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Mayar da gawarwakin mutane gida da sake binne gawarwakin

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Mayar da gawarwakin mutane gida da sake binne gawarwakin
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na repatriation (en) Fassara da reburial (en) Fassara

Mayar da gawarwakin mutane gida da sake binne gawarwakin wani lamari ne na yau da kullun a fannin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi da sarrafa kayan tarihi kan riƙe gawarwakin mutane. Tsakanin al’ummar da suka fito daga zuri’a da kuma masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, akwai ra’ayi iri-iri kan ko ya kamata a dawo da gawarwakin ko a’a. Akwai nazarin shari'o'i da yawa a duk faɗin duniya na gawarwar ɗan adam waɗanda aka yi ko har yanzu suna buƙatar mayar da su gida.

Ra'ayoyi

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Ana ɗaukar mayar da gawarwakin ɗan adam gida da kuma sake binne gawarwakin yana da cece-kuce a cikin ɗabi'ar archaeological. [1] Sau da yawa, zuri'a da mutanen da suka fito daga al'ummar da suka rage suna sha'awar dawowarsu.[2][3][4][5] Meanwhile, Anthropologists, scientists who study the remains for research purposes, may have differing opinions. Some anthropologists feel it's necessary to keep the remains in order to improve the field and historical understanding.[6][7][4] A halin yanzu, masana ilimin ɗan adam, masana kimiyya waɗanda ke nazarin ragowar don dalilai na bincike, na iya samun mabambanta ra'ayi. Wasu masana ilimin ɗan adam suna jin cewa ya zama dole a ajiye ragowar don inganta fagen da fahimtar tarihi.[8] Wasu kuma suna ganin cewa dole ne a mayar da su gida domin a mutunta zuriyarsu. [8]

Ra'ayin 'Ya'ya da Al'ummar Asali

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'Ya'ya da al'ummar da suke da dangantaka da waɗanda aka ajiye gawawwakin sukan goyi bayan mayar da su gida. Wannan yana da alaƙa da 'yancin ɗan Adam da kuma imanin ruhaniya.[2][3][4] Misali, Henry Atkinson daga ƙabilar Yorta Yorta ya bayyana tarihin da ke motsa wannan ƙoƙari. Ya bayyana cewa Turawa sun mamaye ƙasarsu, suka yi kisan kiyashi ga kakanninsa. Bayan haka, sun kwashe gawawwakin suka tara su "kamar yadda ake tarawa tambura."[2] Daga ƙarshe, an tura kakannin ne zuwa ƙasashen waje don yin bincike a kansu. Wannan ya sa mutanen Yorta Yorta suka ji cewa an rage musu daraja — kamar dabbobi ko kayan ado kawai. Atkinson ya bayyana cewa mayar da gawawwakin gida zai taimaka rage radadin ciwon da aka gada daga wancan lokaci.[2]

Bugu da ƙari, ana yawan danganta cewa 'ya'ya suna da alaƙar ruhaniya da kakanninsu. Yawancin mutanen asali na jin cewa inda aka binne gawa wurin tsarki ne da hutawa ga kakanni. Amma idan aka killace su a cikin akwatuna a ƙasashen waje, suna zama a cikin wahala, ba su da hutu. Wannan na iya haifar da damuwa mai tsanani ga 'ya'yansu. Wasu suna jin cewa kawai za su huta bayan an dawo da su gida.[2][3]

Wannan ra'ayi yana da kama da na cikin ƙasar Botswana. Connie Rapoo, wata ɗan asalin Botswana, ta bayyana muhimmancin dawo da kakanni gida. Ta ce mutane dole ne su dawo gida domin jin dangantaka da asali.[4] Idan ba a dawo da su ba, ran kakannin na iya yawo ba tare da hutu ba. Hatta suna iya zama miyagun ruhohi masu damun rayayye. Sun yi imani cewa mayar da su gida na taimakawa wajen kawo salama ga kakanni da kuma zuriyarsu.[4]

Raunin Tarihi

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Main article: Historical trauma

Muƙamin dawo da gawawwakin gida yana da nasaba da raunin tarihi da mutanen asali ke fama da shi. Raunin tarihi yana nufin rauni na zuciya da kakanni suka sha wanda ake miƙa wa 'ya'ya har yanzu. A tarihi, mutanen asali sun fuskanci kisan kiyashi da kuma rasa 'ya'yansu ta hanyar kwashe su zuwa makarantun gwamnati.[9] Wannan babban rauni yana ci gaba da shafar zuriyarsu. A wurin wasu, ajiye gawawwaki a cikin akwati don bincike yana ƙara tsananta wannan rauni. Wasu mutanen asali na ganin cewa radadin zai ragu ne kawai idan an dawo da kakanninsu gida.[2]

Ra'ayin Masanan Al'adu (Anthropologists)

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Masanan al'adu sun kasu kashi biyu a kan batun mayar da gawawwaki gida.

