara samar da riba. Ta hanyar rage farashin jigilar kaya da rabi ko fiye da haka, ya zama babban cibiyar riba ga Albany da New York City yayin da ya ba da damar jigilar kayayyakin amfanin gona da yawa da aka noma a tsakiyar yammacin Amurka cikin rahusa zuwa sauran sassan duniya. Daga New York City, ana iya jigilar wadannan kayayyakin amfanin gona cikin sauki zuwa sauran jihohin Amurka ko ketare. Sakamakon tabbacin samun kasuwa ga kayayyakin gonakansu, zama a tsakiyar yammacin Amurka ya hanzarta sosai saboda Erie Canal. Ribar da aikin Erie Canal ya samar ta fara haifar da ruri na ginin kanal a Amurka wanda ya dore har zuwa kusan shekarar 1850 lokacin da layukan dogo suka fara zama masu gasa sosai a farashi da sauki. Blackstone Canal (an kammala shi a 1828) a Massachusetts da Rhode Island ya cika irin wannan rawar a farkon jukin juya halin masana'antu tsakanin 1828 da 1848. Kwarin Blackstone ya kasance babban mai ba da gudummawa ga Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu na Amurka inda Samuel Slater ya gina masana'antarsa ta farko ta tufafi.

Kofar ruwa (Sluice) a cikin kanal din Gabčíkovo Dam (Slovakia) – kanal din yana kai ruwa ne zuwa tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa.

Kanal na makamashi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kanal na makamashi (power canal) yana nufin kanal da ake amfani da shi don samar da makamashin ruwa (hydraulic power), maimakon na jigila. A yau ana gina kanali na makamashi kusan gaba daya a matsayin sassan tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Sassan Amurka, musamman a yankin Arewa maso Gabas, suna da isassun koguna masu gudu da sauri ta yadda ikon ruwa ya kasance mafi al'ajab na tafiyar da masana'antu (yawanci masana'antun tufafi) har sai bayan Yakin Basasar Amurka. Misali, Lowell, Massachusetts, wanda ake dauka a matsayin "Shimfidar Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu na Amurka," yana da kilomita 10 (mil 6) na kanali, da aka gina daga kusan 1790 zuwa 1850, wadanda suka samar da ikon ruwa da kuma hanyar jigila ga birnin. Ana kiyasta abin da tsarin ke samarwa ya kai dawakai 10,000 (kW 7,500).[31] Sauran biranen da ke da faffadan tsarin kanali na makamashi sun hada da Lawrence, Massachusetts, Holyoke, Massachusetts, Manchester, New Hampshire, da Augusta Canal da ke Augusta, Georgia. Kanal na makamashi mafi shahara an gina shi ne a shekarar 1862 don Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company.

Karni na 19

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kanali na Amurka kusan shekarar 1825

Gasa daga layukan dogo tun daga shekarun 1830 da hanyoyi a karni na 20, ta sanya kananan kanali sun tsufa ga mafi yawan jigilar kasuwanci, kuma da yawa daga cikin kanali na kasar Britain sun lalace. Manchester Ship Canal da Aire and Calder Canal ne kawai suka kauce wa wannan yanayi. Amma a sauran kasashe kanali sun fada girma yayin da dabarun gine-gine suka inganta. A lokacin karni na 19 na Amurka, tsawon kanali ya karu daga kilomita 160 (mil 100) zuwa sama da kilomita 6,400 (mil 4,000), tare da sarkakkiyar hanyar sadarwa da ta sanya Manyan Tafukan su kasance masu kewayuwa, tare da hadin gwiwar kasar Canada, kodayake wasu kanali daga baya an shanyar da su kuma aka yi amfani da su azaman hanyoyin layin dogo.

