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Masyaf

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Masyaf
مصياف (ar)

Wuri
Map
 35°03′55″N 36°20′32″E / 35.065342°N 36.342086°E / 35.065342; 36.342086
ƘasaSiriya
Governorate of Syria (en) FassaraHama Governorate (en) Fassara
District of Syria (en) FassaraMasyaf
Subdistrict of Syria (en) FassaraMasyaf Subdistrict (en) Fassara
Babban birnin
Yawan mutane
Faɗi 37,109 (2009)
Labarin ƙasa
Altitude (en) Fassara 447 m
Bayanan Tuntuɓa
Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci
UTC+02:00 (mul) Fassara

Masyaf (Larabci: مصياف Miṣyāf) birni ne da ke arewa maso yammacin Siriya. Birnin ne babban birnin gundumar Masyaf a cikin Hama. Tun daga shekarar 2004, kimanin mutane 22,000 ne ke zauna a birnin. Jama'ar birnin sun ƙunshi mabiya addinai daban-daban: Ismaili, Alawite, da Kirista. Birnin ya shahara dalilin babban gidan sarautarsa na zamanin da. An san shi musamman a matsayin hedikwatar Ismaili na Nizari da ƙungiyarsu ta fi so da ake kira Assassins.

Asalin Kalmar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A can baya lokacin Musulunci har zuwa yau, mutane sun furta sunan Larabci na birnin ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar Masyaf, Masyat, ko Maṣyad.[1] Sunan Larabci ya fito ne daga sunan Assuriyawa Manṣuate. Sashen "nṣw" a cikin Manṣuate ya yi daidai da "nṣṣ" na Larabci, wanda ke nufin "a kafa ko assasa," a cewar masanin Edward Lipinsky.[2] Lipinsky kuma ya nuna cewa sunan Assuriyawa wataƙila ya fito ne daga kalmar Assuriyawa manṣuwatu, wanda yayi kama da kalmar Larabci minaṣṣatu(n). Kalmomin biyu suna nufin "dandali mai tsayi." Wannan yana da ma'ana saboda sansanin Masyaf yana kan wani babban wuri wanda ke kallon birnin da yankin da ke kewaye da shi.[3]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tarihin Farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masyaf wataƙila shine wurin da tsohon birnin Siriya mai suna Mansuate yake, wanda ya wanzu a ƙarni na 8 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Daga baya, ya zama cibiyar gudanarwa ta lardin Assuriya mai suna iri ɗaya a birnin da yanzu yake tsakiyar Siriya.[3] Masyaf kuma wataƙila shine wurin Marsyas. Masana tarihi na Romawa da Byzantine sun ambaci birni mai suna "Marsyas" wanda ke iko da filayen al-Ghab da Beqaa a arewa da kudu na yankin.[4]

Marubutan Crusader ne suka fara ambaton Masyaf da sansaninta a cikin 1099.[5][6] Duk da haka, tunda akwai wani wuri mai ƙarfi a Masyaf wanda wataƙila ya wanzu kafin ƙarni na 11, yana yiwuwa daular Hamdanid da ke Aleppo ta gina sansanin soja a can, saboda lura/iko da hanyoyin da ke wuraren tsaunuka.[4] A wancan lokacin, sansanin soja wani ɓangare ne na Jund Qinnasrin (Lardin Chalcis) na Khalifancin Fatimid. A kaka ta 999, Sarki Basil na biyu na Byzantine ya lalata katangar da ke Masyaf a matsayin wani ɓangare na yaƙin neman iko da Antakiya da yankin da ke kewaye da shi daga hannun Musulmai.[5]

Daga baya, yankin ya shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin Seljuk. Amma a shekara ta 1099, 'Yan Salibiyya sun yi ƙoƙarin kwace iko da Masyaf (da kuma muhimmin gari na kusa da Rafania) bayan sun kama Tripoli. Sarkin Seljuk na Damascus, Toghtekin, ya ƙaddamar da yaƙin soji don dakatar da wannan. Ya cimma yarjejeniya ta wucin gadi da 'Yan Salibiyya don Masyaf da Hisn al-Akrad su ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun Musulmai amma su girmama 'Yan Salibiyya. Daga baya, Masyaf ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin daular Mirdasid.[5] A shekara ta 1127, 'yan Mirdasid suka sayar da shi ga iyalan Banu Munqidh da ke zaune a Shaizar.[6]

