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Mata masu ta'aziyya

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Mata masu ta'aziyya
historical profession (en) Fassara, euphemism (en) Fassara da laifin yaki
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na military prostitute (en) Fassara da sex slave (en) Fassara
Suna a harshen gida 慰安婦
Wurin aiki comfort station (en) Fassara
Rikici Yakin Duniya na II
Ƙasa Dai-Nippon Teikoku (mul) Fassara da Manchukuo (en) Fassara
Kwanan wata 1930s
Gagarumin taron Japan's comfort women issue (en) Fassara
Depicted by (en) Fassara Statue of Peace (en) Fassara
Nada jerin list of former comfort women (en) Fassara

mata masu ta'aziyya mata ne da 'yan mata da Sojojin Imperial na Japan suka tilasta musu yin bautar jima'i a kasashe da yankuna da aka mamaye kafin da kuma lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.[1][2][3][4] Kalmar ta'aziyya mata fassarar yaren Jafananci ne ianfu (慰安婦), wani furci wanda a zahiri yana nufin "ta'aziyya, ta'aziya mace". [5][6] A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, sojojin Japan sun tilasta daruruwan dubban mata daga Australia, Burma, China, Netherlands, Philippines, Japan, Koriya, Indonesia, Timor ta Gabas, New Guinea da sauran ƙasashe zuwa bautar jima'i ga sojojin Japan; duk da haka, yawancin mata sun fito ne daga Koriya.[7] Mata da yawa sun mutu saboda mummunan zalunci da ci gaba da damuwa ta jiki da motsin rai. Bayan yakin, Japan ta musanta wanzuwar mata masu ta'aziyya, ta ki bayar da gafara ko maidowa mai dacewa. Bayan buƙatu da yawa don neman gafara da kuma bayyana bayanan hukuma da ke nuna alhakin gwamnatin Japan, gwamnatin Japan ta fara ba da gafara da diyya a cikin shekarun 1990.[8][9] Koyaya, wasu wadanda abin ya shafa, kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari, da malamai sun soki neman gafara a matsayin rashin gaskiya. Yawancin jami'an gwamnatin Japan sun ci gaba da musanta ko rage wanzuwar mata masu ta'aziyya.

An kafa gidajen karuwai ne da farko tare da manufar samar da sojoji da hanyar sarrafa jima'i don rage fyade a lokacin yaƙi da yaduwar cututtukan venereal. Koyaya, wasu masana tarihi suna jayayya cewa tashoshin ta'aziyya ba su cika waɗannan manufofi ba kuma suna iya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da cin zarafin jima'i da yaduwar cututtuka.[10] Wadanda aka fara azabtarwa mata ne na Japan, wasu daga cikinsu an dauke su ta hanyar al'ada, wasu kuma an dauke su ne ta hanyar yaudara ko satar mutane. Sojoji daga baya sun juya ga mata a yankunan Japan, saboda rashin masu sa kai na Japan da kuma bukatar kare hoton Japan.[11][12] A lokuta da yawa, an ja hankalin mata ta hanyar bude aikin ƙarya ga ma'aikatan jinya da ma'aikatan masana'antu.[13] Wasu kuma sun shahara da alkawuran daidaito da tallafawa don ilimi mafi girma.[14] Yawancin mata masu ta'aziyya sun kasance kananan yara.[15]

Tsarin tsarin ta'aziyya na mata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ganin cewa karuwanci a Japan ya yadu kuma an tsara shi, yana da ma'ana a sami karuwanci na soja a cikin sojojin Japan.[16] Wasiƙun soja a cikin Sojojin Daular Japan sun nuna cewa manufofin sauƙaƙe tashoshin ta'aziyya sune: don rage ko hana laifukan fyade da ma'aikatan sojojin Japan suka yi a ƙoƙarin hana karuwar ra'ayi na adawa da Jafananci, don rage cututtukan venereal tsakanin sojojin Japan, da kuma hana ɓarkewar asirin soja daga fararen hula da ke hulɗa da jami'an Jafananci.[17] Carmen Argibay, tsohon memba na Kotun Koli ta Argentina, ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin Japan ta yi niyyar hana ta'addanci kamar Rape of Nanking ta hanyar hana fyade da cin zarafin jima'i zuwa wuraren da sojoji ke sarrafawa, ko dakatar da abubuwan da suka faru daga ɓoyewa ga manema labarai na duniya idan sun faru.[18] Ta kuma bayyana cewa gwamnati na so ta rage kudaden kiwon lafiya kan magance cututtukan venereal da sojoji suka samu daga fyade akai-akai da yaduwa, wanda ya hana karfin soja na Japan.[19] Mata masu ta'aziyya sun zauna a cikin mummunan yanayi, kuma Jafananci sun kira su "kayan wanka na jama'a". Yuki Tanaka ya bayyana cewa gidajen karuwai na cikin gida da ba za a iya kaiwa ba suna da batutuwan tsaro, tunda akwai yiwuwar 'yan leƙen asirin da suka yi kama da ma'aikatan irin waɗannan wuraren masu zaman kansu.[20] Masanin tarihin Japan Yoshiaki Yoshimi ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa sojojin Japan sun yi amfani da mata masu ta'aziyya don gamsar da sojoji marasa farin ciki a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma hana tawaye na soja.[21] Ya ce, duk da burin rage fyade da cututtukan venereal, tashoshin ta'aziyya sun yi akasin haka - kara fyade da kara yaduwar cututtukani.[21] Tashoshin mata na ta'aziyya sun kasance da yawa har Sojojin Daular sun ba da darussan lissafi kan yadda za a gudanar da tashoshin ta'aziya, wanda ya haɗa da yadda za a tantance "tsayawa ko lalacewar matan da aka saya".