Masu Goyon Bayan Rashin Mayarwa

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Wasu masana sun ji cewa dawo da gawawwaki gida zai hana ci gaban binciken kimiyya da fahimta. Misali, Elizabeth Weiss da James W. Springer sun yi imanin cewa dawo da su gida yana nufin asarar tarin bayanai, wato "asarar bayanai."[6] Wannan yana da alaƙa da tsarin bincike na kimiyyar Yammacin duniya. Don haɓaka sahihancin bincike, masana suna amfani da sabbin dabaru ko sake gwada tsoffin hanyoyi. Weiss da Springer sun bayyana cewa gawawwakin mutanen asali su ne mafi yawa kuma muhimmi a fannin. Suna ganin cewa sake binne su yana hana ci gaba da sahihanci na hanyoyin binciken masana.[6]

A cewarsu, wannan yana hana gano abubuwa masu mahimmanci. Nazarin gawawwaki yana iya bayyana yadda tarihin bil'adama ya kasance tun kafin tarihi. Haka kuma, yana taimaka wajen gano lafiyar jama'a, cututtuka, ayyukan su, da tashin hankali da suka fuskanta. Haka kuma, masana za su iya gano al'adu kamar gyaran kan kai na daddare (cranial modification). Wannan binciken na iya taimaka wa jama'a na yau. Misali, sun gano alamun ciwon ƙashi (arthritis) a wasu tsofaffin gawawwaki, wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen gano ciwon da wuri a yau.[7]

Wasu masana na jin cewa waɗannan ganowa za su ɓace idan an mayar da gawawwaki gida.[6][7]

Masu Goyon Bayan Mayarwa

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Ba dukan masana ne ke adawa da dawo da gawawwaki gida ba. Wasu na ganin cewa hakan wajibi ne dangane da ɗabi'a, kuma masana sun dade suna wulaƙanta wannan batu. Sian Halcrow da wasu sun bayyana cewa ilimin anthropology ya taɓa fama da son kai da wariyar launin fata.[8] Misali, gawawwakin fararen fata sukan sami binnewa da mutunci a cikin akwatunan gawa. Amma na mutanen asali da baki suna cikin akwati ana bincike a kansu. Ta bayyana cewa tara gawawwaki da yin bincike a kansu ba tare da izini ba, cin zarafin ɗan adam ne. Halcrow da sauran sun bayyana cewa dawo da su gida ƙaramin buƙata ne da ya kamata a cika domin a daidaita da sauran mutane.[8]

Wasu masana suna kallon dawo da gawawwaki gida ba a matsayin gata ba, amma a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan Adam da aka hana wa mutanen launin fata na tsawon lokaci. Ba sa kallon hakan a matsayin koma baya ga ilimin anthropology. A maimakon haka, suna ganin cewa hakan wata hanya ce ta farawa sabuwar hanya mai ɗabi'a a fannin.[8]

La'akarin lafiya

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An adana wasu daga cikin gawarwakin da magungunan kashe qwari da a yanzu aka san suna da illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam.[10]

Nazarin Hali

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Ostareliya

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An fitar da gawawwakin kakannin 'yan asalin ƙasar Ostareliya da kuma mutanen Torres Strait daga makabartu, wuraren binne gawa, asibitoci, mahakunta da gidajen yari daga karni na 19 har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1940. Yawancin waɗanda aka kai ƙasashen waje suna cikin Birtaniya, da yawa kuma a cikin Jamus, Faransa da sauran ƙasashen Turai, har ma da Amurka. Kididdiga na hukuma ba su bayyana ainihin gaskiyar lamarin ba, domin da yawa suna hannun masu tarin kayan tarihi masu zaman kansu da ƙanana-ƙananan gidajen tarihi. Fiye da gawa 10,000 ko sassan gawa ana kyautata zaton an kai su Birtaniya kaɗai.[11]Samfuri:Better source

