Masifa

masifa
type of incident (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	calamity (en) , hazard (en) , condition (en) , cause of death (en) da social issue (en)
Suna a harshen gida	καταστροφή
Karatun ta	disaster research (en) da sociology of disaster (en)
Described at URL (mul)	servicios.infoleg.gob.ar…
Has contributing factor (en)	girgizar ƙasa, Gobara da ambaliya
Tarihin maudu'i	history of disasters (en)
Handled, mitigated, or managed by (en)	disaster preparedness (en) da disaster response (en)

Bala'i wani lamari ne da ke haifar da mummunar illa ga mutane, gine-gine, tattalin arziki, ko muhalli, kuma al'ummar da abin ya shafa ba za su iya magance shi kadai ba.  [mafi kyawun tushe bukatar] Bala'i kamar dusar ƙanƙara, ambaliya, girgizar ƙasa, da gobarar daji suna haifar da hatsarori ne bala'o'in ɗan adam kamar malalar mai, hare-haren ta'addanci da katsewar wutar lantarki mutane ne ke haddasa su.  A zamanin yau, yana da wuya a raba bala’o’in halitta da na ɗan adam domin ayyukan ɗan adam na iya sa bala’o’i su yi muni.  Canjin yanayi kuma yana shafar sau da yawa bala'o'i saboda matsanancin haɗarin yanayi.

Bala'o'i yawanci suna yiwa mutane a kasashe masu tasowa wahala fiye da mutanen kasashe masu arziki. Fiye da kashi 95% na mace-mace daga bala'o'i suna faruwa ne a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi, kuma waɗannan ƙasashe suna asarar kuɗi da yawa idan aka kwatanta da ƙasashe masu arziki. Misali, barnar da bala'o'i ke yi ya ninka sau 20 a kasashe masu tasowa fiye da na kasashe masu arzikin masana'antu. Wannan saboda kasashe masu karamin karfi sau da yawa ba su da gine-ginen gine-gine ko kyawawan tsare-tsare don magance matsalolin gaggawa.

Don rage lalacewa daga bala'o'i, yana da mahimmanci a shirya kuma a sami dacewa da kayan aikin manufa. Rage haɗarin bala'i (DRR) yana da nufin sanya al'ummomi su kasance masu ƙarfi da kuma kyakkyawan shiri don magance bala'o'i. Yana mai da hankali kan ayyuka don rage haɗari kafin bala'i ya faru, maimakon amsawa da farfadowa bayan abin da ya faru. DRR da matakan daidaita sauyin yanayi sun yi kama da nufin rage raunin mutane da wurare zuwa hatsarori.

Lokacin da bala'i ya faru, martanin ya haɗa da ayyuka kamar faɗakarwa da korar mutane, ceto waɗanda ke cikin haɗari, da ba da abinci, matsuguni, da kula da lafiya cikin sauri. Manufar ita ce a ceci rayuka da taimaka wa mutane su murmure cikin sauri. A wasu lokuta, ana iya buƙatar taimako na ƙasa ko na duniya don tallafawa murmurewa. Wannan na iya faruwa, alal misali, ta hanyar ayyukan ƙungiyoyin jin kai.

Hoton Cathedral da Ginin Kwalejin bayan Babban Wutar Turku, na Gustaf Wilhelm Finnberg, 1827

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana bala'i a matsayin "mummunar rushewar aikin al'umma ko al'umma a kowane sikelin". : 13 Yana haifar da haɗari a wuraren da mutane ke zaune a cikin yanayin da aka fallasa ko mai rauni. Wasu gazawar mutane suna sa al'ummomi su kasance masu saukin kamuwa da Hadarin yanayi. Wadannan su ne rashin shiri ko ci gaba, ko rashin shiri.

