Mata a uganda
 Mata a uganda | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
aspect in a geographic region (en)  | ||||
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| Bayanai | ||||
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | mace | |||
| Fuskar |
women's history (en) | |||
| Ƙasa | Uganda | |||
| Wuri | ||||
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Mata a Uganda suna da nauyi mai yawa na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a cikin al'ummomin gargajiya da yawa na Uganda. Matan Uganda sun fito ne daga fannonin tattalin arziki da ilimi.[1] Duk da ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a duk faɗin ƙasar, tashin hankalin cikin gida da cin zarafi na ci gaba da zama ruwan dare a Uganda.[2] Jahilci yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da ƙara yawan tashin hankalin gida. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ƴan gida ba za su iya yanke shawarar da ta dace waɗanda suka shafi shirinsu na gaba kai tsaye ba. Rahotannin gwamnati sun nuna karuwar cin zarafin mata a cikin gida da ake dangantawa da talauci kai tsaye.[3]
Harkokin zamantakewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A yau al'adar al'ada ta rinjayi matsayin jinsi a Uganda tare da canza yanayin zamantakewa akai-akai. Matsayin gargajiya na mata a Uganda yayi kama da na gargajiya na mata a duniya. Waɗannan ayyuka sun fi girma a cikin gida ciki har da kula da gida, renon yara, debo ruwa, dafa abinci, da kula da bukatun al'umma.[4]
A cikin shekarun 1980, an sa ran wasu mata a yankunan karkara na Buganda za su durkusa lokacin da suke magana da wani mutum. A lokaci guda, duk da haka, mata sun sauke nauyin farko na kula da yara da noman abinci, kuma a cikin karni na ashirin, mata sun ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga noman tsabar kudi. [4]
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Yayin da a al'adance aikin maza ne don sarrafa al'amuran kuɗi na iyali, mata suna ba da gudummawar tattalin arziki ga danginsu da kuma mafi girman tattalin arzikin Uganda. Mata da yawa sun ba da rahoton cewa suna ci gaba da fafutuka don neman ayyukan yi wasu kuma suna barin al'ummarsu don samun guraben ayyukan yi a wasu wurare. Matsayin jinsi na al'ada wanda tasirin bisharar Amurka ya sake farfado da shi, yana tabbatar da matsayin mata kamar yadda ya ginu a cikin ayyukan gida. Saboda haka, aikin mata na ci gaba da zama abin kyama a cikin al'adun Uganda. Duk da haka, an gudanar da manyan tsare-tsare na samar da ayyukan yi a fadin kasar nan.[3]
Ta fuskoki da dama, matan Uganda suna rike kuma suna rike da hakkin da ya wuce na mata a cikin al'ummomin Yamma. 'Yan Uganda da yawa sun yarda da mata a matsayin manyan shugabannin addini da na al'umma. Mata suna da haƙƙin mallakar filaye, suna yin tasiri mai mahimmancin yanke shawara na siyasa da maza suka yanke, da kuma noma amfanin gona don ribarsu. Lokacin da noman tsabar kuɗi ya zama mai riba, kamar yadda yake a kudu maso gabashin Uganda a cikin shekarun 1920, maza sukan yi iƙirarin haƙƙin mallakar filaye mallakar 'yan uwansu mata, kuma ikirari nasu ya samu goyon bayan ƙananan hukumomi da kotuna masu kariya.[4]
Auren mace fiye da daya
Hanyoyin auren mata fiye da daya, wadanda ke ba wa namiji damar auren mace fiye da daya, sun karfafa wasu bangarori na rinjayen mazaje. Sai dai kuma sun bai wa mata fagen hadin kai don adawa da mamayar maza[4].
A Uganda, wani lokaci wani mutum yakan ba da “matsayin namiji” ga babbar matarsa, yana ƙyale ta ta zama daidai da maza kuma ta zama mafi girma ga sauran matansa. A cikin karni na ashirin, auren mata da yawa yana wakiltar zamantakewar zamantakewar da ba a yarda da ita a matsayin aure ba, yana barin mata ba tare da haƙƙin gado ko kula da su ba a lokacin saki ko takaba[4].