Babu wata doka kai tsaye da ke kula da dawo da irin waɗannan gawawwaki a Ostareliya, amma Gwamnatin Ostareliya ta kafa Manufofin Dawo da Gawawwakin Kakanni na 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa a shekarar 2011. As of 2025 ana tafiyar da shirin ta Ofishin Harkokin Fasaha. Wannan shirin yana goyon bayan dawo da gawawwakin kakanni da abubuwan sirri masu tsarki na ‘yan asalin Ostareliya da Torres Strait, yana taimakawa wajen warkar da raunuka da kuma sasanci, tare da tallafa wa wakilan al’umma wajen kokarin dawo da gawawwakin ta hanyoyi daban-daban.

A watan Yuli 2020, gwamnati ta bada kuɗi ga AIATSIS don aiwatar da shirin Mayar da Gado na Al’adu na tsawon shekaru huɗu.[12][lower-alpha 1]

Gidan yanar gizon gwamnati ya bayyana cewa, daga watan Maris 2025, an dawo da gawawwakin kakanni 1741 daga ƙasashen waje.[13] A watan Afrilu 2025, ABC News ta ruwaito cewa an dawo da gawawwakin sama da 1,775. Mafi yawan su – 1,300 – an dawo da su ne daga tarin kayan tarihi da ke Birtaniya.[14]

A watan Maris 2020, an saki wani fim mai dogon zango mai suna *Returning Our Ancestors* wanda Hukumar Kula da Gado ta 'Yan Asalin Victoria ta shirya bisa littafin *Power and the Passion: Our Ancestors Return Home* (2010) wanda Shannon Faulkhead da Uncle Jim Berg suka rubuta,[15] kuma mawakin Archie Roach ya bada labari a cikinsa. An tsara fim ɗin ne domin amfani da shi a makarantu na sakandare a jihar Victoria, domin fahimtar tarihin da al’adun ‘yan asalin ƙasa, ta hanyar bayyana muhimmancin gawawwakin kakanni.[16][17]

Shirin Gidan Tarihi na Queensland na dawo da gawawwakin da aka tattara tsakanin 1870 da 1970 ya fara tun cikin shekarun 1970.[18] A watan Nuwamba 2018, gidan tarihin ya adana gawawwakin mutane 660 na 'yan asalin ƙasa da mutanen Torres Strait a cikin wani dakin “sirri mai tsarki” da ke bene na biyar.[19]

A watan Maris 2019, an mayar da gawawwakin kakanni 37 na 'yan asalin Ostareliya bayan Gidan Tarihi na Halitta a birnin London ya mayar da su cikin wani biki na girmamawa. Gidan Tarihi na Kudu da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa za su riƙe su har zuwa lokacin binne su.[20]

A watan Afrilu 2019, aka fara mayar da gawawwaki fiye da 50 daga cibiyoyi guda biyar a Jamus, tare da fara wani biki a Gidan Tarihin Nahiyu Biyar a Munich.[21]

Gidan Tarihi na Kudancin Ostareliya ya bayyana a watan Afrilu 2019 cewa yana da gawawwaki sama da 4,600 na tsofaffin mutane da ke jiran a mayar da su. Duk da cewa yawancin an kai su ƙasashen waje ne tun lokacin darektan gidan tarihin na shekarun 1890, Edward C. Stirling, wasu da dama sakamakon aikin gine-gine da share ƙasa ne. Sabon sauyi na manufofi ya sanya aka nada Jami’in Dawo da Gawawwaki don gudanar da wannan aiki.[22]

A shekarar 1903, wani abin kunya ya faru inda wani likita kuma babban mai duba gawa a jihar SA, Dr William Ramsay Smith, ya tono kabarin wani mutum Ngarrindjeri mai suna Tommy Walker. Wannan ya bayyana wata sirri da ke tattare da kasuwancin ɓoye na sassan jikin ‘yan asalin ƙasa da cibiyoyin kimiyya ke yi don cike ɗakunan tarihin Birtaniya. Fushin jama'a ya ɗaga hankali kan keta al’adu kuma ya tayar da gwagwarmaya mai ɗorewa don dawo da su.[23]