Bala'o'i sune abubuwan da ke da tasiri ga mutane. Haɗarin da ke mamayewa ko raunata al'umma ana ɗaukarsa bala'i. Bayanan bala'i na kasa da kasa EM-DAT ya bayyana bala'i a matsayin "yanayin ko abin da ya faru wanda ya mamaye iyawar gida, yana buƙatar buƙatar buƙatar buƙatar taimako na waje a matakin ƙasa ko na duniya; abin da ba a tsammani ba ne kuma sau da yawa ba zato ba tsammani wanda ke haifar da babban lalacewa, lalacewa da wahalar ɗan adam. " Sakamakon bala'i sun haɗa da duk asarar ɗan adam, kayan aiki, tattalin arziki da muhalli da tasiri. : 13 

UNDRO (1984) defined a disaster in a more qualitative fashion as: "an event, concentrated in time and space, in which a community undergoes severe danger and incurs such losses to its members and physical appurtenances that the social structure is disrupted and the fulfilment of all or some of the essential functions of the society is prevented." Like other definitions this looks beyond the social aspects of the disaster impacts. It also focuses on losses. This raises the need for emergency response as an aspect of the disaster. It does not set out quantitative thresholds or scales for damage, death, or injury.

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1969 ya bayyana Manyan bala'o'i kamar yadda suka dace da ka'idoji masu zuwa, bisa ga adadin mutuwar ko lalacewa: Akalla mutane 100 sun mutu, akalla mutane 100 suka ji rauni, ko akalla lalacewar dala miliyan 1. Wannan ma'anar ta haɗa da asarar rayuwa ta kai tsaye bayan farkon bala'in. Wadannan na iya zama sakamakon cututtuka kamar kwalara ko dysentery da ke fitowa daga bala'in. Har yanzu ana amfani da wannan ma'anar. Koyaya an iyakance shi ga yawan mutuwar, raunin, da lalacewa a cikin sharuddan kuɗi.

Girman bala'i yana da mahimmanci. Ƙananan bala'o'i kawai suna shafar al'ummomin yankin amma suna buƙatar taimako fiye da al'ummar da abin ya shafa. Babban bala'o'i yana shafar al'umma kuma yana buƙatar taimako na ƙasa ko na duniya.

Ya zama ruwan dare a raba bala'o'i zuwa na halitta ko na mutum. Kwanan nan rarrabuwar tsakanin bala'o'i na halitta, na mutum da na mutum ya zama da wuya a zana. Wasu bala'o'i da aka ƙera kamar su smog da Ruwan sama mai zafi an danganta su da yanayi ba daidai ba.

Da ke da alaƙa da haɗarin halitta

Bala'o'i tare da alaƙa da haɗarin yanayi ana kiransu bala'o'in halitta. Koyaya masana sun yi tambaya game da wannan kalmar na dogon lokaci.

Bala'o'i tare da alaƙa da haɗarin halitta

Misali	Bayani
Ruwa mai yawa	Ba zato ba tsammani, kwararar dusar ƙanƙara a kan gangara, wanda ke faruwa lokacin da ko dai abubuwan da ke haifar da su, kamar ɗorawa daga sabon dusar ƙara ko ruwan sama, ko abubuwan da ke faruwa na wucin gadi, kamar fashewa ko masu tsere.
Hadari	Wani dusar ƙanƙara mai tsanani wanda ke da iska mai ƙarfi da yanayin zafi
Girgizar ƙasa	Girgizar farfajiyar duniya, wanda ya haifar da karfi na dutsen wuta na karkashin kasa na fashewa da canzawa a ƙarƙashin farfajilar duniya
Wutar (da daji)	Wutar da ta samo asali ne a yankunan da ba a zaune ba kuma wanda ke haifar da haɗarin yaduwa zuwa yankunan da aka zauna (duba kuma Wildfire § Tasirin canjin yanayi)
Ambaliyar ruwa	Ambaliyar ruwa: Ƙananan koguna, gullies, raƙuman ruwa masu bushewa, koguna, culverts ko ma yankunan da ke ƙasa ambaliyar ruwa da sauri (duba kuma Tasirin canjin yanayi)
Ruwan sanyi	Ruwan sama yana faruwa lokacin da zafin jiki na waje ya kasance ƙasa da daskarewa
Ruwa mai zafi	Tsawon lokaci na yanayin zafi mai zafi dangane da yanayin yanayi na yau da kullun na wani yanki kuma dangane da yanayin zafi na yau da kullum don kakar (duba kuma Tasirin canjin yanayi § Ruwa na zafi da matsanancin zafin jiki).
Rushewar ƙasa	Abubuwan da suka faru na yanayin ƙasa wanda ya haɗa da kewayon motsi na ƙasa, kamar faduwar dutse, gazawar zurfi na gangara da raguwa mai zurfi
Hasken wuta	Rashin wutar lantarki da walƙiya ta haifar, yawanci a lokacin tsawa
Fashewar Limnic	Fashewar carbon dioxide ba zato ba tsammani daga ruwan tafkin mai zurfi
Guguwa mai zafi	Tsarin guguwa mai saurin juyawa wanda ke da cibiyar matsin lamba, ƙarancin yanayin yanayi, Iska mai ƙarfi, da kuma tsari mai juzu'i na tsawa wanda ke haifar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da guguwa (duba kuma guguwar zafi da canjin yanayi)
Tsunami	Jerin raƙuman ruwa da ke bugawa bakin teku da ƙarfi, galibi ana haifar da shi ta hanyar motsi na babban ruwa, yawanci teku ko babban tafki, yawanci ana haifar da girgizar ƙasa, fashewar dutsen wuta, fashewa a ƙarƙashin ruwa, rushewar ƙasa, ƙanƙara, tasirin ƙanƙarar ƙanƙanta, tasirin meteorite da sauran rikice-rikice a sama ko ƙasa
Fashewar dutsen wuta	Saki na magma mai zafi, toka na dutse da / ko iskar gas daga dutse mai fitattun wuta

