Mata a cikin mulkin mallaka na Afirka
 Mata a cikin mulkin mallaka na Afirka |
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ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai da kai' a duk faɗin Afirka galibi maza ne ke jagoranta; duk da haka, mata ma suna da muhimmiyar rawa. Matsayin mata a cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai na Afirka sun bambanta kuma sun bambanta da kowace ƙasa. Mata da yawa sun yi imanin cewa 'yancinsu yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da' yancinsu na ƙasashensu. Mata sun shiga cikin matsayi daban-daban na adawa da mulkin mallaka, daga shirya ƙasa zuwa samar da muhimmiyar tallafi yayin gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai. Ayyukansu sun haɗa da shirya zanga-zangar, rarraba farfaganda na adawa da mulkin mallaka, da kuma ba da taimako mai mahimmanci kamar abinci da kulawar likita ga sojoji masu guerrilla da suka ji rauni. Bugu da ƙari, wasu mata sun shiga cikin gwagwarmaya ta gaba tare da takwarorinsu maza. Mata da ke da hannu a kokarin adawa da mulkin mallaka sau da yawa sun fuskanci adawa mai tsanani daga hukumomin mulkin mallaka, wanda ya haifar da abubuwan da suka faru na ɗaurin kurkuku da azabtarwa, a matsayin sakamakon shiga cikin irin wannan kokarin.[1] Duk da muhimman gudummawa da wahalar da mata suka jimre a lokacin tsarin mulkin mallaka, ana watsi da matsayinsu a cikin gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai a duk faɗin nahiyar a cikin tarihin tarihi. A cikin yawancin labaran tarihin Afirka, Gudummawar mata ta kasance ba a ganuwa ko kuma ba a nuna ta ba, wanda ke haifar da rashin karbuwa idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na maza.[2]
Aljeriya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lalla Fatma N'Soumer (Larabci: لالة فاطمة نسومر; c. 1830 – 1863) shi ne jagoran adawa da mulkin mallaka na Aljeriya[3] a lokacin 1849-1857 na mamayar Faransawa na Aljeriya da Pacific Pacific na gaba na Aljeriya. Ta jagoranci yaƙe-yaƙe da dama da sojojin Faransa, har zuwa lokacin da aka kama ta a watan Yulin 1857. An ɗaure ta a kurkuku har zuwa mutuwarta bayan shekaru shida. Jaruma ce 'yar kasar Aljeriya.
Duk da yake akwai wasu jayayya game da wanda ya tsara tutar dai-dai, Emilie Busquant, matar shugaban Aljeriya mai kishin kasa Messali Hadj, an ba da ita gabaɗaya kamar yadda ta sa tutar Aljeriya ta farko a 1934.
Yaƙin Aljeriya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ghana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yaa Asantewaa I (1840 - 1921) ita ce Sarauniya Uwar Ejisu a Daular Ashanti, yanzu wani ɓangare na Ghana ta zamani. A cikin 1900, ta jagoranci yakin Ashanti, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Golden Stool ko Yaa Asantewaa War of Independence, a kan Daular Burtaniya.
Najeriya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An ba Najeriya 'yancin kai daga Daular Burtaniya a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1960. Kafin wannan, an gudanar da nau'o'i daban-daban da zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin mallaka. Mata a Najeriya sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin yunkurin samun 'yancin kai na kasa. Kafin samun 'yancin kai, mata sun shirya ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi kamar Abeokuta Women's Revolt da Women's War .
Margaret Ekpo
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Margaret Ekpo na ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin mata masu zaman kansu a Najeriya. Ta yi aiki don samun daidaito na haƙƙin jama'a da 'yancin Najeriya.
Margaret Ekpo ta kasance shugaba, 'yar siyasa, kuma shugabar 'yancin kai ta kasa. A shekara ta 1945, Ekpo ta shiga siyasa bayan mijinta, Dokta John Udo Ekpo, bai gamsu da yadda gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ke kula da likitocin Najeriya ba.[4] A cikin mulkin Burtaniya na Najeriya, sarakunan mulkin mallaka sun mayar da hankali ga iko ga shugabannin maza. Bayan Yaƙin Mata, an nada ita da sauran mata don maye gurbin shugabannin warrant. Daga baya aka nada Ekpo a Majalisar Shugabannin Gabas a shekara ta 1954. A matsayinta na shugaba, ta tara mata na ƙabilun daban-daban don neman 'yancin mata da' yancin kai. An kama ta sau da yawa saboda tayar da wadannan tarurruka game da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. A matsayinta na shugaban warrant, Ekpo ta zartar da doka da ta buƙaci 'yan sanda su dauki karin mata a Enugu da Legas.