A Uganda, wani lokaci wani mutum yakan ba da “matsayin namiji” ga babbar matarsa, yana ƙyale ta ta zama daidai da maza kuma ta zama mafi girma ga sauran matansa. A cikin karni na ashirin, auren mata da yawa yana wakiltar zamantakewar zamantakewar da ba a yarda da ita a matsayin aure ba, yana barin mata ba tare da haƙƙin gado ko kula da su ba a lokacin saki ko takaba[4].
Daidaiton jinsi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kamar yadda yake da sauran ƙasashe, Uganda na fuskantar cikas da yawa a yunkurinta na daidaita jinsi. Bayan an jera daidaito tsakanin jinsi da karfafa mata a matsayin daya daga cikin muradun karni na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2000, Sashen Shari'a, Doka da Oda ta Uganda (JLOS) ya mayar da martani a cikin rahotonsu na Jinsi da Samun Adalci (2001) na shekara-shekara wanda ke magance matsaloli daban-daban wajen samun adalci[5]. A cikin 2012, JLOS ta ruwaito cewa saboda kabilanci da rashin daidaiton jinsi, yawancin matalauta mata ne; da yawa daga cikinsu sun jahilci ko kuma tauye wasu hakkoki kamar mallakar filaye[6].
An ba da rahoton cin zarafin jinsi a matsayin wani batu. A cewar hukumomi a cikin rundunar 'yan sandan Uganda, yawancin 'yan Uganda sun yarda da cin zarafin mata a matsayin al'ada na zamantakewar zamantakewa.[7] A cikin 2001, wani bincike ya nuna cewa kashi 90 cikin 100 na mata sun ba da rahoton cewa "buga mata ko abokiyar auren mace ya dace a wasu yanayi." Baya ga rashin adalci da kariya daga cin zarafi, akwai gagarumin gibi a fannin ilimi.
Mata ba su da wakilci a ayyukan kuɗi na Uganda: mata suna iko da kusan kashi 39 na kamfanonin Uganda, duk da haka suna karɓar kashi 9 cikin 100 na lamunin kasuwanci. Suna da 40% ƙasa da yiwuwar riƙe asusun banki fiye da maza. Bugu da kari, kashi 25% na mata ne kawai ke amfani da kudin wayar hannu.[9][10]
Tsarin hada-hadar kudi na kasar Uganda na neman magance hakan, inda bankin raya kasar Uganda (UDBL) ke kan gaba. Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya ba su layin lamuni na Yuro miliyan 15 a matsayin wani yanki na yankin Gabashin Afirka mai da hankali kan SME da kuma shirin SheInvest na Afirka na kungiyar.[9][11][12]
Tsarin hada-hadar kudi na kasar Uganda na neman magance hakan, inda bankin raya kasar Uganda (UDBL) ke kan gaba. Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya ba su layin lamuni na Yuro miliyan 15 a matsayin wani yanki na yankin Gabashin Afirka mai da hankali kan SME da kuma shirin SheInvest na Afirka na kungiyar.[9][11][12]
Tsarin hada-hadar kudi na kasar Uganda yanzu yana mai da hankali musamman kan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da mata ke jagoranta ta hanyar wani sabon aikin da aka yiwa lakabi da kalubale na 2X. Kalubalen na 2X alƙawarin ci gaba ne na cibiyoyi na kuɗi na ci gaba na zuba jarin dala biliyan 3 don ƙarfafa tattalin arzikin mata a ƙarshen 2020. Manufar aikin shine inganta mata a matsayin 'yan kasuwa, shugabannin kasuwanci, da ma'aikata.[9][13].
