Matsalar Ingilishi
| Iri | social issue (en)  |
|---|---|
| Ƙasa | Kameru |
Matsalar Anglophone ( French ) batu ne na zamantakewa da siyasa a Jamhuriyar Kamaru ta zamani, wanda ya samo asali daga gadon mulkin mallaka na Jamus, Birtaniya, da Faransa . ' Yan Kamaru masu magana da Ingilishi (masu magana da Ingilishi) suna da yawan jama'a marasa rinjaye da ke da kusan kashi 16 cikin 100, galibi daga yankunan Arewa maso Yamma da Kudu maso Yamma waɗanda a da suka ƙunshi Kudancin Kamaru, wani ɓangare na tsoffin yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya . A da Birtaniya ce ke iko da waɗannan yankunan Ingilishi a matsayin ikon Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya, sannan kuma a matsayin yankin amincewa da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya . A lokacin taron Foumban na 1961, yankunan da suka gada daga mulkin mallaka daban-daban aka haɗa su zuwa jiha ɗaya.
Matsalar ta taso ne daga adawa da wasu manufofi da ayyukan Gwamnatin Kamaru wacce galibi ke amfani da Faransanci, musamman game da tarayyar da ke amfani da harsuna biyu da aka amince da ita a shekarar 1961 sannan daga baya aka soke ta a shekarar 1972, wanda ya haifar da wariya da wariya. Tana ƙara mamaye ajandar siyasa ta ƙasa, kuma ta haifar da muhawara da matakai na goyon bayan tsarin tarayya daga masu magana da Ingilishi, wata ƙungiyar 'yan awaren da ke ƙoƙarin kafa ƙasar Ambazonia mai zaman kanta, da kuma rikicin makamai da ke ci gaba da wanzuwa tun daga shekarar 2017 wanda ya ƙunshi rikicin 'yan Ingilishi . [1]
Asalin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mulkin mallaka na Turai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Asalin wannan lamari ya samo asali ne tun daga Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, lokacin da aka san Kamaru da mulkin mallaka na Jamus a Kamerun . Jamus ta fara samun tasiri a Kamaru a shekarar 1845 lokacin da Alfred Saker na ƙungiyar Baptist Missionary Society ya gabatar da tashar mishan. A shekara ta 1860, 'yan kasuwar Jamus sun kafa masana'anta: Kamfanin Woermann. [2] A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1884, ƙabilun yankin suka bai wa Kamfanin Woermann ikon mallakar Kogin Kamerun (mashigin kogin Wouri ), wanda hakan ya sa suka kafa harsashin mulkin mallaka na Jamusawa a Kamerun daga baya. [2] A shekarar 1916 a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, daular Faransa da Birtaniya sun haɗu a yaƙin Kamerun don mamaye yankin. [2] Daga baya, Yarjejeniyar Versailles ta bai wa Faransa da Birtaniya ikon mallakar Kamaru a matsayin diyya bayan Jamus ta sha kashi a yaƙin. Sama da 167,000 square miles (430,000 km2) an bai wa Faransawa yanki na Kamerun na Jamus, yayin da aka bai wa Birtaniya ƙaramin yanki wanda ya ƙunshi Arewacin Kamaru, kimanin 17,500 square miles (45,000 km2) , da Kudancin Kamaru, 16,580 square miles (42,900 km2) . [2] Kowace mai mulkin mallaka daga baya za ta yi tasiri ga yankunan mulkin mallaka da harsunansu da al'adunsu na Turai, ta hanyar ƙirƙirar masu magana da Ingilishi da masu magana da Faransanci a Kamaru. Babban bambancin da aka samu a yankin da aka ba wa ƙasar ya haifar da cewa Kamaru ta yanzu tana da mafi yawan mutanen Faransa da kuma 'yan tsiraru 'yan Ingilishi.
Samun 'yancin kai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, guguwar 'yancin kai ta yaɗu cikin sauri a duk faɗin Afirka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tilasta wa Birtaniya da Faransa su bar yankunan da suke mulka su kuma su jagorance su zuwa ga 'yancin kai. 'Yan ƙasar Birtaniya da ke Kudancin Kamaru suna da zaɓin siyasa na ko dai su haɗu da Najeriya ko kuma su haɗu da Kamaru ta Faransa, amma ba a ba su wani zaɓi na neman 'yancin kai ba ta hanyar samun 'yancin kai. Zaɓin da aka fi so shi ne 'yancin kai, inda mafi ƙarancin farin jini shine haɗin kai da Kamaru ta Faransa. [1] Duk da haka, a lokacin da Birtaniya ta yi watsi da kundin tsarin mulki na 1961, Birtaniya ta yi jayayya cewa Kudancin Kamaru ba su da isassun tattalin arziki da za su iya ci gaba da rayuwarsu a matsayin ƙasa mai 'yancin kai kuma za su iya rayuwa ne kawai ta hanyar shiga Najeriya ko La République du Cameroun (Jamhuriyar Kamaru). [1] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi watsi da kiran da 'yan kudancin Kamaru suka yi na samun 'yancin kai a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta a kuri'ar da aka kada. Tambayoyin da aka yi wa jama'a a taron sun haɗa da:
- Shin kana son samun 'yancin kai ta hanyar shiga Tarayyar Najeriya mai zaman kanta?
- Shin kana son samun 'yancin kai ta hanyar shiga Jamhuriyar Kamaru mai cin gashin kanta?