Kafin WWII, Ekpo ta jagoranci kungiyar Aba Market Women Association wajen tattara mata game da mulkin mallaka da zalunci. Bayan WWII, Ekpo da Aba Market Women Association sun ci gaba da tattarawa ta amfani da dabaru kamar sayen kayayyaki masu yawa da sayar da su kawai ga membobin kungiyar da suka halarci tarurruka a kai a kai. Ta yi amfani da wannan a matsayin dama don ilimantar da mata game da muhimmancin 'yancin kai da mulkin mallaka.
Zan gaya wa mata, shin kun san cewa 'yarku na iya zama matron wannan asibitin? Shin kun san cewa mijinka na iya zama Jami'in Gundumar (DO) ko Mazaunin? Shin kun san cewa idan kun haɗa hannu da mu a cikin ayyukan siyasa na yanzu, 'ya'yanku na iya zama a yankunan Turai wata rana? Na saba gaya musu waɗannan abubuwa a kowane lokaci don haka suka zama masu sha'awa...
Bayan an ba shi 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, Ekpo ya shiga taron kundin tsarin mulki a Legas da London. Ekpo zai kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na majalisa a Najeriya daga 1960 zuwa 1966. Ayyukan Ekpo sun wuce siyasar kasa. Ta yi tafiya daga Najeriya don wakiltar matan Najeriya a taron kasa da kasa da yawa kamar Taron Tarayyar Majalisar Dokoki (1964) da Taron Tarayya na Duniya na Mata (1963).
Tare da aikinta na bayar da shawarwari game da haƙƙin jama'a da na siyasa, Ekpo ta bar gado wanda ba shi da nuna bambancin kabilanci a cikin ƙasar da yawancin nau'ikan kabilanci da nepotism sun kasance a cikin siyasa.
Tanzania
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ƙarshen 1961, an kafa jihar da ta riga ta Tanganyika ta hanyar Dokar Independence ta Tanganyika na 1961. Wannan aikin ya kawo karshen mulkin Burtaniya kuma ya kafa mulkin kai. An amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki na jamhuriya shekara guda bayan haka, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1962. Wannan ya soke ragowar rawar da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ke takawa a Tanganyika. Haɗin kai tare da makwabciyar jihar Zanzibar a 1964 ya haifar da kafa Jamhuriyar Tanzania.
Bibi Titi Mohamed
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bibi Titi Mohamed ta kasance fitacciyar mace a siyasar mata ta Afirka da kuma yunkurin samun 'yancin kai a Tanganyika, tana tattara mata don shiga jam'iyyar siyasa ta Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) .
An haife ta a Dar es Salaam, Bibi Titi ta zama sananne ba zato ba tsammani. Da yake tana da shekaru hudu kawai na ilimin firamare kafin aikinta na siyasa, ta kasance uwar gida kuma jagorar mawaƙa a cikin ƙungiyar "Bamba".[5] Koyaya, yayin da gwagwarmayar 'yanci ta karu, Bibi Titi ta sami rawar da ta fi dacewa a siyasa. Ta shiga kungiyar Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) a shekarar 1954. Da yake yin haka, Bibi Titi ta zama mace ta farko ta TANU. Ta yi kira ga 'yancin siyasa da kuma ikon cin gashin kanta na mata. A ƙarshen shekarun 1950, Bibi Titi ta zama fitacciyar murya mai ƙarfi a siyasa, tana kamfen don 'yanci da ci gaba. Bayan samun shahara, muryarta ta zama tushen tushen mata na Afirka da kuma adawa da mulkin mallaka.
Bayan kafa Jamhuriyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, ta wakilci mazabar Rufiji a majalisar. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin tsakiya na TANU da kwamitin zartarwa. A can, ta ci gaba da ba da shawara ga 'yanci mafi girma da' yancin mata.
Bibi Titi ta bar gado wanda ke kira ga mata da su sami girmamawa sosai kuma suna ƙarfafa mata su yi ƙoƙari su sami ƙarin ilimi da daidaito.[6] A cikin jawabinsa, Bibi Titi ta roki mata da su yi amfani da tasirin siyasa da ke ɓoye yana cewa:
Na gaya muku [mata] cewa muna son 'yancin kai. Kuma ba za mu iya samun 'yancin kai ba idan ba ku so ku shiga jam'iyyar. Mun haifi dukkan wadannan maza. Mata ne masu iko a wannan duniyar. Mu ne wadanda ke haifar da duniya... [7]
Kenya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 1963, Kenya ta ayyana 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya bayan shekaru da yawa na kokarin adawa da mulkin mallaka wanda ya shafi maza da mata. Mata, musamman, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa amma sau da yawa ba a yaba da su ba a gwagwarmaya daban-daban da mulkin mallaka, gami da shiga cikin Mau Mau Rebellion.
