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Masu farauta da tarawa na Yammacin Afirka

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Masu farauta da tarawa na Yammacin Afirka
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Valid in period (en) Fassara Later Stone Age (en) Fassara
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Masu farauta da tattarawa na Yammacin Afirka, [1] masu cin abinci na Yamma, ko kuma pygmies na Yammacin Afirka [2] sun zauna a yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya kafin 32,000 BP [2] kuma sun zauna a Yammacin Afrika tsakanin 16,000 BP da 12,000 BP [3] har zuwa ƙarshen 1000 BP [4] ko wani lokaci bayan 1500 AZ. Masu farauta da tattarawa na Yammacin Afirka suna da alaƙa da ilimin kimiyyar archaeological tare da West African Microlithic Technocomplex . [2] Duk da muhimmancinsa a cikin tarihin Afirka ta Yamma, yawan mutanen sassa daban-daban na Yammacin Afirka daga yankunan Sub-Sahara na Yammaci Afirka da gandun daji na yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya galibi ana watsi da su.[1]

Wakilan mafarauta da tarawa na Yammacin Afirka daga yankin Dahomey na Benin

Kafin mafarauta da masu tarawa na Yammacin Afirka, akwai yiwuwar akwai mutane daban-daban (misali, Mutanen Iwo Eleru, mai yiwuwa Aterians) waɗanda suka ci gaba da mamaye Yammacin Afríku a tsakiyar Zamanin Stone . [5] Mutanen da ke amfani da Macrolith na ƙarshen Zamanin Stone (misali, yiwuwar Mutum na archaic da aka haɗa ko kuma burbushin ɗan adam na zamani na farko [6] Iwo Eleru na ƙarshen Zamanun Stone), waɗanda suka zauna a Afirka ta Tsakiya, yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiyar, da Yammacin Afirka, an kawar da su ta hanyar microlith-ta amfani da 'yan Afirka na Late Stone Age (misali., burbushin Shum Laka na Late Stone wanda ba na zamani da aka tsara tsakanin su 7000 da BP) yayin da suka yi ƙaura daga Afirka ta Tsakanin, zuwa Yammacin Gabasashen Afirka ta Tsako, zuwa Yankin Afirka ta Tsakkya[7] Tun da farko fiye da 32,000 BP, ko kuma ta 30,000 BP, [2] Late Stone Age Yammacin Afirka mafarauta masu tarawa suna zaune a cikin gandun daji na yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya [3] (misali, kafin 32,000 BP a de Maret a Shum Laka, [3] 12,000 BP a Mbi Crater). [1] Tsakanin 16,000 BP da 12,000 BP, Late Stone Age Yammacin Afirka sun fara zama a yankunan gandun daji na gabas da na tsakiya (misali, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Najeriya; tsakanin 18,000 BP da 13,000 BP a Temet West da Asokrochona a yankin kudancin Ghana, 13,050 ± 230 BP a Bingerville a yankin kudanci na Ivory Coast. 200 BP a Iwo Eleru a Najeriya) na Yammacin Africa.[2][1] Masu farauta da tattarawa na Yammacin Afirka sun zauna a shafukan Najeriya na Iwo Eleru da Rop, a shafin Ivory Coast na Bingerville, a shafin Kamaru na Shum Laka, a shafin Mali na Ounjougou, da kuma shafukan Senegalese na Fatandi da Toumboura.[8][9]

Kafin zamanin Holocene, hulɗa tsakanin 'yan Afirka ta Yamma da ke ƙaura daga Sahara da masu farauta da masu tarawa na Yammacin Afirka na yankunan Savanna da gandun daji sun iyakance, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da ci gaba da al'adun masu farauta na Yamma.[1] Masu farauta da tattarawa na Yammacin Afirka mai yiwuwa su ne kawai mazaunan yankin Savanna da gandun daji na Yammaci Afirka.[1] Ba kamar masu farauta da tarawa na Afirka ta Tsakiya ba, waɗanda ke zaune a yankuna masu zaman kansu a cikin gandun daji na Afirka ta tsakiya, masu farauta na Afirka ta Yamma mai yiwuwa sun zauna a yankunan da suka fi budewa na Afirka Yamma.[1] Gudun hijira na mutanen Sahara a kudancin yankin Sahelian ya haifar da hulɗar yanayi da sannu a hankali na mafarauta-masu tarawa na Afirka ta Yamma, waɗanda suka fi zama a cikin savannah da gandun daji na Afirka ta Kudu.[1] Bayan sun ci gaba har zuwa 1000 BP, [1] ko kuma wani lokaci bayan 1500 AZ, ragowar mafarauta-masu tarawa na Yammacin Afirka, da yawa daga cikinsu sun zauna a yankin gandun daji-savanna, daga ƙarshe sun haɗu da manyan kungiyoyi na masu aikin gona na Yammaci na Afirka, kamar masu ƙaura da ke magana da manoma da kuma gamuwa da masu farauta-masunansu na Afirka ta Tsakiya.[1]