A watan Fabrairun 1961, 'yan Kamaru na Arewacin Birtaniya suka kaɗa ƙuri'ar shiga Najeriya, yayin da 'yan Kamaru na Kudancin Birtaniya suka kaɗa ƙuri'ar shiga La République du Cameroun.
Taron Foumban na 17-21 Yuli 1961
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An gudanar da taron kundin tsarin mulki na Foumban ne domin samar da kundin tsarin mulki ga sabuwar jihar tarayya ta yankin kudancin Kamaru ta Birtaniya da kuma La République du Cameroon. Taron ya tattaro wakilai daga La République du Cameroon, ciki har da Shugaba Amadou Ahidjo, da wakilai daga Kudancin Kamaru. Makonni biyu kafin taron Foumban, an sami rahotannin cewa 'yan ta'adda sun kashe mutane sama da 100 a Loum, Bafang, Ndom, da Douala . [3] Rahotannin sun damu da masu fafutukar hadewa wadanda ke son Kamaru ta Birtaniya ta hade da Kamaru ta Faransa. [3] An zaɓi wurin da Foumban yake a hankali don ya sa Ahidjo ya bayyana kamar yana da iko a kan komai. Mista Mbile, wakilin Kudancin Kamaru a taron, ya lura, "Ba tare da wata matsala da ta tsorata 'yan Kudancin Kamaru ba, hukumomin Faransa sun zaɓi wurin da gangan don bikin. An tsaftace garin gaba ɗaya sosai kuma an yayyafa gidaje da farin fenti. Abinci yana da kyau kuma liyafa tana da kyau. Yanayin Foumban na gaske ko na wucin gadi ya yi nisa don shawo kanmu cewa duk da labaran 'kisan kai da gobara,' akwai aƙalla wannan tsibiri na zaman lafiya, gabashin Mungo ." [4]
Matsalar Ingilishi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da rashin amincewa ko musanta matsalar Ingilishi daga shugabannin gwamnatin Faransa, [1] akwai rashin gamsuwa da masu magana da Ingilishi, manya da ƙanana, game da yadda ake mu'amala da masu magana da Ingilishi. [5] Wannan rashin gamsuwa yana bayyana kansa a cikin kira ga haɗin gwiwa, da ƙungiyoyin 'yan awaren da ke aiki. [5] Babban abin da ke haifar da korafe-korafen Ingilishi shi ne rashin tsohuwar Yammacin Kamaru a matsayin "al'umma mai zaman kanta da aka bayyana ta hanyar bambance-bambancen harshe na hukuma da kuma al'adun mulkin mallaka na gado na ilimi, doka, da gudanar da gwamnati." [6] A ranar 22 ga Disamba 2016, a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Paul Biya, Archbishop na Kudancin Kamaru sun bayyana matsalar Anglophone kamar haka: [5]
- Rashin nasarar gwamnatocin Kamaru da suka yi mulki a baya, tun daga shekarar 1961, wajen girmama da aiwatar da ka'idojin Kundin Tsarin Mulki wadanda suka goyi baya da kuma kare abin da 'yan Kamarun Kudancin Birtaniya suka kawo a Tarayyar a shekarar 1961.
- Rashin bin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wanda ya nuna ta hanyar wargaza jam'iyyun siyasa da kuma kafa jam'iyya daya a shekarar 1966, korar Jua da nadin Muna a shekarar 1968 a matsayin Firayim Ministan Yammacin Kamaru, da kuma wasu irin wadannan ayyuka da 'yan Yammacin Kamaru suka dauka sun saba wa kundin tsarin mulki da kuma rashin bin dimokuradiyya.
- Gudanar da zaɓen raba gardama na 1972 wanda ya kawar da tushen (Tarayyar Tarayya) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1961.
- Dokar 1984 da ta gyara Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wadda ta bai wa ƙasar sunan Gabashin Kamaru na asali (Jamhuriyar Kamaru) kuma ta haka ta goge asalin 'yan Kamaru na Yamma daga haɗin kan da aka yi. Yammacin Kamaru, wacce ta shiga ƙungiyar a matsayin abokiyar hulɗa ta daidai, ta daina wanzuwa.
- Rushewar asalin al'adun Yammacin Kamaru da gangan da kuma tsari wanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1961 ya nemi kiyayewa da karewa ta hanyar samar da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin al'adu biyu.
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 Konings, Piet (1997). "The Anglophone Problem in Cameroon". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 35 (2): 207–229. doi:10.1017/S0022278X97002401. S2CID 145801145.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "Konings-1997" defined multiple times with different content. - 1 2 3 4 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "BE-dictionary". - 1 2 Dounge, Germanus (January 18, 2017). "The Legal Argument for Southern Cameroon Independence". www.africafederation.net. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "Konings-2003". - 1 2 3 Bamenda Provincial Episcopal Conference (BAPEC) (December 22, 2016). "Memorandum presented to the Head of State, His Excellency President Paul Biya, by the Bishops of the Ecclesiastical Province of Bamenda on the current situation of unrest in the Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon". Yaoundé: Cameroon-Info.Net. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ↑ Eyoh, Dickson (1998). "Conflicting Narratives of Anglophone Protest and the Politics of Identity in Cameroon". Journal of Contemporary African Studies. 16 (2): 249–276. doi:10.1080/02589009808729630.