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Matsalar ƙarancin ruwan sha a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo

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Infotaula d'esdevenimentMatsalar ƙarancin ruwan sha a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo

Iri water crisis (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango
Kogin Kongo - tushen ruwan sha, amma kuma barazana ga lafiyar jama'a

Kodayake Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC) tana da mafi girman albarkatun ruwan sha mai daɗi a Afirka, tana fama da matsananciyar matsalar samar da ruwan sha. DRC tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙasƙancin matsayi wajen samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha a yankin Kudu da Hamadar Sahara da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kashi 46 cikin ɗari na al'ummar ƙasar ne kawai ke da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwan sha a shekarar 2012.[1] Haka kuma, an kiyasta cewa kashi 31 cikin ɗari ne kawai ke da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a shekarar 2012.[2] Bayanai na yau da kullum kuma ingantattu game da samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli a DRC suna da ƙaranci. Sakamakon rashin isasshen samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli, mazauna ƙasar da yawa suna fama da cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta ruwa, haɗi da zawo, zazzabin taifot, da kwalara.[3][4]

Wurin da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo take a Afirka

Rikicin ruwa na yanzu ya samo asali ne sakamakon tabarbarewar ababen more rayuwa na ruwa saboda rashin isasshen jari a fannin ruwa da kuma lalacewar da ke da alaƙa da tashe-tashen hankula, da kuma saurin haɓakar al'umma, wanda Babban Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta a kan kashi 4 cikin ɗari a yankunan birane da kashi 2.5 cikin ɗari a yankunan karkara a shekarar 2009.[5][6] Gabaɗaya, fannin samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na DRC yana da alaƙa da tsare-tsaren hukumomi da yawa da ke fuskantar jikakkai da rikice-rikice na ikon shari'a.[6] Don haka, ana iya sanya matsalar ruwa a DRC a matsayin matsalar ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki, wanda ke kawo cikas ga ci gaban ƙasar.[5] Sashi na 48 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na DRC na shekarar 2006 ya amince da haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa.[7] Gyarawa da haɓaka fannin ruwa babban fifiko ne da gwamnatin ƙasar ta jajirce a kai a cikin Dabarun Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci kuma ta amince da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa na Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.[8]

Albarkatun ruwa mai daɗi da samar da ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Duba ta sama na Kogin Kongo

DRC ita ce ƙasa mafi arziki da ruwa a Afirka. Tana da kusan kashi 52 cikin ɗari na danyen ruwan saman Afirka da kuma kashi 23 cikin ɗari na albarkatun ruwa na cikin gida da ake iya sabuntawa a Afirka. An kiyasta albarkatun ruwa mai daɗi na cikin gida da ake iya sabuntawa ga kowane mutum a kan mita kyubik 14,406 ga kowane mutum a shekara ta 2008.[6] Wannan adadi ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba fiye da ƙayyadaddun amfanin ruwa da aka sani a duniya na mita kyubik 1,700 ga kowane mutum a shekara. DRC tana da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na kusan 1,543 mm/shekara,[9] wanda ya bambanta gwargwadon wuri da lokaci (800–1,800 mm/shekara). Bugu da ƙari, DRC tana da babban ikon cin gashin kanta na ruwa tun da kashi 70 cikin ɗari na jimillar albarkatun ruwanta na sabuntawa ana samun su ne a cikin gida daga ruwan sama. Albarkatun ruwa masu yawa a DRC suna da alaƙa da faffadan gandun daji, wanda ya kai sama da hekta miliyan 155.5.[5]