A cikin rubuce-rubucen mulkin mallaka daban-daban, ana nuna mata Kikuyu akai-akai a matsayin wadanda ke fama da tawaye na Mau Mau, wani hoton da gwamnatin Burtaniya ke amfani da shi sau da yawa don tabbatar da matakai masu tsauri da nuna kansu a matsayin masu kariya.[8] Matsayin mata a cikin tawaye ya wuce kawai azabtarwa; sun kasance masu shiga cikin aiki da dalilai daban-daban suka motsa su. Dokokin mulkin mallaka daban-daban, gami da aikin al'umma da hutun da harajin zabe, an dauke su da tasirin mata, wanda ke haifar da fushi a cikin yawan mata. Wannan fushi, tare da wasu korafe-korafe irin su ayyukan aiki marasa adalci da iyakance wakilcin siyasa, sun motsa mata da yawa su haɗa kansu da mayakan Mau Mau.[9]
Matsayin da mata suka taka a cikin tawayen Mau Mau sun bambanta kuma sun kasance masu rikitarwa. Mata na Kikuyu sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya da kuma kula da hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki waɗanda suka sauƙaƙa isar da mahimman albarkatu kamar abinci, magani, makamai, da bayanai ga sojojin 'yan tawaye. Bugu da ƙari, mata sun yi aiki a matsayin masu daukar ma'aikata, suna ganowa da kuma shigar da mayakan da suka iya shiga aikin. Musamman, mata da kansu sun shiga a matsayin masu gwagwarmaya, musamman a cikin sojojin gandun daji, inda suka gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban na sansanin ciki har da dafa abinci, tsaftacewa, tattara itace, da jigilar ruwa. Wadannan gudummawa da yawa sun jaddada muhimmiyar rawar da mata ke takawa wajen tallafawa da kuma shiga cikin ƙungiyar Mau Mau.[9] Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta dauki matsayinsu mai mahimmanci, wanda ya amince da muhimmiyar aikinsu a matsayin "idanu da kunnuwa" na ƙungiyar Mau Mau.[10]
Matan Kikuyu, sun fuskanci azabtarwa da cin zarafin jima'i a hannun sojojin Burtaniya, suna jaddada rikitarwa na shigarsu.[11]
Asalin mata da yawa da ke da hannu a cikin tawayen Mau ya kasance ba a rubuta su ba. Duk da yake wasu sanannun mutane, kamar Field-Marshal Muthoni wa Kirima, sun sami karbuwa saboda matsayinsu a matsayin manyan mayakan mata, akwai dubban mata waɗanda ba a rubuta sunayensu ba ko kuma an amince da su:
Wambui wa Kanyari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wambui wa Kanyari, wanda aka fi sani da Matron, babbar jagora ce a cikin ƙungiyar Mau Mau, wacce sau da yawa ba a kula da gudummawar ta ba. Ta fito ne daga Ngariama, ta sami karbuwa saboda rawar da ta taka a tsayayya da hukumomin mulkin mallaka.