A kasar Amurka, kanali masu kewayuwa sun isa yankuna masu nisa kuma sun sanya su cikin cudanya da sauran duniya. Ya zuwa shekarar 1825 Erie Canal, mai tsawon kilomita 584 (mil 363) tare da kofofin kulle ruwa guda 36, ya bude hanyar sadarwa daga Arewa maso Gabas mai yawan jama'a zuwa Manyan Tafukan. Masu zama sun kwarara zuwa yankunan da irin wadannan kanali ke yi wa hidima, tunda ana iya samun damar shiga kasuwanni. Erie Canal (kamar sauran kanali) ya taimaka wajen rage bambance-bambancen farashin kayayyaki tsakanin wadannan kasuwanni daban-daban a fadin Amurka. Kanali sun haifar da haduwar farashi tsakanin yankuna daban-daban saboda raguwar farashin jigilar kaya, wanda ya ba Amurkawa damar jigilar kaya da siyan kayayyaki daga nesa mai nisa cikin rahusa sosai. Jihar Ohio ta gina mil da dama na kanal, Indiana tana da kanali masu aiki na wasu shekaru da dama, kuma Illinois and Michigan Canal ya hada Manyan Tafukan da tsarin Mississippi River har sai da aka maye gurbinsa da hanyar ruwa ta kogi da aka mayar da ita kanal.

Wani iyali suna hawa jirgin ruwa a daya daga cikin kanali na Amsterdam.

Manyan kanali guda uku masu manufofi mabanbanta an gina su a cikin abin da yake kasar Canada a yau. Welland Canal na farko, wanda aka bude a shekarar 1829 tsakanin Lake Ontario da Lake Erie, yana kewaye da Niagara Falls da Lachine Canal (1825), wanda ya ba jiragen ruwa damar ketare igiyar ruwa mai hatsari a kan St. Lawrence River a Montreal, an gina su ne don kasuwanci. Rideau Canal, da aka kammala a shekarar 1832, ya hada Ottawa a kan Ottawa River da Kingston, Ontario a kan Lake Ontario. An gina Rideau Canal ne sakamakon Yakin 1812 domin samar da jigilar sojoji tsakanin mazaunansu na kasar Britain na Upper Canada da Lower Canada a matsayin zabi na daban ga wani sashi na St. Lawrence River, wanda ke cikin hadarin katsewa daga kasar Amurka.

Shawarwari don gina Nicaragua Canal, daga kusan shekarar 1870.

A kasar France, daidaitaccen hadewar dukkan tsarin koguna – Rhine, Rhône, Saône da Seine – da Tekun Arewa ya samu karfafa a shekarar 1879 ta hanyar kafa tsarin Freycinet gauge, wanda ya ayyana mafi karancin girman kofofin kulle ruwa. Fataucin kanal ya ninka sau biyu a cikin shekaru na farko na karni na 20.[32]

Manyan kanali na teku da dama an kammala su a wannan lokacin, an fara ne da Suez Canal (1869) – wanda ke dauke da nauyin kaya ninki da yawa na yawancin sauran kanali – da Kiel Canal (1897), kodayake ba a bude Panama Canal ba har sai a shekarar 1914.

A karni na 19, an gina kanali da yawa a kasar Japan gami da Biwako canal da Tone canal. Wadannan kanali an gina su ne wani sashi da taimakon injiniyoyi daga Netherlands da sauran kasashe.[33]

Wata babbar tambaya ita ce ta yaya za a hada Atlantic da Pacific tare da kanal ta cikin kunkuntar Central America. (Panama Railroad an bude shi a shekarar 1855.) Shawarar farko ita ce ta gina kanal na matakin teku ta cikin abin da yake kasar Nicaragua a yau, ta amfani da damar babban Lake Nicaragua. Ba a taba gina wannan kanal din ba saboda wani sashi na rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, wanda ya firgita masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu. Ya kasance aiki mai dorewa (yanayin kasa bai canza ba), kuma a cikin shekarun 2010 hadin gwiwar kasar China ya fara bunkasa.