Mafararin magudanar ruwa na Kogin Kongo

Koguna da tafkuna sun mamaye kusan kashi 3.5 cikin ɗari na fadin kasar DRC. Albarkatun ruwan saman na DRC sun mamaye Kogin Kongo da rassan sa. Tare da matsakaicin gudu na kusan mita kyubik 41,000 a sakan guda, Kogin Kongo yana da girma na biyu mafi fitar da ruwa a duniya. Kwarin Kogin Kongo ya mamaye kashi 98 cikin ɗari na fadin ƙasar kuma yana samar wa ƙasar ɗaya daga cikin mafi faffadan hanyoyin sadarwa na koguna a duniya. Kyawun ruwan saman gabaɗaya yana da kyau ƙwarai, in ban da gurɓatattun wurare na cikin gida a tsakiyar birane da kusa da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Wannan babban ingancin ruwa ya samo asali ne yawancin lokuta saboda babban ikon tace ruwa na hanyoyin sadarwar kogin, ƙarancin yawan jama'a da kuma rinjayar ayyukan ɗan adam na dogaro da kai, waɗanda ke da ɗan tasiri kaɗan a kan muhalli.[5]

An kiyasta cewa ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya kai kusan kashi 47 cikin ɗari na albarkatun ruwa na cikin gida na DRC da ake iya sabuntawa. Idanuwan ruwa da ke cikin daddun gandun daji sune babban tushen samar da ruwa ga mafi yawancin al'umma. Koyaya, bayanai kan fadin da ingancin albarkatun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da idanuwan ruwa a DRC suna da ƙaranci. Idanuwan ruwa masu sauƙi da aka kiyaye ana amfani da su yawancin lokuta don samar da ruwa a ƙauyuka masu nisa da yankunan kusa da birane. Ana amfani da manyan tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa daga idanuwan ruwa ta hanyar hanyoyin rarraba ruwa a birane da yawa, haɗi da Beni, Bunia, Lisala, Lubumbashi, Kisangani da Mbuji-Mayi. Samar da ruwa daga rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi ya takaita ga ƙaramin kashi na al'ummar ƙasar. Mafi yawa daga cikin kusan rijiyoyi 1,000 an gina su ne tsakanin shekarun 1960 da 1990 kuma suna ba da tsakanin mita kyubik 15 zuwa 80 a cikin awa guda. Rijiyoyin famfo na hannu da na injina da rijiyoyin haƙawa da hannu sun kai kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari na samar da ruwan sha.[5]

A shekarar 2015, har yanzu akwai kusan mutane miliyan 1 da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa. A shekarar 2015, kashi 76% na al'ummar ƙasar suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa, wato kashi 96% da kashi 40% a yankunan birane da karkara bi da bi.[10][11]

Amfani da ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kiyasta amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum a kan mita kyubik 7 ga kowane mutum a shekara ta 2014, wanda ke nuna ƙaramin matakin tattara albarkatun ruwa kawai (kasa da kashi 1 cikin ɗari).[1][9] Amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum a DRC ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da ƙasashe da yawa na yankin Sahel masu bushewa, waɗanda ke fuskantar matsalar ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri. Ana amfani da ruwa mafi yawancinsa don amfanin gida, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 52 cikin ɗari na duk ruwan da ake ɗiba a DRC. Fannin noma ya kai kashi 32 cikin ɗari na duk ruwan da ake ɗiba, sai kuma masana'antu da kashi 16 cikin ɗari. Kamun kifi, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa sune sauran muhimman amfanin ruwa a DRC, waɗanda yawanci ba a haɗa su cikin kididdigar amfani da ruwa ba.[5]

Ana sa ran ɗiban ruwa a DRC zai ƙaru sosai nan da shekarar 2025. Ana sa ran amfanin gida, noma da masana'antu za su ƙaru da kashi 470 cikin ɗari, kashi 375 cikin ɗari da kashi 225 cikin ɗari bi da bi. Koyaya, amfani da ruwa nan da shekarar 2025 zai kasance kashi 0.16 cikin ɗari kawai na albarkatun ruwa na cikin gida na DRC da ake iya sabuntawa.[5]

