Mata a Albania
 Mata a Albania | ||||
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aspect in a geographic region (en)  | ||||
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| Bayanai | ||||
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | mace | |||
| Fuskar |
women's history (en) | |||
| Ƙasa | Albaniya | |||
| Wuri | ||||
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An kafa kungiyar mata ta farko a Albania a shekara ta 1909. Mata 'yan Albania daga yankin arewacin Gheg sun zauna a cikin al'umma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma shugabanci. A cikin irin wannan al'umma ta gargajiya, mata suna da matsayi na ƙasa a cikin al'ummomin Gheg waɗanda suka yi imani da "mazaunin maza". Wannan ya faru ne duk da isowar Dimokuradiyya da karɓar tattalin arzikin kasuwa kyauta a Albania, bayan lokacin da ke ƙarƙashin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Labour.[1] Al'adun gargajiya na Gheg na Albania ya dogara ne akan Kanun mai shekaru 500 na Lekë Dukagjini, tsarin halayyar Gheg na gargajiya, inda babban rawar mata ita ce kula da yara da kula da gida.[2]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hakkin ɗaukar makamai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cewar wani shafi a cikin The Literary World a 1878, an ba wa matan Albania damar ɗaukar makamai.
Matsayi na gargajiya na Gheg
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Edith Durham ta lura a cikin 1928 cewa matan ƙauyen Albania sun fi ra'ayin mazan jiya wajen kiyaye al'adu, kamar kiran fansa, kama da mata a tsohuwar Girka.
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Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II, ya zama ruwan dare ga wasu matan Gheg Albanian su zama "masu ƙwaraƙwalwa masu rai" na maza da ke zaune a yankunan tsaunuka.[1]
Gheg ya rantse budurwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A baya, a cikin iyalan da ba su da ubanni, matan Albania marasa aure za su iya ɗaukar matsayin shugaban iyali na namiji ta hanyar "yi rantsuwa da budurwa", rawar da za ta haɗa da haƙƙin rayuwa kamar namiji, ɗaukar makamai, mallakar dukiya, iya motsawa kyauta, yin ado kamar maza, samun sunayen maza idan suna so su yi haka, tabbatar da ikon cin gashin kansu, guje wa auren da aka shirya, kuma kasancewa tare da maza yayin da ake bi da su kamar namiji.
Shirye-shiryen abinci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mata a tsakiyar Albania, musamman mata a Elbasan da yankunan da ke kusa, an san su da dafa ballakume mai ɗanɗano a lokacin Dita da Verës, bikin bazara na shekara-shekara da ake yi a ranar 14 ga Maris. A gefe guda, matan Musulmai na Albania, musamman mata daga ƙungiyar Bektashi ta Musulunci suna dafa pudding da aka sani da ashura daga sinadaran kamar alkama, sukari, busassun 'ya'yan itace, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, da cinnamon, bayan rana ta 10 ta matem, lokacin azumi.[1]
Hakkin mata a siyasar Albania
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin karni na 19, Sami Frashëri ya fara bayyana ra'ayin ilimi ga mata tare da gardamar cewa idan zai ƙarfafa al'umma ta hanyar ilimantar da mata don koyar da yaransu. A ƙarshen karni na 19, wasu mata masu daraja a birane waɗanda suka sami ilimi a Yammacin Turai sun ga buƙatar ƙarin ilimi ga mata a Albania. A shekara ta 1891, Sevasti Qiriazi da Parashqevi Qiriazi ne suka kafa makarantar sakandare ta farko a Korçë kuma a shekara ta 1909 sun kafa kungiyar mata ta farko a Albania, Morning Star (Yll'i Mëngesit) tare da manufar haɓaka haƙƙin mata ta hanyar haɓaka matakin iliminsu.