Zamanin Nizari Ismaili

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekara ta 1140, Ismaili na Nizari sun kama ko mamaye Masyaf. Sun kasance ƙungiya ce a wani ɓangaren mabiya Shi'a da ake kira Ismaili. Wani mayaƙin bayi mai suna Sunqur yana kare sansanin. Ismaili sun sami nasarar yin kwanton ɓauna inda suka kashe Sunkur ɗin.[5] Ƙungiyar Ismaili sun zaɓi Siriya a matsayin sabon gidansu. Sun ƙaura zuwa wasu birane kamar Aleppo da Damascus, da kuma sansanin Banias. Amma sau da yawa hukumomi ko gungun mutane kan kai musu hari su kashe su. Shugabannin addini ne suka zuga taron, waɗanda suka zargi Ismaili da zama bidi'a ko kuma haifar da matsala. Saboda haka, shugabannin Ismaili da suka tsira sun yanke shawarar cewa ba za su iya dogara da alherin sarakunan yankin a cikin biranen ba. Madadin haka, suka yanke shawarar zama a Jabal Ansariyah, wani tsaunin bakin teku mai sansani da yawa, ciki har da Masyaf.[7][8]

Ganuwar Masyaf

Bayan sun kwace iko da birnin Masyaf, ya zama babban sansanin shugaban ƴan ƙungiyar Ismaili, wanda ake kira da'i. Tare da sauran katangayen da ke kusa kamar al-Kahf, Khawabi, al-Qadmus, da al-Rusafa, Ismaili sun ƙirƙiri yankinsu. Wannan yana tsakiyar ƙasashen Salibiyya masu adawa da sarakunan Musulmi waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Khalifancin Abbasi.[9] Masyaf shine gidan shugaban Ismaili Rashid ad-Din Sinan da ƙungiyar mayaƙansa ta musamman da ake kira fida'i, waɗanda aka sani da Masu Kisa (Assassin).[9][10][11]

A tsakiyar shekarun 1170, sarkin Ayyubid Saladin da sannu ya fara mamaye Siriya. Yana son korar 'Yan Salibiyya da haɗa kan duniyar Musulmi a ƙarƙashin Musuluncin ɓangaren yan aƙidar Sunni. Ismaili sun ga Saladin a matsayin babbar barazana fiye da 'Yan Salibiyya. Sun haɗu a asirce da maƙiyin Saladin a Aleppo don yaƙi da Ayyubiyya.[12] Mayakan Sinan sun yi ƙoƙarin kashe Saladin sau biyu, ba tare da samun galaba-ba. A shekara ta 1176, Saladin ya kai hari kan sansanin soja mai ƙarfi na birnin Masyaf wani mataki na kai ramuwa ko hukunta waɗanda ke yunkurin kisan. Duk da haka, bayan 'yan kwanaki, dole ne Saladin ya tafi saboda ana buƙatarsa a wani wuri don yaƙar 'yan Salibiyya a kwarin Beqaa. Ya yi sulhu da Sinan, tare da taimakon sarkin Hama na Ayyubid, Shihab al-Din Mahmud al-Harimi, wanda kawun Saladin ne.[13]

Zamanin Mulkin Mamluk

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An gina bango a kusa da Masyaf a shekara ta 1249. Taj al-Din Abu'l Futuh ne ya gina shi, wanda shi ne shugaban Ismaili na Farisa. A shekara ta 1260, Mongols, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Hulagu, sun mamaye mafi yawan arewacin Siriya kuma suka mallaki birnin Masyaf na ɗan lokaci. Amma daga baya a wannan shekarar, a Yaƙin Ain Jalut, Bahri Mamluks suka ci Mongols da yaƙi. Bayan haka, Mongols suka bar Masyaf. Ta koma ƙarƙashin ikon Ismaili.[13]