Ba su da alaƙa da haɗarin halitta

Hadarin jirgin sama da Hare-haren ta'addanci misalai ne na bala'o'in da mutum ya yi: suna kashewa da raunata mutane, lalatawa da lalata dukiya, da haifar da gurɓata. Misali da aka nuna shi ne Hare-haren Satumba 11 a 2001 a Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya a Birnin New York.

Bala'o'in da mutane suka haifar sune manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da ayyukan mutane da hanyoyin zamantakewa. Har ila yau, haɗarin fasaha ya fada cikin wannan rukuni. Wannan shi ne saboda suna haifar da bala'o'i da mutane suka haifar. Hadarin da mutum ya yi wani lokacin ana kiransa hadarin da mutum ke haifar. : 18 Misalan sun haɗa da aikata laifuka, tashin hankali na jama'a, murkushewar jama'a، gobara, Hadarin sufuri, haɗarin masana'antu, katsewar wutar lantarki, zubar da mai, Hare-haren Ta'addanci, da fashewar nukiliya / radiation na nukiliya. Canjin yanayi mai ban tsoro, Yaƙin nukiliya, da ta'addanci na halittu suma sun fada cikin wannan rukuni.

Canjin yanayi da lalacewar muhalli wani lokacin ana kiransu haɗarin zamantakewa da na halitta. Wadannan haɗari ne da suka shafi haɗuwa da abubuwan halitta da na ɗan adam. : 18 Dukkanin bala'o'i za a iya ɗauka a matsayin waɗanda mutum ya yi, saboda gazawar gabatar da matakan kula da gaggawa masu kyau.

Yunwa na iya haifar da gida ta hanyar fari, ambaliyar ruwa, wuta ko annoba. A zamanin yau akwai abinci mai yawa a duniya. Rashin gida na dogon lokaci gabaɗaya saboda rashin kulawar gwamnati ne, rikice-rikicen tashin hankali, ko tsarin tattalin arziki wanda ba ya rarraba abinci inda ake buƙata.

Bala'o'i ba tare da alaƙa da haɗarin halitta ba

Bala'i	Bayani
Ta'addanci	Saki da gangan ko yaduwar magungunan halittu a matsayin hanyar tilasta
Rikicin cikin jama'a	Wani rikici da wani rukuni na mutane ya haifar wanda zai iya haɗawa da zama da sauran nau'ikan cikas, tashin hankali, sabuntawa da sauran nauʼikan aikata laifuka, kuma wanda aka yi niyyar zama zanga-zanga ga jama'a da gwamnati, amma zai iya karuwa cikin rikici gaba ɗaya
Wutar (birni)	Ko da tare da ƙa'idodin wuta na gini, mutane har yanzu suna mutuwa a cikin wuta
Abubuwa masu haɗari sun zubo	Tserewa daga abubuwa masu ƙarfi, ruwa, ko iskar gas wanda zai iya cutar da mutane, wasu kwayoyin halitta, dukiya ko muhalli, daga yanayin da aka nufa kamar akwati.
Hadarin nukiliya da radiation	Wani taron da ya shafi fitowar rediyo zuwa mahalli ko kuma narkewar reactor kuma wanda ke haifar da manyan sakamako marasa kyau ga mutane, mahalli, ko kayan aiki
Rashin wutar lantarki	Ya haifar da hadari na rani ko na hunturu, walƙiya ko kayan aikin gini da ke tonowa a wurin da bai dace ba

