Mata a Morocco
 Mata a Morocco | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
women in a geographic region (en)  | ||||
 | ||||
| Bayanai | ||||
| Fuskar |
women's history (en) | |||
| Ƙasa | Moroko | |||
| Wuri | ||||
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Ana iya raba tarihin mata a Maroko zuwa lokuta: kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan zuwan Musulunci.[1]
Bayan da Maroko ta samu ‘yancin kai daga Faransa, matan Moroko sun sami damar fara zuwa makarantun da suka fi mayar da hankali kan koyarwa fiye da addini kawai, fadada iliminsu zuwa ilimin kimiyya da sauran fannoni.[2]
Bayan kafa dokar doka da aka fi sani da Mudawana a shekara ta 2004, matan Moroko sun sami yancin sakin mazajensu, da rikon yara, da renon yara, da mallaka da gado.[3] Doka ta yi gyare-gyare na ci gaba kan matsayin mata, amma “mummunan rashin daidaito da wariya sun ci gaba, musamman a rashin daidaiton damar saki ga mata, dangantakar kudi tsakanin ma’aurata, da kula da ‘ya’ya da renon yara.[4]
Matan Amazigh a Maroko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kafin yaduwar Musulunci a Maroko, wanda ya fara da mamayar Larabawa a karshen karni na 7 Miladiyya, Maroko wani yanki ne na yankin da al'ummar Amazigh wadanda ba Larabawa ba ne suke zaune.[5] An ce kabilun Amazigh daban-daban na karni na 4, da na 5, da na 6 sun kasance matrilineal, kamar kabilar Abzinawa na yankunan Sahara da Sahel.[6] Don haka, matan Amazigh sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'ummomin yankin. Misalin tarihi shine siffar Kahina, wata fitacciyar shugabar soja ta Amazigh wacce ta yi yaƙi da faɗaɗa Larabawa zuwa Arewacin Afirka.[6]
Kayayyakin kayan ado na al'adun Berber wani salon kayan ado ne na gargajiya da mata da 'yan mata ke sanyawa a yankunan da 'yan kabilar Amazigh ke zaune. Bayan doguwar al'adar zamantakewa da al'adu, masu yin azurfa na irin waɗannan kabilun sun kirkiro kayan ado masu rikitarwa don ƙawata abokan cinikinsu mata. Kayan ado na gargajiya na Amazigh na karkara yawanci ana yin su ne da azurfa kuma sun haɗa da filayen fibula masu ƙayatarwa, waɗanda aka fara amfani da su azaman maɗaurin riguna, da abin wuya, mundaye, 'yan kunne da makamantansu.[7]
Matan Amazigh kuma sun sami matsayi mai ɗorewa a cikin tarihin tarihin Moroccan. An yi imani da cewa labarin Aisha Qandisha ya wanzu tun aƙalla karni na 7[8]. Akwai bambancin sunan Aisha Qandisha da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da Lalla Aicha da Aicha Hamdouchia. A’isha Qandisha ta samo asali ne daga zamanin jahiliyya na Maroko, ana kyautata zaton cewa ita mace aljani ce mai siffar halittu masu yawa, ciki har da rabin akuya[9]. Ba kamar sauran aljanu a cikin tarihin tarihin Moroccan ba, Aicha Qandisha yana fitowa galibi a cikin mafarkin maza kuma an ce yana sanya mutum rashin ƙarfi. Irin wannan labarun ya kasance sananne sosai a Maroko a yau, musamman tare da yara.
A cikin bincikenta game da matsayin mata na zamantakewa da al'adu na Amazigh a cikin kabilar Ait Kabbash a kudancin Maroko, masanin tarihi Cynthia Becker ya rubuta: [10]
A zahiri, mata a Arewacin Afirka da kuma musamman, matan Amazigh, koyaushe sun kasance wakilai masu tasiri waɗanda ke tasiri a cikin gida da na jama'a. Suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'ummarsu ta hanyar samar da kayayyaki kamar tanti, tufafi, darduma, buhu, da tukwanen yumbu, baya ga aikin warkarwa, dillalan aure, ungozoma, masu girki, masu noma, da makiyaya.