Tsarin fannin ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gyarawa da haɓaka fannin ruwa babban fifiko ne da gwamnatin ƙasar ta jajirce a kai a cikin Takardun Dabarun Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (DSCRP I da DSCRP II) kuma ta amince da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa na Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Shugabancin fannin ruwa a DRC yana da rauni ta fuskar tsari kuma yana da alaƙa da ayyukan hukumomi da ke fuskantar jikakkai da rikice-rikice na umarni. Ikon aiwatarwa shine babban abin da ke kawo cikas ga ci gaba a fannin ruwa. An tattara manyan kudaden tallafi don gyaran ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa, amma saboda rashin aiki na hukumomi da na gwamnati, raunin aiki da kuma rashin tallafin ababen more rayuwa, kayan aiki da ayyukan tattalin arziki, amfani da kudaden ya ragu sosai. A cikin ayyukan gwamnati, amfani da jeri yawanci bai kai kashi 50 cikin ɗari ba. Haka kuma, ana buƙatar ƙarin jarin kuɗi don gudanar da gagarumin gyare-gyare a fannin ruwa.

Tsarin Hukumomi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gudanar da fannin ruwa a DRC ya kasu tsakanin ma'aikatu da ƙungiyoyi da yawa. Ma'aikatar Tsare-tsare tana da alhakin fito da dabaru da kuma sanya ido kan Dabarun Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci da aka ayyana. A ƙarƙashin Kwamitin Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli na Ƙasa (CNAEA), tana da ikon haɓaka manufofi da sanya ido, daidaita ma'aikatu da haɗin gwiwa tare da abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba a fannin ruwa.[12] Kamfanin REGIDESO na gwamnati ne ke da alhakin samar da ayyukan samar da ruwa a yankunan birane. Yana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin kulawar gudanarwa da kuɗi na Ma'aikatar Kayayyakin Jiha da kuma ƙarƙashin kulawar fasaha na Ma'aikatar Makamashi. Hukumar samar da ruwan sha ta karkara ta ƙasa, SNHR, tana ba da rahoto ga Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Karkara kuma ita ce ke da alhakin haɓaka ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na karkara da na kusa da birane.[5][8] Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a ita ma tana da hannu a fannin ruwa na karkara ta hanyar shirye-shiryen Villages Assainis (Ƙauyuka Masu Tsafta) da Écoles Assainies (Makarantu Masu Tsafta), waɗanda UNICEF ke tallafawa kuma aka tsara su don sa hannun al'ummomin karkara wajen haɓaka ingantaccen ruwan sha da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli.[5][13]

Tallafin Ƙasa da Ƙasa da Kungiyoyi Masu Zaman Kansu (NGOs)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka fannin ruwa na DRC. An kiyasta tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa a kan dala miliyan 62 a shekara wanda ya dace da kusan kashi 95 cikin ɗari na jimillar jarin da ake sakawa.[8] Ayyukan da aka ba da kuɗin sun fi karkata ne ga cimma Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da Dabarun Rage Talauci na ƙasa. Jarin ƙasa da ƙasa an yi niyya ne daidai gwargwado ga sassan ruwa na birane da na karkara. A yankunan kusa da birane da na karkara, tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa ya ƙunshi kusan dukkan jimillar jarin da ake sakawa.[5]

A matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukan jin ƙai da agajin gaggawa a lokacin tashe-tashen hankula, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) na ƙasa da ƙasa sun kafa ayyuka da yawa na samar da ruwa a DRC. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ba da muhimman ayyukan samar da ruwa a yankuna masu nisa da gwamnati ta yi watsi da su. Sai dai yawancinsu ba su da tsari mai kyau kuma suna mai da hankali ne kan ayyukan da aka tsara don inganta samar da ruwa na cikin gida cikin gaggawa, amma ba su da isasshen tsarin gudanarwa don kula da ababen more rayuwa a nan gaba.[5]

