Hasumiyar Eiffel

Hasumiyar Eiffel (/ ˈaɪfəl/ ⓘ EYE-fəl; Faransanci: Tour Eiffel [tuʁ ɛfɛl] ⓘ) hasumiya ce da aka yi da ƙarfe a kan Champ de Mars a Paris, Faransa. Sunan ta ne bayan injiniyan Gustave Eiffel, wanda kamfaninsa ya tsara kuma ya gina hasumiya daga 1887 zuwa 1889.

A cikin gida ana yi masa lakabi da "La dame de fer" (Faransanci don "Iron Lady"), an gina shi a matsayin cibiyar baje kolin baje kolin duniya na 1889, kuma don bikin cika shekaru ɗari na juyin juya halin Faransa. Ko da yake da farko wasu manyan masu fasaha da haziƙai na Faransa sun soki lamirin ƙirarta, tun daga lokacin ta zama tambarin al'adun Faransanci na duniya kumɗaya daga cikin fitattun sifofi a duniya. ah ahabsumiyar ta sami baƙi 5,889,000cikin 2022. Eiffel ita ce abin tunawa da aka fi ziyarta tare da kuɗin shiga a duniya: mutum miliyan 6.91 ne suka hau shi a cikin 2015. An sanya shi tarihin tarihi a cikin 1964, kuma an ba shi suna wani ɓangare na Cibiyar Tarihi ta UNESCO ("Paris, Banks na Seine") a cikin 1991. Hasumiyar tana da tsayin mita 330 (1,083 ft), kusan tsayi ɗaya da ginin bene mai hawa 81, kuma mafi tsayin tsari a birnin Paris. Tushensa murabba'i ne, yana auna mita 125 (410 ft) akan tsari a cikin duniya don wuce alamar mita 200 da mita 300 a tsayi. Saboda ƙarin iska mai watsa shirye-shirye a saman hasumiya a 1957, yanzu ya fi Ginin Chrysler tsayi da mita 5.2 (17 ft

Tarihi

Asalin

An danganta ƙirar Hasumiyar Eiffel ga Maurice Koechlin da Émile Nouguier, manyan injiniyoyi biyu da ke aiki da Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel. An tsara shi bayan tattaunawa game da wurin da ya dace don shirin nunin Universelle na 1889, bikin baje kolin duniya na murnar cika shekaru ɗari na juyin juya halin Faransa. A watan Mayu 1884, aiki a gida, Koechlin ya yi zane na ra'ayinsu, wanda aka kwatanta da shi a matsayin "babban pylon, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i guda hudu da ke tsaye baya a zane. Sauvestre ya kara da kayan ado na ado zuwa tushe na hasumiya, gilashin gilashin zuwa matain farko, da sauran kayan ado. Zane na farko na Hasumiyar Eiffel ta Maurice Koechlin ciki har da kwatankwacin girman da sauran alamomin Paris kamar Notre Dame de Paris, Statue of Liberty, da Vendôme Column Sabuwar sigar ta sami goyon bayan Eiffel: ya sayi haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka akan ƙirar da Koechlin, Nouguier, da Sauvestre suka fitar, kuma an nuna zanen a Nunin Kayan Ado a cikin kaka na 1884 a ƙarƙashin sunan kamfani. A ranar 30 Maris 1885, Eiffel ya gabatar da tsare-tsarensa ga ƙungiyoyin jama'a na Société des Ingénieurs; bayan ya tattauna matsalolin fasaha da kuma jaddada yadda ake amfani da hasumiya a aikace, ya kammala jawabinsa da cewa hasumiya za ta zama alama.

Inaugurations da nunin 1889

Duban Baje kolin Duniya na 1889 An kammala babban aikin ginin a ƙarshen Maris 1889 kuma, a ranar 31 ga Maris, Eiffel ya yi bikin ta hanyar jagorantar ƙungiyar jami'an gwamnati, tare da rakiyar wakilan manema labarai, zuwa saman hasumiya. Domin har yanzu ba a fara aiki ba tukuna, Monde Illustre ya yi hawan, ya kammala hawan. Da karfe 2:35 na rana, Eiffel ya ɗaga babbar Tricolor zuwa rakiyargaisuwar bindiga mai harbi 25 da aka harba a matakin farko. , Har yanzu akwai sauran aikin da za a yi, musamman a kan ɗagawa da kayan aiki, kuma ba a buɗe hasumiya a ranar 26 ga Mayu ba. ya kai francs 2 na matakin farko 3 na biyu, da 5 na saman, tare da karbar rabin farashi SETE. "The Eiffel Tower during the 1889 Exposition Universelle". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.a ranar Lahadi, kuma a ƙarshen nunin an sami baƙi 1,896,987. igwa a saman[ Hahken hasumiya a cikin dare yayin nunin; Georges Garen [fr] ya zana, 1889 A mataki na biyu kuma, jaridar Le Figaro ta Faransa tana da ofishi da kuma injin buga littattafai, inda aka yi bugu na musamman na tunawa da Le Figaro de la Tour.

A saman, akwai gidan waya inda baƙi za su iya aika wasiku da katuna don tunawa da ziyararsu. An kuma ba wa masu zane-zane: an ɗora zanen gado a bango kowace rana don baƙi su yi rikodin ra'ayoyinsu na hasumiya. Gustave Eiffel ya bayyana tarin martanin a matsayin "mai ban sha'awa na gaske".

