Mazaunan Nova Scotian

Mazaunan Nova Scotian
	isolated human group (en)
Bayanai
Ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka

Mazaunan Nova Scotian, ko Saliyo Matsuguni (wanda aka fi sani da Nova Scotians ko kuma galibi a matsayin Matsugunan), ’yan Afirka ne na Amurka da Baƙar fata na Baƙar fata Amurkawa waɗanda suka kafa ƙauyen Freetown, Saliyo da Colony na Saliyo, a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1792. ^[1] Yawancin waɗannan baƙi masu aminci na Burtaniya sun kasance daga cikin 3,000 da suka nemi mafaka a cikin Freetown, Saliyo da kuma Colony na Saliyo. Yaƙin Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, ya bar ƴan tawaye^[2]. An san su da sunan Baƙar fata masu aminci^[3] Mazaunan Nova Scotian sun kasance tare da Thomas Peters, tsohon soja, da abolitionist na Ingila John Clarkson. A mafi yawancin karni na 19, Mazauna suna zaune a Garin Settler kuma sun kasance wata kabila ta daban a cikin yankin Freetown, suna son yin aure a tsakanin su da kuma tare da Turawa a cikin mulkin mallaka.

Zuriyar Mazauna a hankali sun haɓaka a matsayin ƙabila da aka sani da mutanen Saliyo Creole. Kalmomin aro a cikin yaren Krio da “bod oses” na zuriyarsu ta zamani wasu alamomin al’adunsu ne. Ko da yake Maroons na Jamaica da sauran baƙi na transatlantic sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Freetown, Mazaunan Nova Scotian 1200 sune mafi girman tasirin baƙar fata na Yamma. Mazaunan Nova Scotian sun kasance batutuwan littattafan kimiyyar zamantakewa da yawa, waɗanda suka yi nazarin yadda suka kawo "Amurka" zuwa Afirka, saboda a zahiri suna ɗaukar al'adunsu tare da su. Sun kafa mulkin mallaka na tsohon bawa na farko a Yammacin Afirka, kuma yana da tasiri a duk yankin.

Masu Kula da shige Cikin Kasar

Bayanan baya da ƙaura zuwa Nova Scotia A lokacin yakin juyin juya halin Amurka, Birtaniya sun ba da 'yanci ga bayi da suka bar shugabannin 'yan tawaye suka shiga sojojinsu. Dubban bayi ne suka tsere a lokacin yakin, lamarin da ya hargitsa wasu kungiyoyin bayi a Kudancin kasar, kuma da yawa sun shiga cikin kasashen Birtaniya. Bayan da Birtaniya ta yi rashin nasara a yakin Amurka na 'yancin kai, ta cika alkawarinta ga tsoffin bayi. An kwashe wasu mutanen da aka 'yanta zuwa Caribbean ko London.^[4]

Amma dakarunta sun kuma kwashe tsoffin bayi 3,000 zuwa Nova Scotia don sake matsuguni, kuma an rubuta sunayensu a cikin Littafin Negroes. Kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na Mazaunan Nova Scotian sun fito ne daga Virginia. Ƙungiya mafi girma na biyu na baƙi sun fito ne daga Kudancin Carolina, kuma ƙaramin adadi daga Maryland, Georgia, da North Carolina. Thomas Jefferson ya kira wadannan mutane a matsayin "masu gudun hijira daga wadannan Jihohin".^[5] amuruka ta yi kira da a mayar da bayin, amma Birtaniyya ta ki. A matsayin wani ɓangare na diyya ga masu aminci, Crown kuma ya zaunar da fararen masu aminci a Nova Scotia, da iyakar yamma na Upper Canada (Ontario). Ya ba da tallafin filaye ga gidaje kuma ya ba da kayayyaki don taimaka musu su zauna.

Rayuwa a Nova Scotia

Babban labarin: Black Nova Scotians Lokacin da suka isa Nova Scotia, baƙi masu aminci sun fuskanci matsaloli da yawa saboda wariya. Sun sami ƙasa kaɗan, ƙarancin tanadi, kuma an biya su mafi ƙarancin albashi fiye da farar masu aminci^[6] Wasu sun ci bashi kuma suka sa hannu a kan sharuɗɗan bautar da aka ba su, wanda ya yi kama da bautar da suka yi a zamanin mulkin mallaka. Sun gano yanayin sanyi ya hana bayan sun zauna a wurare masu zafi. ^[7] A ƙarshen karni na goma sha takwas, an ba wa 'yan Nova Scotians baƙar fata zaɓi don yin ƙaura zuwa sabon mulkin mallaka da Burtaniya ta kafa a yammacin Afirka, wanda aka yi niyya don sake tsugunar da baƙar fata daga London (waɗanda kuma galibinsu 'yan Afirka ne suka sake tsugunar da su bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci), da kuma wasu baƙar fata masu 'yanci daga Caribbean. A cikin 1792, kusan 1,192 Black Nova Scotian Mazauna^[8] sun bar Halifax, Nova Scotia kuma suka yi ƙaura zuwa Saliyo. Yawancin baƙar fata masu 'yanci sun kasance a Nova Scotia kuma sun yi al'ummomi. Zuriyarsu a yau sun ƙunshi Black Nova Scotians, ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin al'ummomin Baƙar fata Kanada.^[9] ^[10] Mazaunan Nova Scotian zuwa Saliyo sun kasance suna magana da farkon nau'ikan Turancin Vernacular na Afirka-Amurka; wasu daga Ƙasar Ƙasa ta Kudu Carolina sun yi magana Gullah, wani nau'i mai alaka da harsunan Afirka. Mutanen Nova Scotians su ne kawai ƙungiyar tsofaffin bayi da suka yi ƙaura zuwa Saliyo a ƙarƙashin o. ^[11] 2,096 / 5,000.