A watan Afrilu 2019, an dawo da ƙasusuwan mutane 14 daga kabilun Yawuru da Karajarri waɗanda wani mai arziki a Broome ya sayar wa da wani gidan tarihin Dresden a 1894. An adana su a Gidan Tarihin Grassi da ke birnin Leipzig. Gawawwakin na da raunuka a kan kai da kuma alamun yunwa, wanda ke nuna irin wahalar da ‘yan asalin ke fuskanta a lokacin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a cikin jiragen ruwan neman lu’u-lu’u. Kabilun Yawuru da Karajarri har yanzu na cikin tattaunawa da Gidan Tarihin Halitta na London don dawo da ƙashin kan wani jarumi mai suna Gwarinman.[24]

New Zealand

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Te Papa, gidan kayan gargajiya na ƙasa da ke Wellington, an ba shi umarni daga gwamnati a shekarar 2003 don gudanar da Shirin Mayar da Gawarwakin Karanga Aotearoa (KARP) domin dawo da gawarwakin Māori da Moriori (kōiwi tangata). Te Papa yana gudanar da bincike game da asalin gawarwakin sannan yana tattaunawa da cibiyoyin ƙasashen waje domin dawo da su. Da zarar an dawo da su New Zealand, ba a ajiye gawarwakin a matsayin mallakin Te Papa ba, domin gidan kayan gargajiya yana shirya mayar da su zuwa ga iwi (ƙabila).[25][26][27]

An dawo da gawarwaki daga ƙasashen Argentina, Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United States da United Kingdom.[26][28] Tsakanin shekarar 2003 da 2015, KARP ya cimma matsaya kan dawo da gawarwaki 355.[26]

Heritage New Zealand tana da wata doka kan dawo da gawarwaki.[29]

A shekarar 2018, Ma’aikatar Al’adu da Tarihi ta wallafa rahoto mai taken *Human Remains in New Zealand Museums*.[30]

An kafa New Zealand Repatriation Research Network domin ba da damar hadin gwiwa tsakanin gidajen kayan tarihi don gudanar da bincike kan asalin gawarwaki da kuma taimakawa mayar da su.[31]

A shekarar 2021, Museums Aotearoa ta karɓi sabuwar manufar ƙasa ta dawo da gawarwaki (National Repatriation Policy).[32][33]

Kanada

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A cikin karni na 1800, Kanada ta kafa makarantu da dama na zama (residential schools) domin matasan 'yan asalin ƙasar. Wannan wani yunkuri ne na daidaita al'adu da kawar da wata kabila gaba ɗaya, inda da dama daga cikin yaran suka mutu kuma aka binne su a cikin waɗannan makarantun. A cikin karni na 21, ana ci gaba da gano waɗannan ramukan binne jama'a tare da dawo da gawawwakin. Daga cikin wuraren da suka fi shahara akwai wurin da aka gano fiye da yara 200 da aka binne a Makarantar Kamloops Indian Residential School, da kuma fiye da yara 700 da aka binne a Makarantar Saskatchewan Residential School. Kanada na aiki wajen binciko da kuma dawo da waɗannan gawawwakin.

[34]

Faransa

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A lokacin mulkin mallakar Faransa a ƙasar Aljeriya, mutane 24 'yan Aljeriya sun yi gwagwarmaya da sojojin mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1830 da kuma tawaye a 1849. An sare kawunansu kuma aka kai su Faransa a matsayin ganima. A shekarar 2011, wani ɗan tarihin Aljeriya mai suna Ali Farid Belkadi ya gano waɗannan kawuna a Gidan Tarihi na Mutum da ke birnin Paris, ya sanar da hukumomin Aljeriya, inda suka fara buƙatar dawo da su. A ƙarshe an dawo da su a shekarar 2020. Daga cikin waɗanda aka dawo da kawunansu akwai shugaban tawaye Sheikh Bouzian wanda aka kama a 1849, aka harbe shi kuma aka sare kansa. Har ila yau, akwai kan jagoran juriya Mohammed Lamjad ben Abdelmalek wanda aka fi sani da Cherif Boubaghla (mutumin da jakinsa).[35][36]

Jamus

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A shekarar 2023, manyan gidajen kayan tarihi da jami'o'i guda bakwai a kasar Jamus sun mayar da gawarwakin Maori da Moriori zuwa Gidan Tarihi na New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa a ƙasar New Zealand.[37][38]