Kayan aiki na DeLesseps da aka bari, a cikin daji na Panama

Zabi na biyu don kanal na Amurka ta Tsakiya ya kasance Panama Canal. Kamfanin De Lesseps, wanda ke gudanar da Suez Canal, ya fara kokarin gina Panama Canal a shekarun 1880. Wahalar yanayin kasa da yanayin sarari (ruwa) da aka fuskanta ya sa kamfanin ya yi asarar kudi. Yawan mace-macen ma'aikata daga rashin lafiya shi ma ya sanyaya gwiwar kara zuba jari a aikin. Kayan aikin hako kasa na DeLesseps da aka bari suna nan a zaune, injina ne da ke lalacewa a kebe, wadanda a yau suka zama abubuwan sha'awa na yawon bude ido.

Taswirar kanali da koguna masu kewayuwa na gabashin gabar tekun Amurka ta Arewa, ya zuwa shekarar 1905

Shekaru ashirin bayan haka, kasar Amurka mai fadada yanki, wacce ta samu wasu mazauna bayan ta doke Spain a Yakin Amurka da Spain na shekarar 1898, kuma dakarunta na ruwa suka zama masu muhimmanci, ta yanke shawarar sake dawo da aikin. Amurka da Colombia ba su kai ga yarjejeniya kan sharuddan yarjejeniyar kanal ba (duba Hay–Herrán Treaty). Kasar Panama, wacce ba ta da (kuma har yanzu ba ta da) hanyar kasa da sauran Colombia, tuni take tunanin samun 'yancin kai. A shekarar 1903 Amurka, tare da tallafi daga mutanen Panama wadanda ke tsammanin kanal din zai samar da ingantaccen albashi, kudaden shiga, da kasuwanni ga kayayyaki da ayyuka na cikin gida, ta karbe lardin Panama daga hannun Colombia, kuma ta kafa jamhuriyar 'yan amshin kutan (Panama). Kudinta, Balboa na kasar Panama – suna da ke nuna kasar ta fara ne a matsayin hanyar tashi daga wani bangare na duniya zuwa wani – ya kasance kwafin dalar Amurka ne. Dalar Amurka ta kasance kuma har yanzu tana nan a matsayin sahihiyar kudin kasuwanci (da ake amfani da ita azaman kudi). Wani yanki na sojojin Amurka, wato Canal Zone, mai fadadin kilomita 16 (mil 10), tare da sojojin Amurka da ke jibge a can (sansanonin soji, gidajen talabijin guda 2, tashoshi na 8 da 10, Pxs, makarantar sakandare irin ta Amurka), ya raba Panama gida biyu. An gina Kanal din – wanda babban aikin injiniya ne. Amurka ba ta ji cewa yanayi ya daidaita ba don janyewa har sai a shekarar 1979. Janyewar daga Panama ta ba da gudummawa ga kayen da Shugaba Jimmy Carter ya sha a shekarar 1980.

Amfani na Zamani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kanali na iya dagula zirga-zirgan ruwa a tsarin fadama.

Manyan kanali na jiragen ruwa kamar Panama Canal da Suez Canal suna ci gaba da aiki don jigilar kaya, kamar yadda kanali na jiragen dakon kaya na Turai suke yi. Saboda dunkulewar duniya (globalization), suna dada zama masu mahimmanci, wanda ya haifar da ayyukan fadada kamar aikin fadada Panama Canal. Fadada kanal din ya fara aiki na kasuwanci a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2016. Sabbin kofofin kulle ruwan sun ba da damar wucewar manyan jiragen ruwa na Post-Panamax da New Panamax.[34]

Kananan kanali na farkon zamanin masana'antu, duk da haka, sun daina daukar kasuwanci mai yawa kuma da yawa an bar su ga kewayawa, amma har yanzu ana iya amfani da su azaman tsarin jigilar ruwa da ba a tace ba. A wasu lokuta an gina layukan dogo tare da hanyar kanal din, misali ya kasance Croydon Canal. Wata kungiya da ta fara a Britain da France don amfani da kanali na farkon zamanin masana'antu don jiragen ruwa na nishadi, kamar jiragen ruwa na alfarma (hotel barges), ta ruruta gyaran sassan kanali na tarihi. A wasu lokuta, kanali da aka bari kamar Kennet and Avon Canal an dawo da su kuma yanzu masu luluka don nishadi suna amfani da su. A kasar Britain, gidaje na kusa da kanal sun kuma nuna shahara a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan.