Gyaran Fannin Ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Fannin ruwa yana fuskantar sake tsari na ci gaba ta hanyar gyaran fuska na gwamnati wanda aka fara da taimakon abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaban ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar 2006, musamman aikin gyaran ruwa na GIZ na Jamus.[5] A shekarar 2010, gwamnatin DRC ta amince da cikakken Tsarin Dokar Ruwa da nufin cimma burin ci gaban ƙasa, wanda ke samar da tsarin dokoki na ƙasa don gudanar da ruwa mai dorewa.[14] Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa na Haɗin Gwiwa (IWRM) shine babban ƙa'ida da aka bayyana a cikin Dokar Ruwa, wanda ke da nufin kafa tsari mai kyau don daidaita bukatun masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban. Muhimman sharuɗɗan sun haɗa da tsarin raba shiyyoyin filaye don tabbatar da kariya ga albarkatun ruwan sha masu mahimmanci da kwarurukansu, ƙa'idar mai amfani yana biya, ƙa'idar mai gurɓatawa yana biya, ƙa'idar riga-kafi, ƙa'idar tallafi da tattaunawa da shawarwari na jama'a.[5]

Gwamnatin DRC ta kuma fitar da tsarin aiki don ci gaba da haɓaka fannin ruwan sha nan da shekarar 2020. Manufar tsarin aikin ita ce tabbatar da aiwatar da gyaran fannin ruwa. Don haka, yana kuma taimakawa wajen daidaita tsare-tsaren masu ba da tallafi na ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma kiyaye ayyukansu dangane da tsarin ƙasa.[14]

Canjin tsari na fannin ruwa shine babban al'amari na gyaran ruwa. Ya haɗa da mayurbin CNAEA da Majalisar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, wacce za ta sami ikon jagorantar daukacin fannin ruwa bisa tsarin IWRM, da kafa Majalisun Ruwa na Jihohi, Kwamitin Ruwa na cikin gida da Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin raba iko, da kuma ƙirƙirar hukumomin da ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a matakin kwarurukan magudanar ruwa da ƙananan kwaruruka. Bugu da ƙari, REGIDESO tana fuskantar canji zuwa kamfani na kasuwanci na jama'a.[5]

Manyan matsaloli a fannin ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kashi 46 cikin ɗari na al'ummar DRC ne kawai ke da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwan sha a shekarar 2012,[1] idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 60 cikin ɗari a yankin Kudu da Hamadar Sahara.[5] An kiyasta cewa kashi 31 cikin ɗari ne kawai ke da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a shekarar 2012.[2] Rashin tsaftacen ruwan sha da ƙarancin yanayin tsabtace muhalli suna kawo babban hadari ga lafiyar jama'a. Adadin mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar an kiyasta shi a kan kashi 11.9 cikin ɗari a shekarar 2015, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 9.2 cikin ɗari a yankin Kudu da Hamadar Sahara, tare da yawaitar cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta ruwa kamar zawo, kwalara, zawayi mai jini da zazzabin taifot.[1][15]

Akwai babban bambancin yanayin ƙasa wajen samun ruwan sha, inda kashi 79 cikin ɗari na mazauna birane ke da damar samun ruwan sha idan aka kwatanta da kashi 29 cikin ɗari na mazauna karkara da na kusa da birane.[1] Sai dai a yankuna da yawa na DRC, damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha ya yi ƙasa da kashi 5 cikin ɗari a shekarar 2011.[5] Matakin samun ingantattun wuraren tsabtace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai, amma ana iya kwatanta shi a birane (kashi 33 cikin ɗari) da yankunan karkara (kashi 29 cikin ɗari).[1] Jarin kuɗi ya karkata sosai ga yankunan birane, inda aka ware kashi 85 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗaɗen don haɓaka fannin ruwa na birane,[5] kodayake al'ummar karkara sun kai kashi 58 cikin ɗari na jimillar al'ummar ƙasar a shekarar 2014.[2]