Austria

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A shekarar 2022, Gidan Tarihi na Halittu da ke Vienna ya mayar da gawarwakin Maori da Moriori kusan guda 64 da wani ɗan binciken Austriya mai suna Andreas Reischek ya tara, zuwa Gidan Tarihi na New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa da ke Wellington, New Zealand.[39][40]

Estonia

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Shugaban ƙasar Estonia Konstantin Päts ya shiga hannun gwamnatin Tarayyar Soviet bayan mamayewa da mamayar yankunan Baltic. Ya rasu a shekarar 1956. A shekarar 1988 aka fara ƙoƙarin gano inda aka binne shi a Rasha. An gano cewa an yi masa jana’iza bisa ladabi a wani makabarta kusa da Kalinin (yanzu Tver). A ranar 22 ga Yuni 1990, aka tono kabarinsa sannan aka sake binne gawarsa a makabartar Metsakalmistu da ke Tallinn a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1990.[41][42] A shekarar 2011, an kafa wata gicciye tunawa a kauyen Burashevo, inda aka binne shi a da.[43]

Ireland

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Wani masanin kimiyyar ɗan Adam daga Birtaniya mai suna Alfred Cort Haddon ya ɗauki kawunan mutane 13 daga makabarta da ke Inishmore, da wasu daga Inishbofin, County Galway, da kuma wani kabari a Ballinskelligs, County Kerry, a wani bincike na zamanin Victorian kan nau’o’in kabilu. Ana ajiye waɗannan kawuna har yanzu a jami’ar Trinity College Dublin. An nema a mayar da su zuwa kaburburan da aka fito da su.[44][45][46] Hukumar jami’ar Trinity College ta nuna shirinta na haɗin gwiwa da mazauna tsibirin domin mayar da gawarwakin.

A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2023, jami’ar Trinity College Dublin ta tabbatar da cewa za a mayar da gawarwakin da ke hannunta, ciki har da kawuna 13, zuwa tsibirin Inishbofin.[47] Wannan tsari zai fara ne a watan Yuli 2023, inda za a fara mayar da gawarwaki daga St. Finian's Bay da Inishmore daga baya a cikin shekarar.[48]

Spain

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El Negro

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Sunan El Negro yana nufin wani Ba'afurika da aka kashe, aka narka gawarsa (taxidermy), kuma aka nuna shi a gidan kayan tarihi na Darder da ke Banyoles, Spain. An tono kabarinsa kusan a shekara ta 1830. Daga nan sai aka yi masa taxidermy, aka sanya masa tufafin fata da kuma makami. El Negro an sayar da shi zuwa gidan kayan tarihi na Darder kuma an nuna shi tsawon ƙarni ɗaya. Sai a shekarar 1992, lokacin da Banyoles ke karɓar gasar Olympics ta lokacin bazara, ne mutane suka fara korafi dangane da nunin sassan jikin mutum da aka yi masa taxidermy.[5]

A shekarar 2000, an mayar da El Negro zuwa Botswana, wanda ake zaton shi ne asalin ƙasarsa. Mutane da dama daga Botswana sun taru a filin jirgin sama domin tarbar El Negro. Amma, rikici ya biyo baya dangane da yadda aka dawo da sassan jikinsa. Na farko, El Negro ya iso a cikin akwati maimakon akwatin gawa. Mutanen Botswana sun ji hakan yana kaskantar da mutuncin mutum. Na biyu, ba a dawo da cikakken jikin ba. Sai dai kawai ƙasƙantaccen ƙwalwar kai aka turo zuwa Botswana. Ƙasar Spain ta yi iƙirarin cewa fatar jikinsa da kayan da ke tare da shi mallakarsu ne. Mutane da dama daga Botswana sun ji ƙwarai da gaske an raina su kuma an tozarta mutuncin El Negro.[5][4]

Burtaniya

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Kashin gadon "Girman Irish" wato Charles Byrne (1761–1783) yana cikin nuni a Gidan Tarihi na Hunterian, London duk da cewa Byrne ya bayyana karara cewa yana so a binne shi cikin teku. A shekara ta 2020, marubuciya Hilary Mantel ta nemi a mayar da gawarsa zuwa Ireland.[49][50] An cire shi daga nunawa ga jama'a sakamakon aikin gyaran gidan tarihin a ƙarshen shekarun 2010 zuwa farkon shekarun 2020, duk da haka an ci gaba da adana kashin gadon Byrne a cikin tarin gidan tarihin don ci gaba da bincike a nan gaba.[50]

