Mata a cikin Arabiya kafin Musulunci
 Mata a cikin Arabiya kafin Musulunci | |
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aspect in a geographic region (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Fuskar |
women's history (en) |
Akwai ban tsoro game da mata a cikin Arabiya kafin musulunci.
Matsayi na shari'a da magani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙabilar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin Arabiya kafin Islama, kabilun sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara ayyukan da al'adun tsibirin. Ƙabilun sau da yawa suna da shugabannin maza da aka sani da sheikhs, duk da haka wannan ba koyaushe ba ne. Wasu mata masu matsayi na iyalai masu tasiri sun bayyana a cikin al'adun baki na baya a matsayin matsakanci ko masu kawo zaman lafiya, suna ba da shawarar cewa mata na iya, a wasu mahallin, ya shafi dangantakar kabilanci. A cikin abin da ke yanzu Yemen ta zamani, Sarauniya Biliqis ta mallaki Saba. A cikin rubuce-rubucen Neo-Assyrian daga karni na 8 KZ, sarauniya kamar Shamsi da Zabibe an amince da su a matsayin shugabannin yankunan Larabawa, wannan aikin na samun shugabannin kabilun mata ya ci gaba har zuwa zamanin Islama na baya-bayan nan kamar Umm Qirfa, wanda ya kasance shugaban kabilanci wanda ya mallaki kabilar Banu Fazara wanda ke adawa da annabin Islama Muhammed. Wadannan ayyukan matriarchal sun kasance wani ɓangare na al'adun Larabawa da al'adun har sai Islama ta canza yanayin zamantakewa da al'adu na Yankin Larabawa wanda ya karɓi tsarin shugabanci na shugabanci kamar yadda Muhammed ya ce "Al'ummar da ta ba da umarnin su ga mace ba za ta yi nasara ba"Sahih Bukhari, Hadith: 4425 . Duk da yake waɗannan rubuce-rubucen ba su ba da cikakken bayani game da rayuwar mata ta yau da kullun, suna nuna yadda mata za su iya rike mukamai na jagoranci a wasu yanayi.
An yi zato da yawa game da dokar kafin Islama saboda rashin daidaituwa a fahimtar yadda aka kafa dokar a cikin al'ummar Larabawa a wannan lokacin. Babban ɓangaren aiki na al'ummar Larabawa, ƙabilar, ta ƙunshi waɗanda ke da alaƙa da dangi ɗaya. Ƙabilar kanta an ɗaure ta hanyar fahimtar juna game da ka'idojin magana wanda zai iya bambanta sosai dangane da kabilar da ayyukanta na tattalin arziki, gami da matsayin mata da haƙƙoƙin. Shugaban kabilanci ne ya aiwatar da dokoki wanda kuma ya yi sulhu da tattaunawar sabbin dokoki. Kowane mutum a cikin kabilar an ba da izinin bayar da shawarar sabbin dokoki, amma ba za a kafa su ba har sai dukkan rukuni sun cimma yarjejeniya.[1] Yawancin waɗannan kabilun sun kasance daga zuriyar patrilineal sabili da haka an kafa su ne kawai ta hanyar haɗin maza da aka gano daga kowace tsara. A cikin al'ummar kabilanci, mata gabaɗaya ba su da ikon nuna wanda suka zaɓa su yi aure. Koyaya, ƙabilar ta ba matar kariya idan mijinta ya wulakanta ta.[2]
A lokacin kafin addinin Islama tsakanin 3500 da 3000 KZ, yawancin biranen da ke dauke da kabilun sun ci gaba da canza wadanda ke da ikon yin magana. Yawancin wannan canjin ya faru ne saboda yakin kabilanci da ke faruwa tsakanin waɗannan kabilun. Yayin da aka ci gaba da juyar da ikon gwamnati kuma aka maye gurbinsa, dokokin da aka yi wa mata sun zama masu iyaka yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba. A wani lokaci, mazaje suna da damar ba da rancen matansu da 'ya'yansu, doke su ba tare da tausayi ba, ko cire gashin su ba tare tare da an hukunta su ba saboda waɗannan ayyukan. Babbar dama da mace ke da ita a waɗannan lokutan an bayyana ta a cikin Dokar Hammurabi a cikin 1752 KZ, "mata za su iya samun saki ne kawai tare da babban wahala. Idan mace ta ƙi mijinta, cewa ta bayyana, 'ba za ku iya samun ni ba', za a bincika rikodin ta a majalisa ta birni". Maganar ta ci gaba da bayyana cewa idan kotun ba ta sami matar ta yi laifi ba, to za a ba ta damar komawa gidan mahaifinta.
Rufewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A lokacin kafin addinin Islama, dokar Assuriya ta bayyana a sarari a cikin rubuce-rubucen su wanda aka ba shi izinin rufewa. Wadanda suka kasance dangin "masu kula" dole ne su rufe fuska da waɗanda a baya suka kasance masu karuwanci amma yanzu sun yi aure. Dokokin kan rufe fuska sun kasance masu tsauri sosai har aka kafa sakamakon da ba za a iya jurewa ba ga waɗannan mata, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da bugawa sosai ko yanke kunnuwansu. An haramta karuwanci da bayi daga rufe fuska. Ba wai kawai an yi amfani da mayafin ba don rarraba mata bisa ga matsayinsu, har ma da lakafta su bisa ga ayyukan jima'i da matsayin aure.
Mata masu matsayi na sama
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da yake yawan mata a cikin Arabiya kafin Islama ba su da hakkoki da yawa, mata masu girma suna da yawa. Mutane da yawa sun zama 'naditum', ko firistoci, wanda hakan zai ba su ƙarin hakkoki. Wadannan mata sun sami damar mallakar dukiya. Bugu da kari, naditum sun sami damar taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar tattalin arzikin al'ummarsu. Jama'ar Samad Late Iron Age a tsakiyar Oman suna nuna mata masu matsayi na zamantakewa.
Ayyukan aure
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin Arabiya kafin Islama, akwai ayyuka daban-daban na aure. Mafi yawan nau'ikan aure a wannan lokacin sune aure ta yarjejeniya, aure ta kamawa, aure ta sayarwa, aure ta gado da Mut'ah ko aure na wucin gadi.[3]
Tsarin iyali da zama uwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bincike kan tsarin iyali na pre-Islamic Arabia yana da ra'ayoyi masu yawa don haka ya zama da wahala a san ainihin tsarin iyali a wannan lokacin. Tsarin iyali wanda zai iya kasancewa na kabilanci na musamman a lokacin da ya gabata na Islama Arabia ya kasance na ubanni kuma dangantakar da ke cikin iyali ta kasance tsakanin sauran dangantaka da maza. Yana da mahimmanci ga iyalai su sami yara maza maimakon 'yan mata saboda ana kallon maza a matsayin mafi girma ga mata. A cikin iyali mata ba su da wani haƙƙin iyaye a kan 'ya'yansu koda kuwa mahaifin ya mutu, kuma an yi iƙirarin cewa mata ba su na haƙƙin gado. Koyaya, a bayyane yake cewa gwauraye da yawa sun sami damar gadon daga mazajensu kuma sun kasance masu arziki sosai, matar Muhammadu Khadija da sauran gwauraye na farko na Islama sun haɗa da su, kafin a ba da surahs akan gado. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman rawar mahaifiyar a cikin iyali shine ta haifi yara, da kuma haifi 'ya'yan namiji. Ko da yake mata suna da 'yanci kaɗan a cikin iyali sun shiga cikin ƙananan matsayi a cikin al'umma. Wasu daga cikin ayyukan da mata suka yi sune yin abinci, shayar da dabbobi, wanke tufafi, shirya man shanu, sa kayan alfarwa, da kuma yin ulu.[4]