A shekara ta 1262, sarakunan Masyaf dole ne su girmama sarkin Baibars na Mamluk. Daga baya, Baibars sun maye gurbin sarkin Masyaf, Najm al-Din Ismail, da Sarim al-Din Mubarak. Daga baya aka sanya Mubarak a wani kurkuku na birnin Alkahira ta hannun Baibars. An mayar da Najm al-Din a matsayin sarki na ɗan lokaci. A shekara ta 1270, birnin Masyaf ya zama wani ɓangare na masarautar Mamluk a hukumance.[13] Ismailiyyawa har yanzu suna zaune a Masyaf a lokacin mulkin Mamluk.[6] Kusan ƙarshen ƙarni na 13, Masyaf ya zama muhimmin tasha a kan hanyar gidan waya ta Mamluk. Wani kwamandan ne ke kula da shi wanda ke amsa kai tsaye ga sarkin saboda sansanin soja ne kuma yana da matsayi mai mahimmanci.[14]

A shekara ta 1320, masanin tarihi Abu'l Fida, wanda shi ma sarkin Hama ne, ya ce Masyaf "cibiyar koyarwar Ismailiyya ce." Ya ce kuma "kyakkyawan wuri" tare da lambuna da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke kwarara zuwa ƙaramin rafi.[15] A shekara ta 1355, matafiyi Ibn Battuta ya ziyarci birnin Masyaf. Ya ce Masyaf ita ce cibiyar wata gunduma a lardin Tripoli. Gundumar ta haɗa da ƙauyukan kagara na al-Rusafa, al-Kahf, al-Qadmus, al-Ulayqa, da al-Maniqa. Daga baya, an raba Masyaf daga Tripoli aka sanya birnin a ƙarƙashin ikon kulawar birnin Damascus. A tsakiyar shekarun ƙarni na 15 (mid-15th century), a ƙarƙashin Sultan Barsbay, an gina wata hanya da ta haɗa birnin Masyaf da Tripoli. Amma hanyar gidan waya ba ta sake shiga ta Masyaf ba. A shekara ta 1446, masanin tarihi Khalil al-Zahiri ya bayyana Masyaf a matsayin "gari mai kyau" (don zama ko ziyarta, wataƙila yana da kyau, aminci, da kuma abokantaka).[14]

Zamanin Daular Usmaniyya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kagara da birnin Masyaf, a 1935

Masyaf, tare da dukkan Siriya, sun zama wani ɓangare na Daular Ottoman a 1516–17 bayan Ottomans sun yi nasara a yaƙin Marj Dabiq da Mamluks. Birnin Masyaf a lokacin na cikin gundumar Homs. Garin da kuma sansanin Ismaili da ke kusa dole ne su biya haraji na musamman. Masyaf yana da caravanserai (wurin da 'yan kasuwa za su huta), wanda su ke biyan kuɗin shiga ga Ottomans. Daga baya, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 16 ( mid-16th century), an cire waɗannan kuɗin shiga. A cewar Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi, wani matafiyi na Sufi, sarkin Masyaf a farkon 1690s ya fito ne daga ƙabilar Larabawan Tanukh mai suna Sulayman.[14]

A shekara ta 1703, dangin Raslan, wata ƙabilar Alawite, sun karɓi iko da Masyaf. Sun yi mulki na tsawon shekaru takwas har sai da hukumomin Ottoman suka taimaka wajen dawo da shi ga Ismailis. A wannan lokacin, yawancin mutanen Isma'il na Masyaf sun bi ƙungiyar Nizari, amma akwai kuma waɗanda su ka bi ƙaramar ƙungiyar Tayyibi.[16] A shekara ta 1788, sarkin Masyaf, Mustafa ibn Idris, ya gina wani wuri mai tsarki (wani marmaro na wanke-wanke) da kuma gida ga kansa da kuma sarakunan Isma'il na gaba.[14]