Druidawa

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Harakar Neo-Druid wata sabuwar addini ce da wasu rukuni suka kafa tun a ƙarni na 18, wasu kuma a ƙarni na 20. Wasu daga cikinsu suna dogara da ra’ayoyin da suka samo asali daga Druid na zamanin da, wato ƙarshen zamanin ƙarfe, ko kuma daga sabbin ƙungiyoyin addinan neopagan. Wasu daga cikinsu suna yin girmamawa ga kakanni, kuma saboda haka suna ganin suna da alhakin kula da gawawwakin tsofaffi da ke yankin da suke zama yanzu. A shekarar 2006, Paul Davies ya nemi Gidan Tarihi na Alexander Keiller a Avebury, Wiltshire da su binne gawawwakin mutane na zamanin Neolithic da suke rike da su, yana mai cewa adanawa da nuna su abin kunyace kuma rashin girmamawa ne.[51] Hukumar National Trust ta ƙi amincewa da binne su, amma ta ba da izini ga Druidawa su gudanar da wani aikin warkarwa a gidan tarihin.[52][53]

Masu binciken tarihi sun yi suka ga Druidawa, suna cewa "ba wata ƙabila ko ƙungiya ta zamani da ya kamata ta mallaki kakanninmu don manufarta. Al’umma ta masu bincike ta duniya ce ya kamata ta kula da irin waɗannan gawawwaki." Wani hujja daga masu bincike shine:

"Druidawa ba su kadai bane ke da damuwa da gawawwaki... Ba mu san da yawa game da addinan waɗannan mutanen [na zamanin da] ba, amma mun san suna son a tuna da su, ginin su da al'adunsu na nuna hakan. Iyalansu sun dade da rasuwa, sun tafi da tarihin su gaba ɗaya, kuma mu masu bincike muna dawo da su cikin duniya, muna yi kamar iyalansu ne. Muna kulawa da su, muna rayuwa cikin ƙoƙari mu maido da ƙasusuwa zuwa mutanen da suka kasance... Mafi yawan ilimi da muke samu, shi ne zai fi ba da damar tuna su. Sake binne gawawwaki yana hallaka mutanen nan gaba ɗaya: wannan, mafi ƙaranci, kuskure ne, mafi tsanani kuma azaba ce."[54]

Mr. Davies ya gode wa English Heritage bisa lokacin da suka dauka da kuma sadaukarwar da suka yi a cikin wannan shiri, ya kuma bayyana cewa tattaunawar da aka yi ta mayar da hankali ne kan cigaba da adanawa a gidan tarihi ba kan sake binne gawawwakin ba kamar yadda aka nema.[55]

Wata tallan da ke nuna Sarah Baartman a matsayin "Hottentot Venus" don nishadantarwa.