Aure, haihuwa, da rayuwar iyali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Adadin haihuwa shine yara 1.5 da aka haifa a kowace mace (2015 est.), [3] wanda ke ƙasa da sauyawar sauyawa na 2.1. Yawan maganin hana daukar ciki yana da yawa: 69.3% (2008/09). [3] Yawancin matan Albania sun fara iyalansu a farkon da tsakiyar shekaru ashirin: tun daga shekara ta 2011, matsakaicin shekarun auren farko ya kasance 23.6 ga mata da 29.3 ga maza.[4]
A wasu yankunan karkara na Albania, har yanzu ana shirya aure, kuma al'umma tana da karfi da al'ada, wanda ya rinjayi tsarin dabi'un gargajiya na kanun.[5] birni na Albania ba shi da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashen Turai: 57.4% na yawan jama'a (2015). [3] Kodayake auren tilasta gabaɗaya al'umma ba ta yarda da shi ba, "sanannen abu ne a cikin ƙasar, musamman a yankunan karkara da yankuna masu nisa," kuma 'yan mata da mata a waɗannan yankuna "swi da yawa ana tilasta su cikin aure saboda tunanin ubanni da talauci".[a][6]
Aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A lokacin kwaminisanci mata sun shiga aikin biyan kuɗi da yawa. Lokacin sauyawa a Albania an nuna shi da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da rashin kwanciyar hankali. Kasuwar ma'aikata tana fuskantar yawancin matsalolin da suka zama ruwan dare ga yawancin tattalin arzikin canji, kamar asarar ayyuka a bangarori da yawa, waɗanda ba a biya su da isasshen biyan kuɗi ta hanyar sabbin bangarori masu tasowa. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, yawan aiki ya kai 51.8% ga mata matasa, idan aka kwatanta da 65.6% ga samari.[7]
Ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin].jpg)
A ƙarshen shekara ta 1946, kusan kashi 85% na mutane ba su iya karatu da rubutu ba, musamman saboda makarantun da ke amfani da Harshen Albanian kusan ba su wanzu a kasar kafin ta zama mai zaman kanta a shekara ta 1912. Har zuwa tsakiyar karni na sha tara, sarakunan Ottoman sun haramta amfani da harshen Albanian a makarantu.[8] Gwamnatin kwaminisanci ta ba da fifiko ga ilimi, wanda ya haɗa da rarraba haruffa na yawan jama'a, amma kuma inganta akidar gurguzu a makarantu. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2015, yawan karatun mata ya kasance dan kadan a kasa da na maza: mata 96.9% idan aka kwatanta da maza 98.4%[3]
Cin zarafin mata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Albania ta dauki matakai don magance batun tashin hankali ga mata. Wannan ya haɗa da aiwatar da Dokar No. 9669/2006 (Dokar kan Matakan da ke kan Rikicin a Dangantakar Iyali) [9] da kuma tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Istanbul. [10]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Kungiyar Mata ta Albania
- Matsayin jinsi a cikin bayan kwaminisanci na Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Elsie, Robert. "Albania". Advameg, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Albania" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedNYT - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "The World Factbook". cia.gov. Retrieved 17 June 2016. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "cia.gov" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Select variable and values - UNECE Statistical Database". W3.unece.org. 2016-02-09. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
- ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 18, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ↑ "IRB: Albania: Forced marriages of women, including those who are already married; state protection and resources provided to women who try to avoid a marriage imposed on them (2010-June 2015) [ALB105216.E] | ecoi.net - European Country of Origin Information Network". ecoi.net. Archived from the original on 2016-03-30. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
- ↑ "Youth Employment and Migration : Country Brief : Albania" (PDF). Ilo.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
- ↑ "Albanian "Letërsia e gjuhës së ndaluar"" [The Literature of the Prohibited Language] (PDF) (in Albaniyanci). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
- ↑ "LAW No. 9669 of 18.12.2006 : "ON MEASURES AGAINST VIOLENCE IN FAMILY RELATIONS"". Osce.org. Archived from the original on 2017-05-26. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
- ↑ Bureau des Traités. "Liste complète". Coe.int. Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2016-06-17.