A shekara ta 1808, ƙabilar Raslan ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sheikh Mahmud Raslan sun kai hari kan Masyaf.[14] Sun kashe shugaban Isma'il, Mustafa Milhim,[17] da ɗansa,[14] suka kuma kwace sansanin.[14][17] An kuma kashe kimanin mazauna Isma'il na garin 300.[14] Wasu da yawa, ciki har da shugaban addini na Masyaf, sun gudu zuwa biranen Homs, Hama, da sauran wurare a tsakiyar Siriya.[17] An riga an kori yan Isma'il a hankali daga Jabal Ansariyyah ta hannun ƙabilun Alawite.[18] Gwamnan Daular Usmaniyya a birnin Damascus, Kunj Yusuf Pasha, ya aika da rundunar sojoji 4,000-5,000 don sake kwace iko da birnin Masyaf. Bayan watanni uku na yaƙi, Raslan sun miƙa wuya. Ismailiya ta sake kwace iko da garin da sansanin soji a shekarar 1810.[14]

Shekaru biyu bayan da Ismailiya ta dawo, Johann Ludwig Burckhardt ya rubuta cewa kimanin iyalai 280 ne suka zauna a wurin. Yawancinsu Ismailiya ne, kuma kimanin mutane 30 daga ciki Kiristoci ne. Ya ce gine-gine da yawa, ciki har da katangu, gidaje, da masallatai, sun lalace sosai ko kuma sun lalace sakamakon faɗan da aka yi a baya. A sauran shekarun 1800, yawan mutanen Masyaf ya ci gaba da raguwa.[14]

Zamanin Yau

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wani ɓangare na sansanin soja (gaba) da kuma birnin Masyaf na zamani (daga bayan gidan), 2004

A shekara ta 1917, Ƙawayen Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya-(Allies of World War I/Allied Powers) ko kuma Gamayyar ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar sojojin ƙasa da ƙasa na ƙasashe a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jamhuriyar Faransa, Burtaniya, Daular Rasha, Amurka, Masarautar Italiya, da Daular Japan sun kwace iko da Siriya daga hannun Ottomans. Bayan haka, mazauna da yawa sun bar sansanin soja na Masyaf. Janar T. E. Lawrence na Birtaniya ya ziyarci birnin Masyaf kuma ya ce ana amfani da sansanin soja a matsayin gidan talakawa a lokacin.[19] A lokacin mulkin Faransa a kan Siriya, Faransawa sun raba tsaunukan Jabal Ansariyyah daga sauran Siriya don ƙirƙirar Ƙasar Alawite. An sanya birnin Masyaf a cikin Jihar Damascus. Amma a shekara ta 1929, an ƙaura da wasu ƙauyukan Alawite da ke kusa kamar al-Rusafa, al-Bayyadiyah, Akakir, Maryamin da Abu Qubays zuwa Jihar Alawite.[20] A shekara ta 1936, wannan jiha ta haɗu da sauran bangarori na ƙasar Siriya. A shekara ta 1939, an ƙaura da birnin Masyaf da gundumarta daga Lardin Hama zuwa Lardin Latakia.[20] A shekarun 1930, mutane na ci-gaba da amfani da ɗakunan sansanin.[19]

A shekarar 1947, shekara guda bayan da Siriya ta sami ƴancin kai daga Faransa, kimanin Ismaili 3,808 ne suka zauna a birnin Masyaf.[21] A shekarar 1965, gwamnatin Siriya, a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Amin al-Hafiz, ta mai da Masyaf cibiyar masana'antar saƙa kafet. Yawancin ayyukan saƙar mata ne ke yi.[20] A shekarun 1960, al'ummar Ismaili a Masyaf sun fi goyon bayan ƙungiyar Nasserist, yayin da ƙauyukan Alawite da ke kewaye da su galibi suna goyon bayan ƙungiyar Baathist.[22]