Fannin Ruwa na Birane da na Kusa da Birane

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kodayake samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha ya yi ƙasa sosai a yankunan karkara fiye da yankunan birane a DRC, ainihin adadin mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwa yana ƙaruwa sosai a yankunan birane saboda saurin haɓakar yawan jama'a.[5] Matsakaicin adadin haɓakar yawan jama'ar birane a tsakanin shekarun 2010 zuwa 2015 an kiyasta shi a kan kashi 4 cikin ɗari, idan aka kwatanta da adadin haɓakar jama'a na kashi 1.9 cikin ɗari a yankunan karkara. Al'ummar da ke zaune a yankunan birane an kiyasta su a kan kashi 42 cikin ɗari.[2] Saurin haɓakar yawan jama'a a yankunan birane yana da alaƙa da faɗaɗa birane kuma yana haifarda manyan matsaloli wajen kafa isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa. Yawancin kwarurukan magudanar ruwa na kusa da birane suna fuskantar tasiri ta hanyar faɗaɗa gidaje ba zare da tsari ba, noma da kuma neman itacen girki.[16]

Ayyukan samar da ruwa na REGIDESO suna fama da tabarbarewar ababen more rayuwa saboda rashin wutar lantarki, rashin sabbin jari da kuma rashin kulawa.[1][5] Shekaru da dama na tashe-tashen hankula na makami, rashin jagoranci na gari, raunin shugabanci, ƙarancin kuɗaɗe da ya faru yawancinsu saboda rashin biyan kuɗin ruwa da gwamnati ke yi da kuma manufofin kuɗin fito marasa riba, da kuma jinkirin gudanar da ayyuka na REGIDESO sun haifar da tabarbarewar ayyukan samar da ruwa a birane.[8]

Samar da ruwa a birane ya bambanta ƙwarai da gaske. Sama da kashi 85 cikin ɗari na hanyoyin rarraba ruwa na birane suna cikin larduna huɗu ne: Kinshasa, Bas Congo, Katanga da kuma South Kivu.[5] Haka kuma, an karkatar da tallafin kuɗi mafi yawa ga birnin Kinshasa, inda yake samun kusan kashi 40 cikin ɗari na jimillar jarin da ake sakawa a fannin ruwa na birane.[8]

Fannin ruwa na karkara

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mafi yawancin al'ummar DRC da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara. An yi watsi da fannin ruwa na karkara a DRC na tsawon shekaru da dama kuma yana da alaƙa da tabarbarewar ababen more rayuwa saboda rashin kulawa da rashin kayan gyara. Haka kuma, tsarin ruwa da yawa suna da ingancin gini maras kyau. Babban tushen samar da ruwa a karkara sune idanuwan ruwa, waɗanda suka kai kusan kashi 90 cikin ɗari na jimillar samar da ruwa a karkara. Idanuwan ruwa suna da fa'idar cewa suna buƙatar ƙaramin jari kaɗan don gwaɗawa da kulawa. Sai dai yawancin lokuta ana amfani da idanuwan ruwa ba tare da isasshen kariya da haɓakawa ba. Wani muhimmin tushen samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara shine rijiyoyin haƙawa na hannu, ta amfani da famfo na hannu da na inji. Sauran hanyoyin samar da ruwa a karkara sun haɗa da rijiyoyin burtsatse, ƙananan tsarin rarraba ruwa ta famfo da tsarin tace ruwan sama.[5] Gabaɗaya, kuɗaɗen da ake caji don tsarin ruwa na karkara ba sa rufe kuɗaɗen gudanar da ayyuka.[8] Kuma kusan ba a gudanar da gwajin ingancin ruwa ko kaɗan.[5]

Jarin da ake sakawa a halin yanzu a fannin ruwa na karkara yana da nufin faɗaɗa aikin hakar rijiyoyin burtsatse da ƙananan hanyoyin sadarwa na famfo a manyan ƙauyuka, waɗanda kowannensu ke hidima ga mutane tsakanin 2,000 zuwa 5,000 kuma ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na al'umma da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na cikin gida ke gudanar da su. Bugu da ƙari, shirye-shiryen Villages Assainis da Écoles Assainies suna da nufin haɓaka fannin ruwa na karkara cikin tsari a ƙauyuka masu nisa da yawanci ke da mutane 500 zuwa 1,000. Babban ra'ayin shirin shine inganta ingancin ruwan sha ta hanyar kiyaye idanuwan ruwa da gina rijiyoyin haƙawa na hannu tare da taimakon al'ummomin cikin gida.[5][13] Ƙananan ƙauyuka masu mazauna ƙasa da mutane 100, waɗanda suka kai kashi 37 cikin ɗari na al'ummar karkara, shirin bai haɗa da su ba, saboda haka, suna wakiltar gibi a cikin tsare-tsaren ci gaba na fannin ruwa.[5]