Sarah Baartman

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Sarah Baartman mace ce daga kabilar Khoikhoi daga birnin Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu a farkon shekarun 1800. An dauke ta zuwa Turai inda aka tallata ta a matsayin wata “ban mamaki” ta jiki don nishadantarwa. An san ta da suna "Hottentot Venus". Ta rasu a shekarar 1815 kuma aka fitar da wasu sassan jikinta domin bincike. Aka nuna farjinta, kwakwalwarta da kuma kashin gadonta a Musee de l’Homme a Paris har zuwa lokacin da aka mayar da su Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 2002.[4]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Scarre and Scarre (2006). The ethics of archaeology : philosophical perspectives on archaeological practice, p. 206-208. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-54942-6.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Atkinson, Henry (2010). "The Meanings and Values of Repatriation". In Turnbull, Paul; Pickering, Michael (eds.). The long way home: the meanings and values of repatriation (in English). New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 15–19. ISBN 978-1-84545-958-1.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cubillo, Franchesca (2010). "Repatriating Our Ancestors: Who Will Speak for the Dead?". In Turnbull, Paul; Pickering, Michael (eds.). The long way home: the meanings and values of repatriation (in English). New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 20–26. ISBN 978-1-84545-958-1.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Rapoo, Connie (June 2011). "'Just give us the bones!': theatres of African diasporic returns". Critical Arts. 25 (2): 132–149. doi:10.1080/02560046.2011.569057. ISSN 0256-0046. S2CID 144820392.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cressida, Fforde (2002). The Dead and their Possessions : Repatriation in Principle, Policy and Practice (in English). London: Routledge. pp. 245–255. ISBN 978-0-203-16577-5.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Weiss, Elizabeth; Springer, James (September 2020). Repatriation and erasing the past. University of Florida Press. pp. 194–210. ISBN 978-1-68340-223-7. OCLC 1253398847.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Landau, Patricia (2000). Mihesuah, Devon (ed.). Repatriation Reader: who owns American Indian remains? (in English). London: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 74–94. ISBN 0-8032-8264-8.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Halcrow, Siân; Aranui, Amber; Halmhofer, Stephanie; Heppner, Annalisa; Johnson, Norma; Killgrove, Kristina; Schug, Gwen Robbins (26 November 2021). "Moving beyond Weiss and Springer's Repatriation and Erasing the Past: Indigenous values, relationships, and research". International Journal of Cultural Property (in Turanci). 28 (2): 211–220. doi:10.1017/S0940739121000229. ISSN 0940-7391.
  9. ↑ Brave Heart, Maria Yellow Horse (February 2010). "The return to the sacred path: Healing the historical trauma and historical unresolved grief response among the lakota through a psychoeducational group intervention". Smith College Studies in Social Work. 68 (3): 287–304. doi:10.1080/00377319809517532 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
  10. ↑ Oltermann, Philip (17 January 2023). "Toxic dilemma faced by German museums repatriating artefacts". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  11. ↑ "Aboriginal remains repatriation". Creative Spirits. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  12. ↑ "Indigenous Repatriation". Office for the Arts. 4 March 2025. Archived from the original on 5 April 2025. Retrieved 20 April 2025.
  13. ↑ "International Repatriation". Office for the Arts. 24 March 2025. Archived from the original on 4 April 2025. Retrieved 20 April 2025.
  14. ↑ Li, Yiying (11 April 2025). "Britain's Natural History Museum returns Indigenous Australians' remains". ABC News. Retrieved 20 April 2025.
  15. ↑ Faulkhead, Shannon; Berg, Jim; Russell, Lynette; Jones, Ross L; Eades, Jason; Anderson, Ian; Koorie Heritage Trust (2010), Power and the passion : our ancestors return home, Koorie Heritage Trust Inc, ISBN 978-0-9807863-2-3
  16. ↑ Nobel, Emma; Martin, Steve; Laverick, Patrick (3 March 2020). "Victorian museums ripped Bonnie's ancestors from country. Now she's bringing them home". ABC News. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  17. ↑ "Returning Our Ancestors". Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council. 16 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  18. ↑ "Repatriation of Aboriginal Peoples & Torres Strait Islanders ancestral remains". Queensland Museum. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  19. ↑ Stockwell, Stephen (14 November 2018). "The quest to remove Aboriginal remains from museums". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Triple J Hack. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  20. ↑ Hawley, Samantha (27 March 2019). "London's Natural History Museum returns Aboriginal remains to elders". Australian Broadcasting Corporation News. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  21. ↑ Hirini, Rangi (10 April 2019). "Germany returns Aboriginal ancestral remains in largest hand back". SBS. NITV. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  22. ↑ Marsh, Walter (27 April 2019). "Why returning 4600 Old People to Country is the duty of all of South Australia". Adelaide Review. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  23. ↑ "When William Ramsay Smith died, 180 human skulls were found in his home". ABC News (in Turanci). 2020-10-19. Retrieved 2025-06-03.