Zuwa shekarar 1970, yawancin ilahirin birnin Masyaf har ya zuwa yanzu yana cikin tsoffin ganuwar birnin. Amma zuwa shekarar 1998, garin ya girma/faɗaɗa sosai a wajen ganuwar.[13] Katangar tana cikin arewa maso gabashin tsohon birnin.[23] Katangar har yanzu tana nan, amma an gina gidaje da lambuna kusa da su. A cikin ganuwar, akwai masallaci tun na ƙarni na 12, wanda mazauna yankin suka ce yana da alaƙa da Saladin.[24] Ana ɗaukar katangar a matsayin abin tunawa na ƙasa kuma Hukumar Kula da Kayan Tarihi ta Siriya ce ke kula da ganuwar.[25]

Bayan shekarar 2015, a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Siriya, an sami rahotannin masana'antar makamai masu linzami a Masyaf da wani sansanin da ke kusa, wanda ake zargin sojojin Iran ke amfani da shi. An kai wa waɗannan wurare hari akai-akai ta hanyar hare-haren sama da ake kyautata zaton Isra'ila ce ke kai wa.[26]

A ranar 8 ga watan Satumba, 2024, Isra'ila ta kai hare-haren sama da kuma wani hari na ƙasa da rundunar Shaldag ta kai. Sun kai hari kan wata masana'antar makamai masu linzami ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa wadda aka ruwaito cewa Iran ce ta gina.[27]

Yanayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masyaf yana gefen tuddan gabashin gangaren tsaunukan Jabal Ansariyyah na bakin teku.[28] Matsakaicin tsayin Masyaf mita 485 ne. Yana yamma da filin al-Ghab. Yankin yana da lambuna, gonakin inabi, da filayen alkama da sha'ir waɗanda mutanen yankin ke nomawa.[5] A arewa da kudu na Masyaf, kogunan ruwa ne ke kwarara waɗanda ke shiga wani magudanar ruwa na Kogin Orontes, wanda ake kira al-Sarout.[23]

Birnin Hama yana da nisan kilomita 45 zuwa gabas kuma Baniyas yana da nisan kilomita 54 zuwa yamma. Hama tana da alaƙa da Masyaf ta hanyar da ke tafiya arewacin Masyaf watau hanyar al-Laqbah da Deir Shamil.[5] Ƙauyukan da ke kusa sun haɗa da al-Rusafa a kudu maso gabas, al-Bayda a kudu, al-Suwaydah a kudu maso yamma, Rabu a yamma, Biqraqa a arewa maso yamma, Hurayf da Hayalin a arewa, Zaynah a arewa maso gabas, da al-Shiha a gabas.

Gari

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masyaf yana da yanayin zafi na Bahar Rum (nau'in yanayi na Köppen Csa). A lokacin hunturu, ana samun ruwan sama fiye da lokacin rani a birnin Masyaf. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a Masyaf shine 17.6 °C (63.7 °F). Kimanin 1,049 mm (inci 41.30) na ruwan sama yana sauka kowace shekara.

Climate data for Masyaf
Watan Janairu Fabrairu Maris Afrilu Mayu Yuni Yuli Ogusta Satumba Oktoba Nuwamba Disamba Shekara
Average high °C (°F) 11.6
(52.9) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		21.9
(71.4) 		26.5
(79.7) 		30.8
(87.4) 		32.2
(90.0) 		32.8
(91.0) 		31.0
(87.8) 		26.5
(79.7) 		10.0
(50.0) 		13.3
(55.9) 		22.2
(72.0)
Average low °C (°F) 4.1
(39.4) 		5.0
(41.0) 		7.1
(44.8) 		10.0
(50.0) 		13.8
(56.8) 		17.9
(64.2) 		20.8
(69.4) 		20.9
(69.6) 		17.7
(63.9) 		13.6
(56.5) 		9.1
(48.4) 		5.6
(42.1) 		12.1
(53.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 212
(8.3) 		189
(7.4) 		165
(6.5) 		85
(3.3) 		30
(1.2) 		4
(0.2) 		0
(0) 		1
(0.0) 		10
(0.4) 		42
(1.7) 		89
(3.5) 		222
(8.7) 		1,049
(41.3)
Source: Climate-Data.org, Climate data