A cikin tsarin gudanarwa na Mau Mau, Wambui wa Kanyari ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya. A matsayinta na ma'aikaciyar jinya, ta ba da kulawa mai mahimmanci ga 'yan tawayen Mau Mau a cikin gandun daji. Matsayin Matron ya kunshi ayyuka daban-daban a cikin tanadin kiwon lafiya, kamar su yin allurar rigakafi, gudanar da magunguna, da kuma kula da bukatun kiwon lafiya na mayakan. Baya ga ayyukan likita, ta ba da tallafi ga mata masu juna biyu da ke neman mafaka a cikin gandun daji, da yawa daga cikinsu sun jimre da abubuwan da suka faru kamar fyade ko ɗaurin kurkuku. Matron ta taimaka wajen haihuwa, tana aiki a matsayin mai haihuwa ga mata da ke haihuwar jarirai yayin da suke ɓoyewa.[12]
Bugu da ƙari, Matron ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da mata da suka ji rauni, tana ba da kulawa da tallafi ga waɗanda suka sami raunin bindiga ko wasu raunin yayin rikici da sojojin mulkin mallaka. Duk da yake takamaiman bayanai game da rayuwar Matron na iya bambanta a cikin tarihin tarihi, gudummawar da ta bayar ta nuna muhimmiyar rawar da mata suka taka a cikin ƙungiyar Mau Mau. Ta sadaukar da kai ga samar da kulawar kiwon lafiya da tallafi ga 'yan tawaye ta jaddada juriya da hadin kai da ke nuna gwagwarmayar samun' yancin kai a Kenya.[13]
Bandi wa Kamau sanannen mutum ne a cikin tawayen Mau Mau, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga motsi a matsayin ɗan tawaye. Ta shiga ciki ya haɗa da samar da tallafi ga sojojin Mau Mau ta hanyar kawo musu abinci yayin da suke aiki a cikin gandun daji. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 1953, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare rantsuwar Mau Mau, tana nuna jajircewarta ga dalilin.[13]
Ɗaya daga cikin rawar da Bandi wa Kamau ta taka shi ne sa hannu wajen shawo kan wasu mata su halarci zaman rantsuwa, inda sabbin sabbin ma'aikata suka yi alkawarin biyayya ga ƙungiyar Mau Mau. Wannan aiki ne mai rikitarwa, saboda yana buƙatar kewaya al'adun gargajiya waɗanda ke hana mata shiga cikin bukukuwan al'ada. Kokarin Bandi na shigar da mata cikin tsarin rantsuwa an yi niyya ne don kiyaye al'adun al'adu yayin da yake ƙarfafa goyon baya ga tawaye.[13]
Labaran Wambui wa Kanyari da Bandi wa Kamau suna aiki ne a matsayin tunatarwa mai ban sha'awa game da muhimmiyar gudummawar mata ga tawayen Mau Mau da kuma gwagwarmayar da aka yi da mulkin mallaka a Kenya. Ƙarfin su da sadaukarwarsu sun nuna rawar da mata suka taka wajen tsara tarihin Kenya a wannan muhimmiyar lokacin.
Ivory Coast
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Côte d'Ivoire, wanda ke kudu maso gabashin gabar Afirka ta Yamma, ya sami 'yancin kai daga Faransa a watan Agusta, 1960. Har zuwa samun 'yancin kai, mata sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ƙungiyoyin siyasa daban-daban, gami da Parti Démocratique de la Côte d'Ivoire - Rassemblement Démocratif Africain (PDCI-RDA), suna ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban ƙasar zuwa ga mulkin kai. Kasancewarsu a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun samo asali ne daga dalilai daban-daban.
Mata da yawa sun motsa su shiga PDCI saboda korafe-korafe da suka shafi aikin tilas, wani muhimmin bangare na rashin jin daɗi a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka. A arewacin Côte d'Ivoire, inda yawancin Faransanci suka dauki ma'aikata, mata sun fuskanci rikice-rikice ga rayuwarsu ta hanyar daukar ma'aikata. Ganin cewa 'ya'yansu sun aika zuwa kudu zuwa gonakin Turai kuma suna fuskantar daukar ma'aikata da kansu sun kara tsananta rashin gamsuwarsu.[14]
Ƙarin zalunci da mulkin mallaka ya yi, wanda aka yi alama da ɗaure dangi maza, ya sa uwaye masu tayar da kayar baya su shiga cikin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya. Sakamakon haka, an kafa reshen mata na PDCI a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1949, inda aka jawo mata kusan 15,000 daga kabilun daban-daban, zamantakewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da matakan ilimi. Wadannan mata sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin jam'iyyar, suna ba da muhimmiyar goyon baya ga waɗanda hukumomin Faransa suka tsare, musamman a gidan yarin Grand Bassam da ke cike da mutane da kuma lalacewa. Duk da mawuyacin yanayi, sun tabbatar da cewa masu gwagwarmayar da ke kurkuku sun sami buƙatu kamar abinci, tufafi masu tsabta, da ta'aziyya.[15]
Mata sun inganta saƙon jam'iyyar sosai kuma sun sami goyon baya a duk faɗin mulkin mallaka, duk da kalubalen karatu da rubutu. Keɓewarsu ta bayyana ta hanyar ayyukan kamar sayar da katunan membobin RDA da shirya masu tara kuɗi, wanda ya haɓaka membobin jam'iyyar zuwa sama da 800,000 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1949. Wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin gwagwarmayarsu shi ne ranar 24 ga watan Disamba, 1949 a gidan yarin Grand Bassam, inda mata dubu biyu suka nuna rashin amincewa da tsare mayakan PDCI, suna nuna muhimmiyar abin da ya faru a tsayayyar mata na Afirka ta Yamma game da mulkin mallaka na Faransa da kuma ba da shawara ga 'yancin fursunoni. [15]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Mata na Afirka
- Jerin mata da suka jagoranci tawaye
- Tashin hankali da mata ke jagoranta
- Mata a Afirka
- Mata a cikin Arab Spring
- Tafiya ta Mata a kan Grand-Bassam
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "African Women's Role in Resistance Against Colonization | The Classic Journal". theclassicjournal.uga.edu (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-03-24.