Noma da kasuwancin noma suna da mafi yawan kamfanonin da mata ke jagoranta a cikin fayil ɗin Bankin Raya Yuganda.[9][14]
Tazarar jinsi da ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bisa rahoton gibin jinsi na duniya na dandalin tattalin arzikin duniya na shekarar 2017, Uganda tana matsayi na 45 daga cikin kasashe 144, bisa la'akari da muhimman alamomi guda hudu da suka hada da: Shiga Tattalin Arziki da Dama, Samun Ilimi, Lafiya da Rayuwa, da karfafa Siyasa. A karkashin sashin katin maki na wannan rahoto, ya bayyana cewa Uganda tana matsayi na 1 a makarantun firamare amma duk da haka #127 kacal a makarantun sakandare.[15] Wannan yana nufin cewa ga mafi yawan 'yan mata a Uganda, ana dakatar da karatunsu kafin ko kuma nan da nan bayan sun zama matashi.[16] Al'adar iyaye na dogaro da 'ya'ya mata fiye da samari don neman aikin gida na iya zama babban dalilin wannan rarrabuwar kawuna a ilimi.[17][18]
Wani bincike da Martina Björkman-Nyqvist ta yi a shekara ta 2013 ya nuna raguwar yawan shiga makaranta ga mata a lokacin da gidajensu suka fuskanci koma baya ta fuskar kudi sakamakon karancin ruwan sama da amfanin gona ko kuma wasu gazawar tattalin arziki.[19] Sannan a gundumomin da ake samun karatu kyauta, ya nuna raguwar maki da dalibai mata ke samu a lokutan da ake fama da matsalar tattalin arziki. A halin da ake ciki, binciken ya nuna cewa yara maza sun kasance ba su da lafiya a kowane yanayi.[19] Ko dai tabarbarewar tattalin arziki, da samun cikin da ba a so da wuri ko kuma gudun tashin hankalin iyali, yawancin 'yan mata sun daina karatunsu da wuri. A sakamakon haka, waɗannan matasan mata suna fuskantar raguwar damar yin aiki kuma yawancin su ana tura su cikin jima'i mara kyau ko kuma sun sami kansu suna yin jima'i a Kampala don tsira da tallafawa iyalansu.[20][21][22]
Shisshigi don daidaiton jinsi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Matakan da aka dauka na dinke wadannan gibin da ke tsakanin jinsi da kuma samar da adalci, ya zama wani abin da zai kawo ci gaba, wanda ya baiwa macen Uganda damar rike hakki, mukamai da dama daban-daban. A gundumar Kasese da ke Yammacin Uganda, Tsarin Koyon Ilimin Jiki (Gender Action Learning System) (GALS) yana ba da horo kan samarwa da cinikin kayan abinci na ƙasar: kofi, masara da 'ya'yan itace. Ta irin wannan yunƙuri, mata suna samun damar samun damar kiwon lafiya da ilimi da ake buƙata, don haka taimaka musu su guje wa tarkon talauci. Binciken bincike ya kuma nuna raguwar cin zarafi da suka danganci jinsi yayin da mata ke zama masu bayar da gudunmawa wajen inganta tattalin arzikin cikin gida.[23]
Wani bincike na IMF na 2016 ya gano cewa kasafin kudinta na jinsi ya yi nasara sosai a kasashen da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara kamar Uganda da Rwanda. Lokacin da aka yi niyya don samar da ruwa mai tsafta da wutar lantarki, rage ayyukan gida na yau da kullun yana sa a sami damar samun kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don karatun yarinya[24]. Ta hanyar ilimi da shirye-shiryen ba da shawara ga ma'aurata a cikin Ƙungiyar Tallafawa Kanjamau (TASO), mata suna koyon ƙwarewar tabbatarwa wanda ke taimaka musu mafi kyawun zaɓin alaƙa da ayyukan jima'i masu aminci.[25] Kungiyoyi irin su Empowerment of Livelihood and Adolescents (ELA) suna da burin taimaka wa 'yan mata su guje wa juna biyu da kuma auren da ba su kai shekaru ba.[26]
Juriya ga canza ƙa'idodi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Canje-canjen tsoffin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa an gamu da ɗan juriya da mummunan sakamako. Bayan yakin neman zaben jama'a na inganta 'yancin mata, Uganda na daya daga cikin kasashen da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi la'akari da su wajen fuskantar koma baya da ke haifar da tashin hankali.