Matsalar Padilla
Heberto Cuban Padilla, an haife shie a (20 Janairu 1932 - 25 Satumba 2000) mawaki ne na ƙasar Cuba wanda aka sanya shi a gidan gayran hali abin da ake kira al'amarin Padilla lokacin da aka ɗaure shi saboda sukar gwamnatin Cuba. An haife shi a garin Puerta de Golpe, Pinar del Río, Cuba . Littafinsa na farko na waka, Las rosas audaces (The Audacious Roses), an buga shi a cikin shekara ta 1949. Kodayake Padilla da farko ya goyi bayan juyin juya halin da Fidel Castro ya jagoranta, a ƙarshen shekarun ta 1960 ya fara sukar shi a bayyane kuma a cikin 1971 gwamnatin Cuban ta ɗaure shi.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rashin amincewa da juyin juya halin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An buga jerin labaran a cikin Verde Olivo, mujallar sojojin, a ƙarƙashin sunan Leopaldo Avila, wanda ya haifar da tsari mai tsauri game da manufofin al'adu na gwamnati. Halin haƙuri na wallafe-wallafen Cuban ya buƙaci fiye da kawai goyon baya na asali ga juyin juya halin. Ta haka ne aka kirkiro wata sanarwa ta ka'idoji kuma an amince da ita a Majalisa ta Marubutan da Masu zane-zane a shekarar 1968 wanda ya kara bayyana rawar marubucin a Cuba, yana mai cewa marubucin dole ne ba kawai ya goyi bayan juyin juya halin ba, amma ya ba da gudummawa ta hanyar amfani da wallafe-wallafen a matsayin "makami game da rauni da matsaloli wanda, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, zai iya hana wannan ci gaba".[1]
Ma'amala da kasashen waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cewar asusun Cuban, Padilla ya tayar da gardama a cikin ƙoƙari na jawo hankalin kasashen waje ga aikinsa. Marubucin José Lorenzo Fuentes an riga an cire shi daga UNEAC a shekarar 1967 saboda aikinsa mai mahimmanci da kuma zargin hulɗa da Hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya (CIA) kuma a cewar Otero, Padilla ya ga wannan abin kunya a matsayin damar samun kulawa ta kasashen waje.[2] Jorge Edwards, wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Chile wanda ke sukar gwamnatin Castro, zai kuma goyi bayan ra'ayoyin Otero cewa Padilla ya nemi amincewar kasa da kasa, yana mai lura da cewa hulɗar Padilla da baƙi ta ja hankalin hukumar leken asiri ta Cuba.[2] Tattaunawar Padilla da 'yan kasashen waje sun hada da wadanda ke aiki tare da CIA, kodayake an yi jayayya da wannan.[2][3]
Al'amuran
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kurkuku
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tare da karfafa manufofin al'adu na gwamnatin Cuban a cikin ƙoƙari na kauce wa raunana akidar juyin juya hali, faɗakarwa ga marubutan Cuban ya karu, yana azabtar da su har ma da ɗan karkatarwa daga aikin kwaminisanci na Castro. Don haka a ranar 20 ga Maris, 1971, an kama Heberto Padilla kuma an daure shi saboda aikinsa, Fuera del juego . Don kwatanta yanayin da ba shi da muhimmanci na faɗakarwar juyin juya hali, ɗaya daga cikin zarge-zargen da aka kawo a kan Fuera del juego shine tunanin Padilla na tarihi, inda ya bayyana lokaci a matsayin da'ira. An ga wannan a matsayin mai adawa da juyin juya hali. A cikin ra'ayi na hukuma na UNEAC, sun bayyana, "Ya bayyana halin da yake da shi na adawa da tarihin ta hanyar ɗaukaka son kai a adawa da bukatun hadin gwiwa na ƙasa a tsakiyar ci gaban tarihi kuma ta hanyar bayyana ra'ayinsa na lokaci a matsayin sake maimaitawa maimakon layin hawa".[4]
Rikici
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An saki Padilla kwana talatin da bakwai bayan an ɗaure shi, amma ba kafin ya gabatar da wata sanarwa ta sukar kansa ga taron UNEAC ba. A cikin wannan sanarwa ya furta zargin da aka kawo masa, yana bayyana kansa a matsayin abin da abokan hamayyarsa suka zarge shi da kasancewa: mai adawa da juyin juya hali, mai basira, mai ɓoye, kuma mai mugunta. Ya kuma zargi wasu marubuta, ciki har da matarsa, kuma ya bukaci su bi jagorancinsa na bin al'ummar juyin juya hali.