Alƙaluma

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A cewar Hukumar Kididdiga ta Siriya, Masyaf tana da yawan jama'a 22,508 a alƙaluman ƙidayar jama'a ta 2004. Ita ce cibiyar gudanarwa ta Gundumar Masyaf da kuma gundumomin ɓangarorin Masyaf. Daga baya yawan jama'a sun kai 68,184 a 2004.[29] A tsakiyar shekarun 1940, mutanen birnin galibi ƴan Ismaili ne.[28] A yau, birni ne mai addinai daban-daban, ciki har da na daga ƙabilun Ismaili da Alawite, tare da tsirarun ƴan Kiristoci.[30]

Birnin a wasan Kwamfuta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An nuna birnin Masyaf a matsayin hedkwatar gidan da ake bayar da umarni ga ƴan wasan shirin Assassin's Creed a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Uku a cikin jerin wasannin kwamfuta ɗin; (galibi birnin ya fito a bidiyon wasan Assassin's Creed 1 da Assassin's Creed: Revelations, daga cikin jerin rukunin wasannin na Assassin's Creed).[31] A wasan kwamfuta ɗin ƙauyen (Masyaf a lokacin) an gina shi a kan dutse, tare da gidan shugaban ƙauyen na Masyaf a saman tsaunin.[32]

Hotuna

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  • View of Birnin Masyaf daga wani dutse, a lokacin bazara, 2009
    View of Birnin Masyaf daga wani dutse, a lokacin bazara, 2009
  • Birnin
    Birnin
  • Masyaf
    Masyaf
  • Birnin Masyaf
    Birnin Masyaf

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Lipinsky 2000, p. 306.
  2. ↑ Lipinsky 2000, p. 308.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lipinsky 2000, p. 309.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hasan 2008, p. 7.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Honigman 1989, p. 789.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Daftary, 2011, p. 115.
  7. ↑ Willey 2005, p. 42.
  8. ↑ Willey 2005, p. 43.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Willey 2005, p. 44.
  10. ↑ Willey 2005, p. 45.
  11. ↑ Willey 2005, p. 46.
  12. ↑ Willey 2005, p. 47.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Honigman 1989, p. 790.
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 Honigman 1989, p. 791.
  15. ↑ le Strange, 1890, p. 507.
  16. ↑ Mirza, 1997, p. 128.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Daftary, 2007, p. 489.
  18. ↑ Balanche, 2004, pp. 69–70.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Hasan 2008, p. 15.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Honigman 1989, p. 792.
  21. ↑ Balanche, 2004, p. 92.
  22. ↑ The Mew Middle East, New Middle East, 1971, pp. 31–32
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Hasan 2008, p. 5.
  24. ↑ Willey 2005, p. 222.
  25. ↑ Willey 2005, p. 221.
  26. ↑ "Syria says 'hostile target' shot down near Iran-linked base" (in Turanci). The Times of Israel. 2019-08-16. Retrieved 2019-08-16.
  27. ↑ Ravid, Barak (12 September 2024). "Israel destroyed reported Iranian underground missile factory in Syria ground raid". Axios.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 The Middle East Intelligence Handbooks: 1943–1946 (Archive ed.), Naval Intelligence Division of Great Britain, 1987, p. 349, ISBN 9781852070601
  29. ↑ General Census of Population and Housing 2004 Archived 2013-01-13 at Archive.today. Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Hama Governorate. (in Larabci)
  30. ↑ Heras, Nicholas A. (December 2013), The Potential for an Assad Statelet in Syria (PDF), The Washington Institute of Near East Policy, p. 25, archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-18, retrieved 2015-05-18
  31. ↑ Juba, Joe (23 May 2011). "The Places You'll Go In AC Revelations". Game Informer. Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  32. ↑ Archer, Richard (23 July 2017). "The amazing (real) history behind all the Assassin's Creed games". PlayStation Universe. Retrieved 8 May 2019.

Bibliography

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Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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  • Media related to Masyaf at Wikimedia Commons
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