Tasirin zamantakewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rikicin ruwa a DRC yana shafar musamman rukunin mutane mafi rauni a cikin al'umma, wato mata da yara da ke zaune a cikin matalauta, yankunan kusa da birane marasa tsari da kuma yankunan karkara masu nisa. A cikin cunkoson birane, iyalai yawancin lokuta suna buƙatar siyan ruwansu akan farashi mai girma saboda yawan buƙata da ƙarancin wadatar ruwa, yayin da ake amfani da hanyoyin ruwa marasa inganci don samar da ruwan sha a yankunan karkara, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin haɗari ga lafiya.[5]

Mata da yara sune suka fi ɗaukar nauyin samar da ruwa ga iyalansu. Ƙarancin samar da ruwa yana juyar da wannan tsari zuwa wani aiki mai wahala da cin lokaci, wanda ke rage yawan lokacin da za a iya amfani da shi don neman ilimi.[17]

Lalacewar albarkatun ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ambaliyar ruwa a Kinshasa

A yankuna da yawa na DRC, canje-canjen amfani da filaye yana da alaƙa da lalacewar hanyoyin ruwan sha. Babban barazana ga hanyoyin ruwan sha shine haɓakar yankunan birane da na karkara ba tare da tsari ba. Rashin samun shiyyoyin kariya ga ruwan sha yana haifar da fallasa yankuna masu rauni na tushen ruwa ga gurɓatawa da lalacewar filaye. Idanuwan ruwa, wuraren karɓar ruwa na koguna, saman rijiyoyi, sassan tafkuna da madatsun ruwa masu mahimmanci da kuma yankunan sake cika ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sune wuraren da suka fi fuskantar haɗari, waɗanda yawanci ba su da kowane irin tsari na kariya ko alamun iyaka da za a iya gane su. Canje-canje na tsarin guduwar ruwa a sama, ƙaruwar zaizayar ƙasa da lalacewar muhalli sune sakamakon faɗaɗa wuraren zama da na noma ba tare da tsari ba. Haɓaka gidaje, rashin kyawun ginin hanyoyi, ramin bandaki, ramin zubar da ruwa na septic, ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, da sharar ma'adinai sune muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓatar hanyoyin ruwa. A yankunan birane, masana'antu, gidajen mai, gareji, mayanka da kuma guduwar ruwan sama sune ƙarin hanyoyin gurɓatawa. Gurɓatar kwayoyin cuta daga ruwan karkashin kasa da zubar da daddun shara da kuma ƙaruwar laka a cikin ruwa sune manyan hanyoyin gurɓatawa guda biyu.[5]

Babban dalilin lalacewar albarkatun ruwa shine rashin tsari da gudanarwa na amfani da filaye. Haka kuma, babu tsarin sanya ido kan ingancin ruwa a faɗin ƙasar baki ɗaya.[5]

Magance rikicin ruwa: Shawarwarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya

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Domin cimma manufofin fannin ruwa da aka bayyana a cikin Takardun Dabarun Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci da kuma Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta fito da shawarwari da dama don magance matsalolin ruwa a DRC a cikin rahotonta na fasaha na shekarar 2011. Waɗannan shawarwari sun ginu ne a kan manyan al'amura guda uku: Taimakawa gyaran shugabancin fannin ruwa, haɓaka ƙarfin aiki na fasaha da na hukumomi da kuma kafa tushen bayanan kimiyya.[5]