Bayani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin Yakin Russo-Japanese na 1904-1905, sojojin Japan sun tsara gidajen karuwai masu zaman kansu a Manchuria.

An fara kafa gidajen ta'aziyya a Shanghai bayan abin da ya faru a Shanghai a 1932 a matsayin martani ga fyade na matan kasar Sin da sojoji na Japan suka yi.[22] Yasuji Okamura, shugaban ma'aikata a Shanghai, ya ba da umarnin gina gidajen ta'aziyya don hana ci gaba da fyade.[22] Bayan fyade da sojojin Japan suka yi wa mata da yawa a lokacin Kisan kiyashi na Nanjing a 1937, sojojin Japan sun karɓi manufofin samar da tashoshin ta'aziyya a wurare daban-daban a yankin kasar Sin da ke zaune, "ba saboda damuwarsu ga mutanen kasar Sin da sojojin Japan ke yi wa fyade ba amma saboda tsoron su haifar da adawa tsakanin fararen hula na kasar Sin. " [22] Don ma'aikatan cibiyoyin, an shigo da karuwancin Japan daga Japan. [23] Matan Japan sune wadanda aka fara azabtarwa a cikin gidajen karuwai na soja kuma an yi fataucin su a fadin Japan, Okinawa, yankunan Japan da yankunan da aka mamaye, da kuma wuraren yaƙi na kasashen waje. A cewar Yoshiaki Yoshimi, an kafa tashoshin ta'aziyya don kauce wa zargi daga China, Amurka da Turai biyo bayan batun fyade masu yawa tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe a Shanghai da Nanjing .

Yayin da Japan ta ci gaba da fadada soja, sojoji sun sami kansu ba su da masu sa kai na Japan, kuma sun juya ga jama'ar yankin - sace da tilasta mata su yi aiki a matsayin bayi na jima'i a tashoshin ta'aziyya.[11] Mata da yawa sun amsa kiran yin aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan masana'antu ko ma'aikatan jinya, kuma ba su san cewa ana matsa musu zuwa bautar jima'i ba.[13]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ The Asian Women's Fund. "Who were the Comfort Women?-The Establishment of Comfort Stations". Digital Museum The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women's Fund. The Asian Women's Fund. Archived from the original on August 7, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
  2. ↑ The Asian Women's Fund. "Hall I: Japanese Military and Comfort Women". Digital Museum The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women's Fund. The Asian Women's Fund. Archived from the original on March 15, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2014. ...'wartime comfort women' were those who were taken to former Japanese military installations, such as comfort stations, for a certain period during wartime in the past and forced to provide sexual services to officers and soldiers.
  3. ↑ Argibay 2003
  4. ↑ "Special Issue: The 'Comfort Women' as Public History (Table of Contents)". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. March 2021. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
  5. ↑ Soh 2009
  6. ↑ "The Origins and Implementation of the Comfort Women System". December 14, 2018. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
  7. ↑ Ramaj, Klea (February 2022). "The 2015 South Korean–Japanese Agreement on 'Comfort Women': A Critical Analysis". International Criminal Law Review. 22 (3): 475–509. doi:10.1163/15718123-bja10127. S2CID 246922197 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  8. ↑ Kuki, Sonya (2013). "The Burden of History: The Issue of "Comfort Women" and What Japan Must do to Move Forward". Journal of International Affairs. 67 (1): 245–256. JSTOR 24461685.
  9. ↑ Chang, Jae (May 4, 2019). "Apology Politics: Japan and South Korea's Dispute over Comfort Women". The Cornell Diplomat.
  10. ↑ Gottschall, Jonathan (May 2004). "Explaining wartime rape". Journal of Sex Research. 41 (2): 129–36. doi:10.1080/00224490409552221. PMID 15326538. S2CID 22215910.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Mitchell 1997.
  12. ↑ Yoshimi 2000;

    Hicks 1997;

    Ministerie van Buitenlandse zaken 1994
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "[...] Pak (her surname) was about 17, living in Hamun, Korea, when local Korean officials, acting on orders from the Japanese, began recruiting women for factory work. Someone from Pak's house had to go. In April 1942, Korean officials turned Pak and other young women over to the Japanese, who took them into China, not into factories. Pak's history is not unusual. A majority of the women who provided sex for Japanese soldiers were forcibly taken from their families, or were recruited deceptively", Horn 1997.
  14. ↑ Yoshimi 2000;

    Fackler 2007-03-06;

    BBC 2007-03-02;

    BBC 2007-03-08;

    Pramoedya 2001.
  15. ↑ "Press Conference: Latest research on Japan's military sexual slavery ("comfort women")" (PDF). April 17, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 16, 2020.
  16. ↑ Hicks 1997
  17. ↑ Asian Women's Fund
  18. ↑ Argibay 2003
  19. ↑ Argibay 2003
  20. ↑ Wender 2003
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 korea.net 2007-11-30.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "War, Rape and Patriarchy: The Japanese experience". December 31, 2019. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
  23. ↑ Mitchell 1997.
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