Abubuwan da suka biyo baya

Duration: 43 seconds.0:43 Ra'ayin panoramic yayin hawan Eiffel Tower ta 'yan'uwan Lumière, 1898 tsara hasumiya shi ne ya zama mai sauƙi a wargajewa) amma kamar yadda hasumiya ta kasance mai daraja ga ƙididdigewa da yawa a farkon karni na 20, musamman ta hanyar rediyo, an ba da izinin zama bayan ƙarewar izinin, kuma daga 1910 ya zama wani ɓangare na Sabis na Lokaci na Duniya Ga wanda ke kusa da wannan tsarin. A lokaci guda kuma an cire ɗagawa a cikin ginshiƙin arewa kuma an maye gurbinsu da matakan hawa zuwa matakin farko. An gyara tsarin duka matakan farko da na biyu, tare da sarari don baƙi a mataki na biyu. An cire asalin ɗagawa a ginshiƙin kudu shekaru 13 bayan haka. Daga shekara ta 1910, agogon sararin samaniya na Paris Observatory ya aika da lokacin zuwa teku a kowace rana ta Hasumiyar Eiffel da ke da nisan kilomita 5 000. gaban mintuna 9 da sakan 21. A cikin 1912, bin rahoton Gustave Ferrié, Ofishin des Longitudes ya shirya a Pris Observatory a Conférence internationale de l'heure radiotélégraphique (Taron Lokaci na Radiotelegraph na Duniya). An ƙirƙira da shigar da Hukumar Kula da Lokaci ta Duniya a cikin harabar Cibiyar Kula da Lokaci ta Paris. Duk da haka, saboda yakin duniya na daya, ba a taba amincewa da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ba., cikin Baillaud.[ 1910, Uba Theodor Wulf ya auna makamashi mai haske a sama da kasa na hasumiya. Ya sami ƙarin a saman fiye da yadda ake tsammani, ba zato ba tsammani ya gano abin da aka sani a yau da hasken sararin samaniya. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a ranar 4 ga Fabrairun 1912, tela ɗan Austriya Franz Reichelt ya mutu bayan ya yi tsalle daga matakin farko na hasumiya (tsawo na 57 m) don nuna ƙirar parachute ɗinsa. cikin 1914, a lokacin yakin duniya na daya, wani mai watsa rediyo da ke cikin hasumiya ya dakushe hanyoyin sadarwa na rediyon Jamus, wanda ya yi matukar kawo cikas ga ci gabansu a birnin Paris da kuma ba da gudummawa ga nasarar da kawancen ya samu a yakin farko na Marne Jamus da Spain da aka ambata 'Aikin H-21.' Wannan bayanin ya ba da gudummawa wajen kamawa, yanke hukunci, da kisa da aka yi wa Mata Hari, shahararren ɗan leƙen asiri da ake zargi da yi wa Jamus aiki You May Not Know About the Eiffel Tower - Daga 1925 zuwa 1934, alamun haske na Citroën sun ƙawata ɓangarorin hasumiya uku, wanda ya sa ya zama filin talla mafi tsayi a duniya a lokacin. A watan Afrilun 1935, an yi amfani da hasumiya don yin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na gwaji mara ƙarfi, ta amfani da gajeriyar kalaman da ke da ƙarfin watt 200. A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, an shigar da ingantacciyar watsa mai layin 180.

Hasumiyar Eiffel ta kasance batun fasaha, kamar a cikin Champs de Mars: The Red Tower, zanen kubist na 1911 na Robert Delaunay. A lokuta biyu daban-daban amma masu alaƙa a cikin 1925, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Victor Lustig ya “sayar da” hasumiya don ƙyallen ƙarfe.

lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye birnin Paris a shekara ta 1940, Faransawa sun yanke igiyoyin ɗagawa. An keɓe hasumiya ga baƙi na Jamus a lokacin mamaya kuma ba a gyara tasoshin ba sai a shekara ta 1946A cikin 1940, sojojin Jamus dole ne su hau hasumiya don ɗaga Reichskriegsflagge mai tushen swastika, amma tutar tana da girma sai ta buge sa'o'i kaɗan bayan haka, kuma aka maye gurbinsu da ƙarami. Lokacin da ya ziyarci Paris, Hitler ya zaɓi ya zauna a ƙasa. Sa’ad da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwaƙwalwa ke kusa da Paris a watan Agusta 1944, Hitler ya umarci Janar Dietrich von Choltitz, gwamnan soja na Paris, ya rushe hasumiya tare da sauran birnin. Von Choltitz ya ki bin umarnin. A kan , wanda ya saukar da Tricolor a ranar 13 ga Yuni 1940 lokacin da Paris ta fada hannun Jamus.,

An ƙara zuwa saman A cikin 1964, Ministan Al'adu André Malraux ya ayyana Hasumiyar Eiffel a matsayin abin tarihi na tarihi. Bayan shekara guda, an shigar da ƙarin tsarin ɗagawa a ginshiƙin arewa

A cewar tambayoyin, a cikin 1967, magajin gari na Montreal Jean Drapeau ya yi shawarwari a asirce yarjejeniya da Charles de Gaulle domin hasumiyar da za a wargaje da kuma wani dan lokaci kaura zuwa Montreal don zama a matsayin alama da kuma yawon bude ido jan hankali a lokacin Expo 67. An zargin shirin vetoed da kamfanin da ke aiki da hasumiya saboda tsoron cewa Faransa za a iya ƙin mayar da asalin wurin da