Tarihi na farko

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Pleistocene

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Tsakiyar Stone Age Yammacin Afirka na iya zama a Ounjougou, Mali (71,000 BP - 59,000 BP, 59,000BP - 28,000 BP), Faleme Valley, Senegal (Late MIS 5), Tiemassas, Senegal (62,000 BP - 25,000 BP),[5][3] Birimi, Ghana (50,000 BP - 20,000 BP),[3] Missira (MIS 4), Toumboura, Senegal (33,000 BP), Laminia, Gambia (24,000 BP - 21,000 BP), Ndiayène Pendao, Senegal (11,600 BP), da Saxonomé, Mali, (11,000 BP), Falémunya Har ila yau, akwai ƙananan shaidu na mazaunin Middle Stone Age a Ounjougou, Mali tsakanin 191,000 BP - 130,000 BP.[5][5]

Shafin Iwo Eleru da kwanyar Iwo EleruuGashin kai na Iwo Eleru

Baya ga ƙananan shaidu, 'yan Afirka na Yammacin Zamanin Tsakiya na iya ci gaba da zama a Yammacin Afirka tsakanin MIS 4 da MIS 2, kuma mai yiwuwa ba su kasance a Yammafin Afirka ba kafin MIS 5. [5] A cikin MIS 5, Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsohon Afirka na Yamma na iya yin ƙaura a fadin savanna na Yammacin Sudan kuma ya ci gaba da zama a yankin (misali, savanna na West Sudan, Sahel na Yamma ta Afirka). [5] A cikin Late Pleistocene, 'yan Afirka na Yammacin Afirka na Tsakiya sun fara zama a wasu sassan gandun daji da yankin bakin teku na Yamma ta Afirka (misali, Tiemassas, Senegal). [5] Fiye da haka, ta hanyar akalla 61,000 BP, 'yan Afirka ta Yammacin Zamanin Tsakiya na iya fara ƙaura a kudancin savanna na Yammacin Sudan, kuma, ta akalla 25,000 BP, na iya fara zama kusa da gabar tekun Afirka ta Yankin.[5] Tsakanin bushewa a cikin MIS 5 da canjin yanayi na yanki a cikin M IS 4, a cikin Sahara da Sahel, Aterians na iya yin ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa Yammacin Afirka (misali, Baie du Levrier, Mauritania; Tiemassas, Senegal; Lower Senegal River Valley). [5]

Tarihi

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Dangane da litattafan Turai na farko na karni na 16 AZ, pygmies na Yammacin Afirka sun zauna a ko'ina cikin Yammacin Afrika (misali, Kamaru, Saliyo, Laberiya). [10]

A cikin 1500 AZ, lokacin da mutanen Dogon suka shiga Dutsen Bandiagara, sun haɗu da pygmies na Yammacin Afirka da aka sani da Tellem .

Hadisai na Magana game da Masu Rubuta-rubuce na Yammacin Afirka

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Mutanen Mande (misali, Soninke, Malinke) da Mutanen Dogon suna da al'adun baki na pygmies na Yammacin Afirka (misali), [2] Ga Dogon, har ma kafin Tellem, akwai kungiyoyi (misali, Yeban, Andoumboulou) wadanda suka fi tsufa.[2] Mutanen da ke da tushen tattalin arziki (misali, kamun kifi) (misali، Bozo, Sorkawa), waɗanda ake zaton suna ɗaya daga cikin mazauna farko na Kogin Neja, sun fahimci cewa akwai ma mutanen da suka zauna a baya - "mazauna ja".[2]

Tarihin baki tsakanin yawancin 'yan Afirka ta Yamma na zamani shine cewa kakanninsu sun kasance pygmies na Yammacin Afirka. Daga cikin Sousou, a Guinea, an san pygmies na Yammacin Afirka da Doki . [11] Daga cikin Wolof, an san pygmies na Yammacin Afirka da suna Kondrong, [11] wanda ke zaune a yankin gandun daji. Daga cikin Malinke, an san pygmies na Yammacin Afirka da Komo Koudoumi . [11] Daga cikin mutanen da ke Laberiya, an san pygmies na Yammacin Afirka da suna Jinna . [11]

Daga cikin 'yan Afirka ta Yamma ta zamani (misali, Mende na Saliyo, Guere na Ivory Coast), akwai tarihin baki na kakanninsu da suka gamu da pygmies na Yammacin Afirka. Idan aka ba da bambancin tsawo tsakanin 'yan Afirka ta Yamma na zamani waɗanda ke zaune a cikin yankin gandun daji, wannan na iya nuna cewa haɗuwa ta faru tsakanin pygmies na Yammacin Afirka da kakannin ƙaura na kudancin Afirka ta Yankin da ke shigowa daga yankin Savanna.[12]