Shawarwarin da aka bayyana a matsayin "muhimman matakai" sun haɗa da: a) haɓaka manufofin ruwa na ƙasa, dabarun fannin ruwa da ƙa'idodin doka; b) kafa cikakken tsarin bayanan ruwa na ƙasa; c) aiwatar da gudanarwa mai zaman kanta na al'umma don ababen more rayuwa na ruwa na ƙananan tsari; d) kafa shirin haɓaka ƙarfin aiki don hukumomin ruwa da aka raba wa iko; e) haɓakawa da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kariya ga tushen ruwa bisa kwarurukan magudanar ruwa.[5]

Shawarwarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan matsalolin ruwa a DRC suna da ranar cika buri na shekarar 2015, daidai da Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Rahoton Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na shekarar 2015 na duniya ya riga ya kasance akwai.[18] Sai dai ba a buga cikakken kima na halin da ake ciki yanzu a fannin ruwa a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ba tukunna. A watan Janairun 2016, Babban Bankin Duniya ya ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike don tantance matakan talauci a DRC, haɗi da kimanta ingancin samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtace muhalli.[19]

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Issues in managing water challenges and policy instruments: Regional perspectives and case studies" (PDF). International Monetary Fund. 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "UN Data. Democratic Republic of Congo". Retrieved 2016-05-27.
  3. ↑ Alliance, Global Water (2015-07-01). "Lessons from the DRC: The Importance of Water Infrastructure". Global Water Alliance. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
  4. ↑ Bompangue, Didier; Giraudoux, Patrick; Handschumacher, Pascal; Piarroux, Renaud; Sudre, Bertrand; Ekwanzala, Mosiana; Kebela, Ilunga; Piarroux, Martine (2008). "Lakes as Source of Cholera Outbreaks, Democratic Republic of Congo - Volume 14, Number 5—May 2008 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 14 (5): 798–800. doi:10.3201/eid1405.071260. PMC 2600234. PMID 18439365. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 "Water Issues in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Challenges and Opportunities. Technical Report" (PDF). United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-13.
  6. 1 2 3 "Democratic Republic of the Congo. Water and Sanitation Profile" (PDF). US Aid. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 9, 2010.
  7. ↑ "The rights to water and sanitation in national law « Rights to Water and Sanitation". www.righttowater.info. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "An AMCOW Country Status Overview. Water Supply and Sanitation in the Democratic Republic of Congo.No water. Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond" (PDF). The World Bank. Water and Sanitation Program - Africa Region. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-07.
  9. 1 2 "AQUASTAT Country Fact Sheet. Democratic Republic of the Congo" (PDF). FAO. 2016.
  10. ↑ "WASHwatch.org - Congo". washwatch.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-04-02. Retrieved 2017-04-12.
  11. ↑ Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO)/UNICEF Tsarin Kula da Haɗin gwiwa don Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli
  12. ↑ "Sanitation and hygiene in developing countries: identifying and responding to barriers. A case study from the Democratic Republic of Congo" (PDF). Tearfund. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-30.
  13. 1 2 "In DR Congo, a UNICEF programme is empowering communities to improve water and sanitation". UNICEF (in Turanci). Retrieved 2016-05-28.
  14. 1 2 GmbH, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). "Support to the water sector reform". www.giz.de. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
  15. ↑ "WHO | The Democratic Republic of the Congo: quantifying the crisis". www.who.int. Archived from the original on January 26, 2015. Retrieved 2016-05-27.
  16. ↑ "Water Issues in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Challenges and Opportunities - Technical Report". ReliefWeb (in English). 2011-03-22. Retrieved 2016-05-27.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  17. ↑ Jessica, Roy; Ben, Crow (2004-03-26). "Gender Relations and Access to Water: What We Want to Know About Social Relations and Women's Time Allocation". Center for Global, International and Regional Studies.
  18. ↑ "United Nations Millennium Development Goals". www.un.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2016-05-28.
  19. ↑ "Access to water, sanitation and hygiene, a major challenge in the Democratic Republic of Congo - Gret". Gret (in Turanci). 2016-05-02. Archived from the original on 2016-06-30. Retrieved 2016-05-29.
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