Sauran

Bala'o'i masu rikitarwa, inda babu wani dalili guda, sun fi yawa a Kasashe masu tasowa. Wani takamaiman haɗari na iya haifar da bala'i na biyu wanda ke kara tasirin. Misali na musamman shine girgizar ƙasa da ke haifar da Tsunami. Wannan yana haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a bakin teku, wanda ya lalata tashar wutar lantarki a bakin teku. Bala'in nukiliya na Fukushima lamari ne a cikin batun. Masana suna nazarin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru don ganin yadda haɗari da tasiri zasu iya fadadawa da yaduwa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman saboda karuwar Hadarin yanayi. : 143–145 

Wasu masu bincike sun bambanta tsakanin abubuwan da ke faruwa akai-akai kamar ambaliyar yanayi da abubuwan da ba a iya hango su ba. Abubuwan da ke faruwa akai-akai galibi suna ɗauke da kimantawa game da sau da yawa suke faruwa. Masana suna kiran wannan Lokacin dawowa.

Tasirin

Sakamakon bala'i sun hada da duk asarar mutum, kayan aiki, tattalin arziki da muhalli. : 13 

The Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) ya rubuta kididdiga game da bala'o'i da suka shafi haɗarin halitta. A shekara ta 2023, EM-DAT ta yi rikodin bala'o'i 399, wanda ya fi matsakaicin shekaru 20 na 369.

Rashin tattalin arziki

Tsakanin 2016 da 2020 jimlar asarar tattalin arziki da aka ruwaito ya kai dala biliyan 293. Wannan adadi mai yiwuwa ne rashin ƙididdiga. Yana da ƙalubale sosai don auna farashin bala'o'i daidai, kuma ƙasashe da yawa ba su da albarkatu da ikon fasaha don yin hakan. : 50 A cikin shekaru 40 daga 1980 zuwa 2020 an kiyasta asarar da aka samu a dala tiriliyan 5.2.

Tasirin Mutum

A cikin 2023, bala'o'i masu alaƙa da haɗari sun haifar da mutuwar mutane 86,473 kuma sun shafi mutane miliyan 93.1. Yayinda yawan mutuwar ya fi matsakaicin shekaru 20 na 64,148, adadin da ya shafa ya fi ƙasa da matsakaicin shekarun 20 na miliyan 175.5.

A cewar rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kashi 91% na mutuwar daga haɗari daga 1970 zuwa 2019 ya faru ne a kasashe masu tasowa. Wadannan ƙasashe sun riga sun sami mafi girman rauni da ƙarancin juriya ga waɗannan abubuwan, wanda ke kara tasirin haɗarin.

Tasirin canjin yanayi

Hadari kamar fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da guguwa abubuwa ne masu faruwa a yanayi. Koyaya, Canjin yanayi ya sa waɗannan haɗarin su zama marasa aminci, masu yawa da tsanani. Don haka suna taimakawa ga haɗarin bala'i. Kasashen da suka fi ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi galibi suna cikin mafi ƙarancin haɗarin jin sakamakon. Ya zuwa 2019, ƙasashen da ke da mafi girman rauni ga kowane mutum sun saki mafi ƙarancin hayaki ga kowane mutum, kuma duk da haka har yanzu suna fuskantar mafi yawan fari da matsanancin hazo.

Rigakafi da martani

Rage hadarin bala'i

Rage haɗarin bala'i ci gaba ga wasu ƙasashe a cikin 2011. Sakamakon 5 shine mafi kyau. Bincike ya haɗa da alamomi huɗu waɗanda ke nuna matakin da ƙasashe suka ba da fifiko ga rage haɗarin bala'i da ƙarfafa cibiyoyin da suka dace.