Mata Masu Juriya na Faransa

Mata Masu Juriya na Faransa

Simone Segouin, wata mace mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin Faransa a Chartres a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 1944.

Mata a cikin Juyin Juya Halin Faransa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayin juriya ga sojojin mamaye na Jamus a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Mata sun wakilci kashi 15 zuwa 20% na jimillar adadin mayaƙan Juyin Juya Halin Faransa a cikin ƙasar. Mata kuma sun wakilci kashi 15% na korar 'yan siyasa zuwa sansanonin tsare 'yan Nazi .

Ayyuka a cikin Juyin Juya Halin Faransa

Mata galibi suna cikin mawuyacin hali a cikin ƙungiyar Resistance ta Faransa. Lucie Aubrac, wacce ta zama alama ta Resistance ta Faransa a cikin Faransa, ba ta taɓa samun wani matsayi a cikin tsarin ƙungiyar ba, wanda a cikin lamarinta ya shafi 'Yancin Kudancin Yankin. Hélène Viannay, wacce ta fi mijinta Philippe Viannay ilimi sosai, wanda ya kafa Défense de la France, ba ta rubuta wani labari ɗaya ba ga jaridar ɓoye mai suna iri ɗaya, haka nan sauran abokan shugabannin Défense de la France, duk da cewa sun shiga tarurruka don gyara jaridar. A gefe guda kuma, Suzanne Buisson, wacce ta kafa Comité d'action sociale (CAS) ita ce ma'ajin kuɗi har zuwa lokacin da aka kama ta. Mace ɗaya ce kawai, Marie-Madeleine Fourcade, ita ce shugabar wata cibiyar sadarwa (ta hanyar sa 'yan Birtaniya su yi imani cewa ainihin shugabar cibiyar sadarwa ta Alliance namiji ne). Babu wata mace da ta taɓa jagorantar wata ƙungiya, ko ƙungiyar maquis (ƙungiyar 'yan daba) ko Kwamitin 'Yanci, babu ɗaya da aka naɗa a matsayin Kwamishina a cikin Gwamnatin Wucin Gadi ta Jamhuriyar Faransa ko Ministan 'Yanci.

Mata sun yi yaƙi a yaƙin da ake yi da makamai. Duk da cewa mata sun kasance kamar 'yan adawar siyasa a Italiya, Spain, Girka, Yugoslavia da Tarayyar Soviet da Jamus ta mamaye, kuma suna da yawa, amma kaɗan ne daga cikin 'yan tsiraru a cikin maquis a Faransa. An yi hasashen cewa wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa matan Faransa ba sa ƙarƙashin Dokar Ba da Lamuni (Turanci: Dokar Ba da Lamuni; STO), kamar yadda mata a wasu ƙasashe da dama da Jamus ta mamaye suka yi.

Mata sun shirya zanga-zangar matan gida a shekarar 1940, sun kasance masu aiki a cikin kwamitocin jama'a na PCF na ɓoye, kuma suna kasancewa tare da ƙarfafa gwiwa da taimakon kayan aiki ga masu yajin aiki, kamar yadda aka yi a Nord-Pas-de-Calais a watan Mayu 1941, da kuma tallafawa maquis . [1] Sun kasance ba makawa a matsayin masu buga takardu, kuma sama da duka a matsayin wakilan haɗin gwiwa - wani ɓangare saboda Jamusawa ba su yarda da mata ba, kuma saboda yawancin ikon ganowa akan masu adawa da Service du travail obligatoire (STO) bai shafe su ba. Masanin tarihi Olivier Wieviorka ya jaddada cewa dabarun waɗannan ƙungiyoyi galibi, a zahiri, shine sanya mata cikin ayyukan da ke buƙatar gani, tunda ba su da sauƙin fuskantar danniya: gwamnatin Vichy ta Faransa da aka mamaye da sojojin Jamus ba su iya harbin matan Faransa suna neman abinci ga 'ya'yansu ba. [2]