Ana bunkasa Seine–Nord Europe Canal zuwa babban hanyar ruwa ta jigila, yana hada France da Belgium, Germany, da Netherlands.

Kanali sun sami wani amfani a karni na 21, a matsayin rangwame don shigar da igiyoyin sadarwa na fiber optic, da kiyaye binne su a cikin hanyoyin mota yayin da suke saukaka damar shiga da rage

Birane a kan ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wani kanal (Gracht) a Amsterdam, Netherlands
Griboyedov Canal a St. Petersburg, Russia
Hoton ta sama na kanali da mutum ya gina a Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
Wuraren sauke kaya a gefen Oudegracht a Utrecht, Netherlands

Ana matukar alakanta kanali da birnin Venice ta yadda birane da dama masu kanali aka yi musu lakabi da "Venice na...". An gina birnin ne a kan tsibiran fadama, inda ginshikan katako ke tallafawa gine-ginen, ta yadda kasa ce mutum ya gina ta maimakon hanyoyin ruwan. Tsibiran suna da dogon tarihi na zama; ya zuwa karni na 12, Venice ta kasance kasa-birni mai karfi sosai.

An gina Amsterdam a irin wannan hanya, tare da gine-gine a kan ginshikan katako. Ta zama birni kusan shekarar 1300. An gina kanali da yawa na Amsterdam a matsayin wani sashi na katangar kariya. Sun zama grachten lokacin da aka fadada birnin kuma aka gina gidaje a gefen ruwan. Tana raba lakabinta na "Venice na Arewa" da birnin Hamburg na Germany, St. Petersburg na Russia da kuma Bruges na Belgium.

Marco Polo ya yi wa Suzhou lakabi da "Venice na Gabas" lokacin tafiye-tafiyensa a can a karni na 13, inda hanyoyinta na zamani na gefen kanal kamar Pingjiang Road da Shantang Street suka zama manyan wuraren ziyarar bude ido. Sauran biranen da ke kusa da su sun hada da Nanjing, Shanghai, Wuxi, Jiaxing, Huzhou, Nantong, Taizhou, Yangzhou, da Changzhou wadanda ke can kasa a bakin Yangtze River da Lake Tai, wanda shi ma wata mashahurar madogara ce ta kananan koguna da koramu, wadanda aka mayar da su kanali kuma aka habaka su tsawon daruruwan shekaru.

Kanal na La Peyrade a Sète, France

Sauran biranen da ke da faffadan hanyoyin sadarwa na kanal sun hada da: Alkmaar, Amersfoort, Bolsward, Brielle, Delft, Den Bosch, Dokkum, Dordrecht, Enkhuizen, Franeker, Gouda, Haarlem, Harlingen, Leeuwarden, Leiden, Sneek da Utrecht a Netherlands; Brugge da Gent a Flanders, Belgium; Birmingham a England; Saint Petersburg a Russia; Bydgoszcz, Gdańsk, Szczecin da Wrocław a Poland; Aveiro a Portugal; Hamburg da Berlin a Germany; Fort Lauderdale da Cape Coral a Florida, United States, Wenzhou a China, Cần Thơ a Vietnam, Bangkok a Thailand, da kuma Lahore a Pakistan.

Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City ta kasance Gidan Tarihi na Duniya na UNESCO kusa da tsakiyar Liverpool, England, inda tsarin hanyoyin ruwa da wuraren ajiye jiragen ruwa da suka daku da juna yanzu ake habaka su galibi don amfanin zama da na nishadi.

