Masu Gudanarwar (gwamnati
Hukumar zartaswa ita ce bangaren gwamnati da ke aiwatarwa ko aiwatar da doka. Ana iya tsara shi a matsayin reshe na gwamnati, kamar yadda dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi ke yi ko kuma a matsayin wata kungiya ta hadaddiyar tsarin gwamnati, kamar yadda ake yi a jihohin gurguzu.
Aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Matsakaicin ikon zartarwa ya bambanta sosai dangane da yanayin siyasar da ya fito, kuma yana iya canzawa cikin lokaci a cikin ƙasa. A cikin ƙasashe masu mulkin demokraɗiyya, masu zartaswa galibi suna yin tasiri mai yawa akan siyasar ƙasa, kodayake galibi ana amfani da iyakancewa ga zartarwa.[1]
A cikin tsarin siyasa da aka danganta da raba madafun iko, ana rarraba ikon gwamnati a tsakanin rassa da yawa don hana ikon tattarawa a hannun mutum ɗaya ko ƙungiya. Don cimma wannan, kowane reshe yana ƙarƙashin kulawa da sauran rassan; a dunkule aikin majalisa shi ne samar da dokoki, sai bangaren zartaswa ke aiwatar da su, sannan kuma bangaren shari’a ke fassara su. Har ila yau, zartarwa na iya zama tushen wasu nau'ikan doka ko dokoki da aka samo asali, kamar doka ko odar zartarwa.
ministoci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Majalisar ministocin Vanhanen II a wani zama na Majalisar Finnish a 2007 A tsarin majalisa, zartaswa ce ke da alhakin zaɓaɓɓu na majalisa, wanda dole ne ya kiyaye amincewar majalisa ko wani ɓangare na shi, idan na biyu. A wasu yanayi (bambanta ta jiha), majalisa na iya bayyana rashin amincewarta ga bangaren zartarwa, wanda ke haifar da sauyi a jam’iyya mai mulki ko kungiyar jam’iyyu ko kuma babban zabe. Tsarin majalisa na da shugaban gwamnati (wanda ke jagorantar zartaswa, wanda galibi ake kiransa ministoci) yawanci ya bambanta da shugaban kasa (wanda ke ci gaba ta hanyar sauye-sauyen gwamnati da na zabe). A tsarin majalisar dokokin Westminster, ka'idar raba madafun iko ba ta da tushe kamar yadda wasu ke yi. Mambobin zartaswa (ministoci), su ma ’yan majalisa ne, don haka suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rubutawa da tabbatar da doka. A tsarin shugaban kasa, zababben shugaban gwamnati kai tsaye ne ke nada ma'aikatu. Masu zabe za su iya zabar ministoci kai tsaye.[2]
A cikin wannan mahallin, zartarwa ta ƙunshi shugaba ko shugaban ofishi ko ofisoshi da yawa. Musamman, manyan ayyukan jagoranci na bangaren zartarwa na iya haɗawa da:
shugaban kasa - sau da yawa sarki, shugaban kasa ko shugaban koli, babban wakili da kuma rayayyen alamar hadin kan kasa.