Madeleine Riffaud, wata daliba mai aikin ungozoma wacce ta yi aikin sa kai tare da ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta jam'iyyar Kwaminis, ta tuna cewa "tana jin kunyar a ce ta ɗauki makamai a duk faɗin gari don maza su yi amfani da su". Ta sami izinin amfani da bindiga da kanta, kuma a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1944, da rana tsaka a kan gada da ke kallon kogin Seine, ta harbi wani jami'in leƙen asiri na Jamus. Bayan an kama ta, kuma aka azabtar da ita ba tare da nasara ba saboda abokan hulɗarta, an sake ta a musayar fursunoni kuma ta koma cikin gwagwarmayar nan take. A ranar 23 ga Agusta, Riffaud ta jagoranci rundunar tsaro ta FTP wacce ta kama jirgin ƙasa da ke ɗauke da ganima da harsasai a cikin ramin Buttes-Chaumont kuma ta tabbatar da cewa sojojin Jamus 80 da ke cikin jirgin sun miƙa wuya. A ranar 25 ga wata, ta kuma shiga cikin wani hari da aka kai wa barikin sojoji da ke Place de la République . Duk da haka bayan ' Yantar da Paris, kasancewarta mace, Riffaud ba ta iya kammala yaƙin da sauran ƙungiyar masu adawa da ita ba, waɗanda yanzu haka suna cikin rundunar sojojin Faransa ta yau da kullun. A lokacin da mata a Faransa ba su da 'yancin zaɓe, an gaya mata cewa ba ta sami izinin mahaifinta ba.

Hadayar mutum ɗaya

Allon allo a kan wani gida a birnin Paris, wanda aka yi wa ado da Berty Albrecht, wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa Mouvement Combat (MLN), kuma wanda ya mutu a Fresnes a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 1943.

Wasu daga cikin mata mafi shahara a cikin Resistance na Faransa sune Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux wacce ita ce shugabar sashin mata na Organization civile et militaire . Ta kuma kasance memba na Kwamitin 'Yantar da Faransa. Bayan ' Yantar da Faransa, ta kasance mataimakiya sannan Sanata a gwamnatin Faransa. Touty Hiltermann ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a kafa da kuma gudanar da ƙungiyar Dutch-Paris . Germaine Tillion ta zama shugabar ƙungiyar Resistance ta Hauet-Vildé daga 1941 zuwa 1942, daga baya babbar ƙungiyar Resistance Groupe du musée de l'Homme ta amince da ita. Hélène Studler ta shirya hanyoyin sadarwa na réseau d'évasions, hanyoyin sadarwa na safarar 'yan adawa daga Faransa. Dubban fursunoni da membobin Resistance sun tsere zuwa 'yanci ta hanyar aikinta. Ta shirya tserewar François Mitterrand, Shugaban Faransa na gaba; Boris Holban, wanda ya kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta FTP-MOI a watan Maris na 1942; da Janar Henri Giraud a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1942.

Wasu mayaka a ɓoye sun tsira daga yaƙin a matsayin wani ɓangare na ma'aurata, kuma da cewa shiga cikin Juyin Juya Halinsu ba zai yiwu ba ko kuma ba za a iya tsira ba tare da goyon bayan abokin aikinsu a gefensu ba: Cécile da Henri Rol-Tanguy, Raymond da Lucie Aubrac, Paulette da Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont, Hélène da Philippe Viannay, Marie-Hélène da Pierre Lefaucheux, Cletta da Daniel Mayer, da sauransu da yawa ba za a iya raba su ba.

Akwai mata da yawa a cikin Resistance waɗanda suka yi aure kuma suka haifi 'ya'ya gaba ɗaya a ɓoye, ba tare da katse gwagwarmayar Resistance ba. Wasu sun ceci rayukan mazajensu, kamar Lucie Aubrac ko Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux. Wasu kuma sun raba gwagwarmayarsu har zuwa azabtarwa, korar mutane da mutuwa, kamar Madeleine Truel . Shahararren jerin gwanon korar mutane, a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1943, ya haɗa da 'yan gurguzu da mata da yawa da gwamnatin mamaya ta harbe, ciki har da Maï Politzer, matar Georges Politzer, ko Hélène Solomon, 'yar babban masanin ilimi Paul Langevin da matar marubuci Jacques Solomon .

Gado

Delphine Aigle, 'yar Faransa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a Romilly-sur-Seine, an girmama ta da wani allo a gidanta bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin.

Duk da cewa CNR ta yi watsi da ambaton bai wa mata kuri'a a cikin shirinta na sabunta mulki a watan Maris na 1944, Charles de Gaulle ya sanya hannu kan umarnin ayyana 'yancin mata ga 'yan ƙasar Faransa a Algiers, a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1944. Saboda haka, an amince da rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin 'yantar da Faransawa.

Akwai ƙalilan abubuwan tarihi da ke girmama ayyukan waɗannan mata. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ba a yi la'akari da su ba shine birnin Riom, wanda ya girmama 'yan ƙasarsa biyu da wani abin tunawa na musamman: Marinette Menut, Laftanar-Masanin Magunguna na MURs d'Auverne da Claude Rodier -Virlogeux, Babban Sajen na MURs d'Auvergne.