- ↑ Toyin Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&dq=battle+of+tachekkirt&pg=RA3-PA497
- ↑ "Margaret Ekpo – Illustrated Women in History" (in Turanci). 25 February 2016. Archived from the original on 2023-08-20. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
- ↑ name=":33">Geiger, Susan (1987). "Women in Nationalist Struggle: Tanu Activists in Dar es Salaam". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 20 (1): 1–26. doi:10.2307/219275. JSTOR 219275.
- ↑ name=":33">Geiger, Susan (1987). "Women in Nationalist Struggle: Tanu Activists in Dar es Salaam". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 20 (1): 1–26. doi:10.2307/219275. JSTOR 219275.Geiger, Susan (1987). "Women in Nationalist Struggle: Tanu Activists in Dar es Salaam". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 20 (1): 1–26. doi:10.2307/219275. JSTOR 219275.
- ↑ name=":33">Geiger, Susan (1987). "Women in Nationalist Struggle: Tanu Activists in Dar es Salaam". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 20 (1): 1–26. doi:10.2307/219275. JSTOR 219275.Geiger, Susan (1987). "Women in Nationalist Struggle: Tanu Activists in Dar es Salaam". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 20 (1): 1–26. doi:10.2307/219275. JSTOR 219275.
- ↑ name=":0">Presley, Cora Ann (1988). "The Mau Mau Rebellion, Kikuyu Women, and Social Change". Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines. 22 (3): 502–527. doi:10.2307/485952. JSTOR 485952.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Presley, Cora Ann (1988). "The Mau Mau Rebellion, Kikuyu Women, and Social Change". Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines. 22 (3): 502–527. doi:10.2307/485952. JSTOR 485952.Presley, Cora Ann (1988). "The Mau Mau Rebellion, Kikuyu Women, and Social Change". Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines. 22 (3): 502–527. doi:10.2307/485952. JSTOR 485952.
- ↑ Santoru, Marina E (1996). "The Colonial Idea of Women and Direct Intervention: The Mau Mau Case". African Affairs. 95 (379): 253–267. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007719. ISSN 0001-9909. JSTOR 723703.
- ↑ Toledo, Miyoko (2015). "Who is Worthy of Redress?: Recognizing Sexual Violence Injustice Against Women of Color as Uniquely Redress-Worthy—Illuminated by a Case Study on Kenya's Mau Mau Women and Their Unique Harms". doi:10.15779/Z38CC0TS7G. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ↑ name=":1">Gathogo, Julius (2017). "Mau-Mau war rituals and women rebels in Kirinyaga county of Kenya (1952-1960): retrieving women participation in Kenya's struggle for independence". Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae. 43 (2): 1–16. doi:10.17159/2412-4265/2017/1822. ISSN 1017-0499.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Gathogo, Julius (2017). "Mau-Mau war rituals and women rebels in Kirinyaga county of Kenya (1952-1960): retrieving women participation in Kenya's struggle for independence". Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae. 43 (2): 1–16. doi:10.17159/2412-4265/2017/1822. ISSN 1017-0499.Gathogo, Julius (2017). "Mau-Mau war rituals and women rebels in Kirinyaga county of Kenya (1952-1960): retrieving women participation in Kenya's struggle for independence". Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae. 43 (2): 1–16. doi:10.17159/2412-4265/2017/1822. ISSN 1017-0499.
- ↑ name=":2">Jacob, Elizabeth (2022). "Militant Mothers: Gender and the Politics of Anticolonial Action in Côte d'Ivoire". The Journal of African History (in Turanci). 63 (3): 348–367. doi:10.1017/S0021853722000524. ISSN 0021-8537.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Jacob, Elizabeth (2022). "Militant Mothers: Gender and the Politics of Anticolonial Action in Côte d'Ivoire". The Journal of African History (in Turanci). 63 (3): 348–367. doi:10.1017/S0021853722000524. ISSN 0021-8537.Jacob, Elizabeth (2022). "Militant Mothers: Gender and the Politics of Anticolonial Action in Côte d'Ivoire". The Journal of African History. 63 (3): 348–367. doi:10.1017/S0021853722000524. ISSN 0021-8537.