Wannan ikirarin ya haifar da damuwa cewa gwamnatin Cuba ta fara shirya abubuwan da suka faru kamar gwajin Moscow na Joseph Stalin. Bayan sanarwar Padilla game da sukar kansa, wasu fitattun Latin Amurka, Arewacin Amurka, da masu ilimi na Turai, ciki har da Mario Vargas Llosa, Julio Cortázar, Susan Sontag, da Jean-Paul Sartre, sun yi magana game da ɗaurin Padilla, kuma sakamakon rikice-rikicen ya zama sananne da "al'amarin Padilla. " Wannan al'amari ya haifar da rarrabuwa tsakanin masu sukar siyasa a duk duniya, wanda ya kawo mutane da yawa da suka goyi bayan gwamnatin Fidel Castro don sake la'akari da matsayinsu.[5] Tattaunawar kasa da kasa ta haifar da karuwar bambancin al'adu a cikin Cuba yayin da gwamnati ta kalli martani a matsayin makircin kasashen waje.
Kodayake an saki Padilla daga kurkuku, har yanzu ba a yarda ya bar ƙasar ba har zuwa 1980.
Sakamakon haka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ya zauna a New York, Washington, DC da Madrid, kafin a ƙarshe ya zauna a Princeton, NJ. Padilla ta kasance Fellow a Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta Woodrow Wilson . Farrar Straus & Giroux sun buga bugu da yawa na waƙoƙinsa, wani littafi, En mi jardín pastan los héroes (wanda aka fassara a matsayin Heroes Are Grazing in My Garden), da kuma littafin abubuwan tunawa, La mala memoria (wanda aka fassar da Self-Portrait of the Other).
Ya kasance Elena Amos Distinguished Scholar a cikin Latin American Studies a Columbus State University, Columbus GA, 1999-2000. Ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2000 yayin da yake koyarwa a Jami'ar Auburn da ke Auburn, Alabama .
Rayuwa ta mutum
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan aurensa na farko da Bertha Hernandez, tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya uku, Giselle Padilla, Maria Padilla da Carlos Padilla, ya auri mawaki Belkis Cuza Malé, tare da wanda ya haifi ƙaramin ɗansa, Ernesto Padilla . Aure da ya yi da Belkis Cuza Male ya ƙare da kisan aure. Wadanda suka tsira daga Heberto Padilla sun hada da yara uku daga aurensa na farko da ɗa daga aurensa ya biyu.
Ayyuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Waƙoƙi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Roses masu ƙarfin zuciya, 1949
- Lokaci mai kyau na ɗan adam, 1962
- Sa'a, Cuadernos de Poesía 10 (Sets of Poems 10), La Tertulia, La Habana, 1964
- A waje da wasan, 1968
- Matsalar, 1973
- Waƙoƙi da siyasa - Waƙoƙoƙi le Siyasa, tarihin harsuna biyu, Playor, Madrid, Jami'ar Georgetown jerin Cuban, 1974
- Mutumin da ke kusa da teku, Seix Barral, Barcelona, 1981
- Babbar gada, gidan dutse, 1998
- Puerta de Golpe, tarihin da Belkis Cuza Malé ya kirkira, Linden Lane Press, 2013
- Una época para hablar, tarihin da ya ƙunshi duk waƙoƙin Padilla, Luminarias / Letras Cubanas, 2013
Labarai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- El buscavidas, littafin, 1963
- A cikin lambuna suna kiwo jarumawa, labari, Editorial Argos Vergara, Barcelona, 1981
- La mala memoria, memoir, Plaza & Janés, Barcelona, 1989 (Fassara: Hoton kai na ɗayan 1989)
- Prohibido el gato, littafin siyasa da aka rubuta a 1989
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:5 - ↑ ""Cuba, ¡qué linda es Cuba!": Carlos Monsiváis, las izquierdas mexicanas y la Revolución cubana". Revista Común (in Sifaniyanci). 2023-02-21. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
- ↑ Quesada, Luis M. (1975). ""Fuera del juego": A Poet's Appraisal of the Cuban Revolution". Latin American Literary Review. 3 (6): 89–98. JSTOR 20118967.
- ↑ Male, Belkis (2008). "The Arrest of Heberto Padilla and Belkis Cuza Malé". Words without borders. Retrieved 2021-02-04.