[27] A wani bincike na shekaru hudu a Rakai, Uganda ta lura da rashin kwanciyar hankali a tsakanin mata da maza yayin da tsare-tsaren daidaito suka kalubalanci manufar matsayin mace a cikin gida da kuma al'umma gaba daya. Tare da samun ƙarin ikon mallakar kuɗi da iko a cikin gida, mutane da yawa sun ba da rahoton damuwa cewa wannan ƙalubale ga matsayin jinsi na gargajiya na iya sa maza su ji barazana da kuma mayar da martani da tashin hankali a cikin gida. Binciken na Rakai ya jaddada muhimmancin samar da tsare-tsare na al'umma da za su iya fadada fahimtar al'adu wajen fahimtar cewa akwai fa'idodi da yawa yayin da ake rungumar karfafawa mata da daidaito.[28][29]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mata sun fara shiri don yin amfani da ikonsu na siyasa kafin samun 'yancin kai. A shekara ta 1960 Majalisar Mata ta Uganda karkashin jagorancin Edith Mary Bataringaya ta zartar da wani kuduri da ta bukaci a rubuta dokoki game da aure, saki, da kuma gado a rubuce a kuma bayyana shi a duk fadin kasar—mataki na farko na daidaita al’ada da na zamani. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na samun 'yancin kai, wannan majalisa ta kuma matsa lamba don yin gyare-gyare na shari'a wanda zai ba wa dukkan mata damar mallakar dukiya da kuma ci gaba da kula da 'ya'yansu idan aurensu ya ƙare.[4]
A cikin shekarun 1970s da farkon 1980, tashin hankalin da ya mamaye Uganda ya yi mummunar illa ga mata. An fara fuskantar matsalolin tattalin arziki a cikin gida, inda mata da yara ba su da zaɓin tattalin arziki da yawancin maza ke samu. Ayyukan mata ya zama mai cin lokaci fiye da yadda yake; lalacewar ayyukan jama'a da ababen more rayuwa sun rage damar zuwa makarantu, asibitoci, da kasuwanni. Ko da tafiya zuwa garuruwan da ke kusa ba ya yiwuwa. Wasu matan Ugandan sun yi imanin cewa shekarun yakin sun karfafa 'yancin kansu, duk da haka, yayin da tartsatsin rayuwar iyali ya bude sabbin hanyoyin samun 'yancin kan tattalin arziki, kuma rahotannin gwamnati sun nuna cewa yawan matan da ke aiki a kasuwanci ya karu a karshen shekarun 1970 zuwa farkon 1980.[4]
Gwamnatin Museveni ta ƙarshen shekarun 1980 ta yi alkawarin kawar da nuna wariya ga mata a manufofin hukuma da ayyuka. Mata suna aiki a cikin National Resistance Army (NRA), kuma Museveni ya nada wata mata, Joan Kakwenzire, a cikin wani kwamiti mai mambobi shida don tattara bayanan cin zarafin da sojoji ke yi. Gwamnati ta kuma ba da umarnin cewa mace daya za ta wakilci kowace gunduma a Majalisar Resistance Council. Bugu da kari, bankin kasuwanci na Uganda da gwamnati ke gudanar da shi ya kaddamar da shirin bayar da lamuni a yankunan karkara domin samar da rancen noma cikin sauki ga mata.[4]
Museveni ya nada Joyce Mpanga ministar mata da raya kasa a shekarar 1987, sannan ta bayyana aniyar gwamnati na kara albashin mata, da kara samar da lamuni da ayyukan yi, da inganta rayuwar mata baki daya. A cikin 1989 akwai mata biyu da ke aiki a matsayin minista yayin da uku suka zama mataimakansu a majalisar ministocin NRM[30]. Mata ma'aikatan gwamnati da kwararru kuma sun kafa wata kungiya mai suna Action for Development, don taimakawa mata a yankunan da yaki ya daidaita, musamman yankin Luwero da ya lalace a tsakiyar kasar Uganda[4].
Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Mata ta Uganda, wadda aka kafa a shekara ta 1976, ta kafa asibitin ba da agajin doka a farkon 1988 don kare matan da suka fuskanci asarar dukiya ko yara saboda kisan aure, rabuwa, ko kuma zama takaba. Ƙungiyar ta kuma nemi faɗaɗa damar ilimi ga mata, ƙara yawan kuɗin tallafin yara (daidai da dalar Amurka 0.50 a kowane wata a 1989) idan an kashe aure, kafa dalilai na shari'a na saki ga maza da mata, kafa ka'idojin laifuffuka na gama gari ga maza da mata, taimaka wa mata da yara waɗanda ke fama da cutar AIDS, da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ilimi na kasa baki ɗaya don sanar da mata hakkokinsu na shari'a.[4]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ↑ "Global Gender Gap Report 2021" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Uganda Participatory Poverty Assessment Process Mubende District Report" (PDF). January 2002.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Uganda country study. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (December 1990). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.