- Cynthia Becker, Amazigh Arts a Maroko. Mata suna siffanta asalin Berber
Kafa cibiyoyin Musulunci (680-900)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan fadadawar Larabawa zuwa yankin Magrib, wasu mata sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa tushe na alamomin da ke ci gaba da aiki a yau. Fatima al-Fihri, alal misali, ana ba da labarin kafa masallacin Karaouine a Fes a shekara ta 859, wanda a cikin ƙarnuka da yawa suka ci gaba zuwa "makarantar da ta ba da digiri na farko a duniya na manyan makarantu"[11]. 'Yar'uwar Fatima, Mariam al-Fihri, ita ma ta kafa masallacin Andalus a Fes.[12]
Fadada daular Turai da nau'ikan mulkin mallaka (1600-1956)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A matsayin wani ɓangare na babban aikin mulkin mallaka na Faransa wanda ya haifar da mamayar Faransawa na Maroko da yankin Maghreb gabaɗaya, labaran Turai akan matan Moroccan galibi ana daidaita su akan hotunan Gabas. Manyan labarai sun bayyana matan Morocco a matsayin masu tawakkali, waɗanda aka zalunta, kuma suna buƙatar samun ceto. Sakamakon haka, ƙwarewar matan Moroko na rayuwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Faransanci ya samo asali ne na maɓalli da yawa na iko da kuma magabata. Misali, bayan da ake ci gaba da samun karuwar kwace filaye na kasar Faransa da wahalhalun tattalin arziki, wanda ya kori iyalan Moroko daga gidajensu da filayensu, yawancin matan Moroko sun yi hijira zuwa cikin birane domin neman damar tattalin arziki, musamman zuwa Casablanca da sauran manyan biranen kasar.[13] Bayan ƙaura zuwa Casablanca, an tilasta wa wasu daga cikinsu yin karuwanci, saboda rashin takardun shaida na yau da kullun - manufar da Faransawa ta kafa.[13]
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Mata masu adawa da mulkin mallaka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ↑ "Global Gender Gap Report 2022" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ↑ "Women in Morocco". THIRDEYEMOM. 26 April 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
- ↑ Bordat, Stephanie Willman; Kouzzi, Saida (2023), Wing, Adrien K.; Kassim, Hisham A. (eds.), "Women's Rights in the Moroccan Family Code: Caught between Change and Continuity", Family Law and Gender in the Middle East and North Africa: Change and Stasis since the Arab Spring, Cambridge University Press, pp. 59–77, doi:10.1017/9781139151719.004, ISBN 978-1-107-02352-9.
- ↑ Laroui, Abdallah. The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay. Princeton: Princeton Studies on the Near East, 1977.
- 1 2 Brett, Michael, and Elizabeth Fentress. The Berbers. Wiley: Blackwell, 1997. [page?]
- ↑ Becker, Cynthia (2006). Amazigh arts in Morocco : women shaping Berber identity (PDF). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-79591-4. OCLC 568018126. The Art of Dressing the Body p. 47-75.
- ↑ Crapanzano, Vincent. The Hamadsha. A Study in Moroccan Ethnopsychiatry. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.
- ↑ Westermarck, Edward. Ritual and Belief in Morocco. London: Macmillan and Co., 1926.
- ↑ Becker 2006, p. 5
- ↑ "world's first academic degree-granting institution of higher education". Archived from the original on 2024-06-09. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
- ↑ "Fatima Al-Fihri – Founder of the Oldest University in the World." The Urban Muslim Woman. Retrieved 2014-03-02
- 1 2 Maghraoui, Driss. "Gendering Urban Colonial Casablanca" in Martina Rieker and Kamran Asdar Ali, eds. Gendering Urban Space in the Middle East, South Asia and Africa (New York & Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).