Kaddarorin kanal (wani lokaci ana kiransu bayous a Amurka) wani nau'i ne na raba kasa da ya shahara a birane kamar Miami, Texas City da kuma Gold Coast, Queensland; Gold Coast tana da sama da kilomita 890 (mil 550) na kanali na wuraren zama. Yankunan dausayi wurare ne masu wahalar gina rukunin gidaje a kansu, saboda haka hako wani sashi na dausayin zuwa zurfin da jiragen ruwa za su iya bi yana samar da kasar da za a cika wani bangare na dausayin domin ya daga sama da matakin ambaliyar ruwa don gina gidaje. Ana gina kasar ne a tsarin yatsu wanda ke samar da tsarin titunan karkara na gungun gidaje da ke fuskantar ruwa.

Jiragen ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Jiragen ruwa guda biyu na Panamax a cikin kofofin kulle ruwa na Miraflores a kan Panama Canal, Panama

Hanyoyin kanali na cikin kasa galibi suna da jiragen ruwa da aka gina su musamman saboda su. Misalin wannan shi ne narrowboat na kasar Britain, wanda tsawonsa ya kai mita 22 (kafa 72) kuma fadinsa mita 2.1 (kafa 7) kuma an gina shi ne da farko don kanali na British Midland. A wannan yanayin, babban abin da ya takaita shi ne girman kofofin kulle ruwan. Wannan shi ne kuma abin da ya takaita a kan kanal din Panama inda jiragen ruwa na Panamax aka takaita su ga tsawon mita 289.56 da fadin mita 32.31 har zuwa ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2016 lokacin da bude manyan kofofin kulle ruwa ya ba da damar wucewar manyan jiragen ruwa na New Panamax. Ga Suez Canal wanda ba shi da kofofin kulle ruwa, abin da ke takaita jiragen ruwa na Suezmax yawanci shi ne zurfin nitsewar jirgi, wanda aka takaita shi zuwa mita 16. A daya bangaren kuma, kanali na jiragen tub-boat kamar Bude Canal an takaita su ga jiragen ruwa da ba su kai tan 10 ba ga mafi yawancin tsawonsu saboda karfin gangaren tudu ko na'urorin kwashe jiragen ruwansu. Mafi yawan kanali suna da iyakacin tsayi da gadoji ko rami na karkashin kasa ke sanyawa.

Jerayen kanali

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jerayen shunshunin kanali da aka tsara gina su