  24. ↑ Parke, Erin (21 May 2019). "Indigenous bones returned to Australia century after black-market trade reveal cruel conditions". ABC News. Retrieved 2025-06-03.
  25. ↑ "The Karanga Aotearoa Repatriation Programme". Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, NZ (in Turanci). 2017-05-09. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Herewini, Te Herekiekie; Jones, June (2016). "A partnership approach to repatriation : building the bridge from both sides". Tuhinga (Online). 27: 1–9.
  27. ↑ Smith, Nicola Kiri; Aranui, Amber Kiri (2010). "For evolution's sake : the collection and exchange of kōiwi tangata from Te Waipounamu". Archaeology in New Zealand. 53 (3): 185–194.
  28. ↑ "International repatriation". Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, NZ (in Turanci). 2016-02-10. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
  29. ↑ Koiwi Tangata Human Remains (PDF). Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga. 2014. ISBN 978-0-908577-98-9.
  30. ↑ Ministry for Culture and Heritage (2018). Human Remains in New Zealand Museums (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-07-29. Retrieved 2025-06-20.
  31. ↑ "The New Zealand Repatriation Research Network". Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, NZ (in Turanci). 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2023-06-18.
  32. ↑ "National Repatriation Policy for Kōiwi Tangata and Associated Burial Taonga within Aotearoa | Museums Aotearoa". www.museumsaotearoa.org.nz. Archived from the original on 2023-08-02. Retrieved 2023-08-02.
  33. ↑ Chumko, Andre (2021-07-11). "3300 kōiwi tangata discovered in New Zealand cultural institutions". Stuff (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-08-02.
  34. ↑ Zabriskie, Julia (April 2023). "Searching for Indigenous Truth: Exploring a Restorative Justice Approach to Redress Abuse at American Indian Boarding Schools". Boston College Law Review. 64 (4): 1039–1076.
  35. ↑ "France returns remains of Algerian anti-colonial fighters". www.aljazeera.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-12-14.
  36. ↑ "'The martyrs are returning': Algeria welcomes remains of fighters against colonisation from France". France 24 (in Turanci). 2020-07-03. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
  37. ↑ Kolirin, Lianne (2023-06-14). "Mummified heads of Māori ancestors returned to New Zealand from Germany". CNN (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-06-15.
  38. ↑ "Germany returns the remains of 95 Indigenous people to New Zealand". euronews (in Turanci). 2023-06-14. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
  39. ↑ Chumko, André (2022-09-26). "Austria to return stolen Māori and Moriori ancestral remains". Stuff (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  40. ↑ Fuller, Piers (2022-10-02). "After 77 years of negotiations, Māori and Moriori remains returned from Austria". Stuff (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  41. ↑ Haav, Margus. "Esimese presidendi viimne teekond kodumulda algas uskumatult". Sakala, 18 Janairu 2011.
  42. ↑ "Kuidas leiti K. Pätsi põrm" Archived 20 ga Yuli, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Videvik, 11 Nuwamba 2010.
  43. ↑ Kapov, Jevgeni. "FOTOD: Venemaal asetati Konstantin Pätsi kunagise haua juurde mälestusrist" Archived 24 Disamba 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Delfi.ee, 10 Yuni 2011.
  44. ↑ Nolan, Donal (July 8, 2020). "On the trail of the Iveragh skulls and head-hunters who disturbed their rest". The Kerryman – via Independent.ie.
  45. ↑ Walsh, Ciarán (April 11, 2021). "The case of the missing skulls from Inishbofin" – via www.rte.ie.
  46. ↑ "Webinar on Human Remains in Museums and other Collections, 9pm, Sept 2, 2020". www.maynoothuniversity.ie.
  47. ↑ "University to return skulls to Irish island". BBC News. 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  48. ↑ McGrath, Pat (12 July 2023). "'These are our people' - Stolen remains to be returned". RTÉ.ie.
  49. ↑ Murphy, Darragh Peter (October 15, 2020). "Hilary Mantel calls for skeleton of Irish 'giant' to be repatriated". The Guardian.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Kendall Adams, Geraldine (13 January 2023). "Hunterian Museum defends decision to retain skeleton of 'Irish giant' Charles Byrne". Museums Journal. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  51. ↑ Davies, Paul (2008). "Request for the Reburial of Ancestral Human Remains at Avebury, Wiltshire" (PDF). Academia.edu.
  52. ↑ "Consultation on ancient human remains ends Jan 31". British Archaeology (104). 2009.
  53. ↑ "Archaeology Live, English Heritage repatriation request notes. "a test case for the Druids to gain a precedent for more repatriations all over the British isles [sic]"". Archived from the original on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  54. ↑ "Letters: Human Remains". British Archaeology (105). 2009.
  55. ↑ Thackray, David; Payne, Sebastian (2009). "Report On Consultation On The Request For Reburial Of Prehistoric Human Remains From The Alexander Keiller Museum At Avebury" (pdf). HistoricEngland.org.uk.


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