Harsuna

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Masu farauta da tattarawa na Yammacin Afirka na iya magana da wasu harsunan Yammacin Sahara na Yamma.[2] A yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, Jalaa, wani harshe da aka ware, na iya zama yaren zuriya daga asalin harsunan da Yammacin Afirka ke magana.[1]

DNA na Dā

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Kamaru

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An sami DNA na dā daga masu neman Shum Laka guda biyu daga farkon zamanin Stone zuwa Metal Age, a cikin 8000 BP, da masu neman Shuma Laka guda ɗaya daga ƙarshen zamanin Stone zuwa Metal Age, a 3000 BP.[4]

DNA na mitochondrial da Y-Chromosome haplogrps da aka samo a cikin tsoffin Shum Laka foragers sune haplogroup na Afirka ta Kudu.[13] Biyu Shum Laka foragers da suka gabata sun kasance na haplogroup L0a2a1 - an rarraba su a ko'ina cikin al'ummomin Afirka na zamani - kuma biyu daga baya Shum Laki foragers sun kasance na haplogroup L1c2a1b - an rarrabawa tsakanin masu aikin gona na Yamma da na Tsakiya na Afirka da masu farauta.[13] Ɗaya daga cikin Shum Laka forager na baya ya kasance na haplogroup B kuma daga baya Shum Laki forager haplogrup B2b, wanda, tare, a matsayin macrohaplogroup B, ana rarraba shi tsakanin masu farauta na Afirka ta Tsakiya na zamani (misali, Baka, Bakola, Biaka, Bedzan). [4]

Haɗuwa ta autosomal na tsoffin yara huɗu na Shum Laka masu cin abinci sun kasance ~ 35% mai farauta da tarawa na Yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya da ~ 65% Basal Yammacin Afirka - ko, cakuda wanda ya ƙunshi ɓangaren mafarauta da tara na Yamma na Afirka ta Tsakiyar zamani, ɓangaren Yammacin Afrika na zamani, wanda ya kasance a cikin gida kafin 8000 BP, da ɓangaren Gabashin Afirka ta Tsaya mai yiwuwa daga arewacin Sahel da Sahara.[4]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 MacDonald 2003.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 MacDonald 1997.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Scerri, Eleanor M. L. (2021). "Continuity of the Middle Stone Age into the Holocene". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 70. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79418-4. OCLC 8878081728. PMC 7801626. PMID 33431997. S2CID 231583475 Check |s2cid= value (help). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Scerri" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Lipson, Mark; et al. (2020). "Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history". Nature. 577 (7792): 665–669. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..665L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1. ISSN 0028-0836. OCLC 8545173694. PMC 8386425 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31969706. S2CID 210862788. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Lipson" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Niang, Khady; et al. (2020). "The Middle Stone Age occupations of Tiémassas, coastal West Africa, between 62 and 25 thousand years ago". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 34: 102658. Bibcode:2020JArSR..34j2658N. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102658. ISSN 2352-409X. OCLC 8709222767. S2CID 228826414. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Niang" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Schlebusch, Carina M.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2018). "Tales of Human Migration,Admixture, and Selection in Africa". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 19: 407. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021759. ISSN 1527-8204. OCLC 7824108813. PMID 29727585. S2CID 19155657.
  7. ↑ Bergström, Anders; et al. (2021). "Origins of modern human ancestry". Nature. 590 (7845): 232. Bibcode:2021Natur.590..229B. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5. ISSN 0028-0836. OCLC 8911705938. PMID 33568824 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 231883210 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  8. ↑ Huysecom, Eric; et al. (2004). "Ounjougou (Mali): A history of Holocene settlement at the southern edge of the Sahara". Antiquity. 78 (301): 589–591. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00113237. ISSN 0003-598X. OCLC 8271919279. S2CID 129493039.
  9. ↑ Chevrier, Benoît; et al. (2020). "New data on settlement and environment at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary in Sudano-Sahelian West Africa: Interdisciplinary investigation at Fatandi V, Eastern Senegal". PLOS ONE. 15 (12): e0243129. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1543129C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243129. ISSN 1932-6203. OCLC 9530421458. PMC 7725507. PMID 33296412. S2CID 228088701.
  10. ↑ Gates, R. Ruggles (1958). "The African Pygmies". Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae. Cambridge University Press. 7 (2): 159–218. doi:10.1017/s1120962300019466. OCLC 81552767. PMID 13532425. S2CID 8199516.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Van Der Kraaij
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Fanthorpe
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lipson, Mark; et al. (2020). "Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history". Nature. 577 (7792): 665–669. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..665L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1. ISSN 0028-0836. OCLC 8545173694. PMC 8386425 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31969706. S2CID 210862788.
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