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
See also: Ship canal

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Thompson, Kristi. "Glossary". www.usbr.gov (in Turanci). US Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  2. ↑ Hadfield 1986, p. 22.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Sharma, S. K. (2016). Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures. New Delhi: S Chand and Company. ISBN 978-93-525-3377-0. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Works of Man", Ronald W. Clark, ISBN 0-670-80483-5 (1985) 352 pages, Viking Penguin, Inc, New York,
    quotation p. 87: "There was little experience moving bulk loads by carts, while a packhorse would [sic, meaning 'could' or 'can only'] carry only an eighth of a ton. On a soft road a horse might be able to draw 5/8ths of a ton. But if the load were carried by a barge on a waterway, then up to 30 tons could be drawn by the same horse.
  5. ↑ Rodda 2004, p. 161.
  6. ↑ Hadfield 1986, p. 16.
  7. ↑ Needham 1971, p. 269.
  8. ↑ Donald Langmead (2001). Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats. ABC-CLIO. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-57607-112-0. Retrieved 15 February 2013. the world's largest artificial waterway and oldest canal still in existence
  9. ↑ Herodotus VII, 22
  10. ↑ B. S. J. Isserlin, R. E. Jones, V. Karastathis, S. P. Papamarinopoulos, G. E. Syrides and J. Uren "The Canal of Xerxes: Summary of Investigations 1991-2001" The Annual of the British School at Athens Vol. 98 (2003), pp. 369–385 JSTOR 30073214.
  11. ↑ Moore, Frank Gardner (1950): "Three Canal Projects, Roman and Byzantine", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 97–111 (99–101)
  12. ↑ Froriep, Siegfried (1986): "Ein Wasserweg in Bithynien. Bemühungen der Römer, Byzantiner und Osmanen", Antike Welt, 2nd Special Edition, pp. 39–50 (46)
  13. ↑ Schörner, Hadwiga (2000): "Künstliche Schiffahrtskanäle in der Antike. Der sogenannte antike Suez-Kanal", Skyllis, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 28–43 (33–35)
  14. 1 2 "The Hohokam". Arizona Museum of Natural History, City of Mesa. Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  15. ↑ 2007-036 General COP Treatment Plan; Pueblo Grande Museum Project 2007–95; City of Phoenix Project No. ST87350010; p. 9 Cultural Context Archived ga Maris, 24, 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ↑ "Yoda Ela – An Ancient Engineering Marvel".
  17. ↑ Obeyesekere, Donald (1999). Outlines of Ceylon History. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120613638.
  18. ↑ specifically from (51°08′18″N 2°44′09″W / 51.1384°N 2.7358°W), Wurin farawa a River Brue
  19. ↑ Details text and data with cites from Glastonbury Canal (medieval).
  20. ↑ Gathercole, Clare (2003). An archaeological assessment of Glastonbury (PDF). English Heritage Extensive Urban Survey. Taunton: Somerset County Council. pp. 19–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  21. ↑ Calvert 1963, p. .
  22. ↑ The International Canal Monuments List (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2013, retrieved 8 October 2008
  23. ↑ General History of Africa (PDF). IV. Heinemann Educational Books, University of California Press, UNESCO. 2000 [1984]. pp. 193–194. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-11.
  24. ↑ David Cornforth (February 2012). "Exeter Canal and Quayside – a short history". www.exetermemories.co.uk. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  25. ↑ Exeter history by www.exeter.gov.uk, .pdf file Exeter Ship Canal, The First Four Hundred Years Archived 19 Satumba 2015 at the Wayback Machine, accessdate=13 September 2013
  26. 1 2 3 4 Burton, Anthony (1995) [1989], "3: Building the Canals", The Great Days of the Canals, Twickenham: Tiger Books, ISBN 978-1-85501-695-8
  27. 1 2 3 Rolt, Inland Waterways
  28. 1 2 3 Reader's Digest Library of Modern Knowledge. London: Reader's Digest. 1978. p. 990.
  29. ↑ Hadfield, Charles (1981). The Canal Age (Second ed.). David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-8079-6.
  30. ↑ Hadfield, Charles (1966). The Canals of the West Midlands. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-4660-0.
  31. ↑ Lowell National Historical Park – Lowell History Prologue, archived from the original on 7 May 2007, retrieved 8 October 2008
  32. ↑ Edwards-May 2008, p. .
  33. ↑ Hadfield 1986, p. 191.
  34. ↑ "Panama Canal Opens $5B Locks, Bullish Despite Shipping Woes". The New York Times. Associated Press. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.

Bibliography

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Calvert, Roger (1963), "Inland Waterways of Europe", The Geographical Journal, George Allen and Unwin, 129 (4): 515, Bibcode:1963GeogJ.129..515A, doi:10.2307/1794678, JSTOR 1794678
  • Edwards-May, David (2008), European Waterways - map and concise directory, 3rd edition, Euromapping
  • Hadfield, Charles (1986), World Canals: Inland Navigation Past and Present, David and Charles, ISBN 978-0-7153-8555-5
  • Needham, J. (1971), Science and Civilisation in China, C.U.P. Cambridge
  • Rodda, J.C. (2004), The Basis of Civilization - Water Science?, International Association of Hydrological Sciences
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:EB1911 poster Samfuri:Wikiquote

Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mashigar_Ruwa&oldid=866646"