Kashe jarirai mata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masana tarihi sun yi jayayya game da wanzuwar kisan jarirai a cikin Arabiya kafin Islama. Tunanin Islama ya zo ya yi tunanin zamanin kafin Islama, wanda suka kira zamanin Jahiliya, a matsayin daya daga cikin zalunci, duhu, da jahilci, wanda ke nuna son zuciya na tushen Islama na al'adun Larabawa na kafin Islama. Shaidar mai zaman kanta daga wannan lokacin, duk da haka, ba ta da yawa.[5] Hadisin kanta sau da yawa marigayi ne (ya samo asali ne a ƙarni na biyu da na uku na Islama) kuma sau da yawa an iyakance shi ga labari, karin magana, waka, da sauran nau'ikan abubuwan da ba na tarihi ba.[6] Lokaci-lokaci, an ambaci kisan jarirai a cikin waƙoƙin Larabci na Islama amma idan ya kasance, ba ya ambaton kisan jariri na mata a bayyane, maimakon kisan jarumi na gaba ɗaya wanda ba na jinsi ba.[7] Yawanci, ba a ganin addini a matsayin ingantaccen tushen tarihi ba, Koyaya, wasu suna fassara Alkur'ani kamar yadda yake tallafawa tarihin aikin kisan jarirai a cikin Arabiya kafin Islama, amma masu bincike sun yi jayayya da wannan.[8]
Binciken Archaeological a duk faɗin yankin Larabawa wanda ya rufe wuraren binnewa, ƙauyuka da rubuce-rubuce ba su tabbatar da tsarin tsarin kisan jarirai na mata ba. Kodayake kisan jarirai ya faru ne a cikin al'ummomi da yawa na dā lokacin da albarkatun ba su da yawa ko kuma a lokutan rikici saboda dalilai na addini ko wasu, tabbacin bayyane cewa wannan aikin ya wanzu a cikin tsari kuma ba a yi niyya da 'yan mata a cikin Arabiya kafin Islama ba.
Baya ga rashin rubuce-rubucen Larabci na Musulunci da suka ambaci kisan jarirai akwai kuma rashin wasu rubuce-buce na tarihi, marubutan da ba Larabci ba (Girkanci, Roman, Farisa) waɗanda suka yi sharhi game da al'adun Larabawa ba su nuna kisan jariri na mata a matsayin alamar yankin ba, mafi mahimmancin yaduwar wannan da'awar shine rubutun addini kamar Alkur'ani. Idan aka ba da yadda aka raba da bambancin da aka yi kafin addinin Musulunci, ba zai yiwu ba cewa kowane aikin zamantakewa musamman mai tsananin ya kasance daidai a duk al'ummomi.[9]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Mata a cikin al'ummomin Larabawa
- Mata a cikin Islama
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedCoulson - ↑ Sechzer, Jeri (September 2004). "Islam and Woman: Where Tradition Meets Modernity: History and Interpretations of Islamic Women's Status". Sex Roles. 51 (5/6): 267. doi:10.1023/b:sers.0000046610.16101.e0. S2CID 38184740.
- ↑ Shah, N. (2006). Women, The Koran and International Human Rights Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 32. ISBN 90-04-15237-7.
- ↑ Nihal, Sahin. "Arabia in the Pre-Islamic Period". Retrieved November 30, 2011.
- ↑ Elhadj, Dr.Elie (3 November 2010). "In Defense of Pre-Islamic Arabian Culture". Blitz, Comprehensive Tabloid Weekly. Jahiliyya Literature. 6 (47): 74.
- ↑ Ahmed, Leila. "Women in Pre-Islamic Arabia by Muslim Women's League". Retrieved 1 December 2011.
- ↑ Omar Abdallah Ahmad Shehadeh. "Infanticide in pre Islam Era: Phenomenon Investigation". Department of Arabic Language and Literature: 5.
we do not find in what remained, any mention by the poets of the word wa’d (infanticide) or its derivatives, except in rare cases
- ↑ Lindstedt, Ilkka (2023). "The Qurʾān and the Putative pre-Islamic Practice of Female Infanticide". Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association (in Turanci). 8 (1): 5–29. doi:10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0005.
- ↑ Lindstedt, Ilkka (2023). "The Qurʾān and the Putative pre-Islamic Practice of Female Infanticide". Cite journal requires
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