Garin Mazauna

A cikin 1792, Nova Scotians sun kafa kuma suka kafa Garin Kyauta a Saliyo. Sun kafa tsarinta ne bisa abin da suka saba da shi: grid na tsarin garin na mulkin mallaka na Arewacin Amurka. Lokacin da suka fahimci cewa Kamfanin Saliyo ya tanadi mafi kyawun filin ruwa don amfanin kansa, tashin ^[12] hankali ya tashi.[^[13] ba da da ewa ba turawan ingila suka kori wasu Maroons daga Jamaica suka sake tsugunar da su a wannan yankin. Sun haɗu da Novia Scotians, kuma wannan yanki na Freetown ya zama sananne da Settler Town.^[14] ^[15] ^[16] ^[17] Garin yana kusa da Cline Town (sai Garin Granville). Kashi tamanin na Nova Scotians sun rayu a kan tituna biyar: Rawdon, Wilberforce, Howe, Gabas, da titin Charlotte. Kashi saba'in na Maroons sun rayu a kan tituna biyar: Glouchester, George, Trelawney, Walpole, da titin Westmoreland. Babban majami'un Nova Scotian sun kasance a cikin Garin Settler; Cocin Methodist na Rawdon yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan majami'u. Ikilisiyar Methodist na zamani Ebenezer wani yanki ne na Rawdon Methodist; Attajirai Nova Scotians ne suka kafa shi. Iyalan Mazauna da yawa an tilasta musu sayar da filayensu saboda bashi; iyalai irin su Kwallaye, Burdens, Chambers, Dixon, Georges ( zuriyar David George), Keelings, Leighs, Moores, Peters ( zuriyar Thomas Peters ko Stephen Peters), Prestons, Snowballs, Staffords, Turners, Willoughsby, da Goodings, da kuma Goodings. Wasu zuriyar James Wise da sauran mazauna sun sami damar ajiye ƙasarsu a Garin Settler.^[18] ^[19]

Al'adu

Mazauna sun kasance suna rawa da ake kira 'Koonking' ko 'Koonken' ko 'Konken,' inda 'yan matan mazauna garin ke rera wakokin da suka zo da su daga Turawan Mulkin Mallaka ko kuma wakokin da suka samo asali daga Saliyo. Binciken wasu haruffa da Mazauna suka rubuta ya nuna yawancin Mazauna suna magana da bambance-bambancen Ingilishi, irin na Ingilishi na Amurka kamar yadda mutanen da aka zana daga ƙananan azuzuwan ke magana, ba tare da la’akari da Fari ko Baƙi ba.^[20] James Walker ya lura cewa lafazin Settler da nahawu sun samo asali ne daga Kudancin Amurka kuma “an dawwama a matsayin harshen masu wa’azi da malamansu, kuma ana ɗaukarsa, a cikin ƙarni na sha tara, a matsayin yare na musamman.” Mata masu zaman kansu sun kasance masu zaman kansu^[21]kuma an ɗauke su aiki a matsayin malaman makaranta da kuma wasu ayyuka.[^[22] Wasu sun kafa makarantu kuma sun zama malaman makaranta.[ Har ila yau, al’amuran aurensu sun yi fice a cikin al’umma kuma wasu mazajen mazaje suna da matan aure da ciyar da ‘ya’yansu na shege; sau da yawa sun bar musu filaye da dukiyoyi a cikin wasiyyarsu. ^[23] Yawancin Nova Scotians sun kasance Methodist ko membobin Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion; 'yan tsiraru sun kasance Baptist. Rabin kashi biyu zuwa uku na Nova Scotians sun kasance Methodist; tsoffin mazauna Anglican sun tuba zuwa Methodism kuma Methodist sun haɗa ikilisiyar Musa Wilkinson, ikilisiyar King ta Boston, da ikilisiyar Anglican ta Joseph Leonard wadda ita ce Methodist a fili. ^[24]

Manufar Birtaniyya game da Mazaunan Nova Scotian

Saboda rashin jituwa tsakanin mazauna Nova Scotia masu zaman kansu da hukumomin Biritaniya, babu wani sake matsugunin Nova Scotia da ya biyo baya. Lokacin da Elizabeth, ɗan hayar mai ɗaukar makamai da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa daga 22 ga Janairu 1808 zuwa 27 ga Afrilu 1809, ,^[25] ta zo daga New York tare da Baƙin Amurkawa 82, Burtaniya ba ta ba su izinin sauka ko zama a Freetown ba. Wadannan Nova Scotians, karkashin jagorancin Daniel Coker, John Kizell, ɗan Afirka Nova Scotian Settler ne ya ba su fili don zama a Sherbro. Ba tare da farin ciki da mummunan yanayi na mazauna a Sherbro ba, sun koma ƙasa a cikin Tekun hatsi; Baƙin Amurkawa waɗanda suka ƙaura a 1820 su ne farkon mazaunan abin da zai zama Laberiya. A yakin 1812, Birtaniya sun dauki Saliyo a matsayin gida ga 'yan gudun hijirar Baƙar fata, wani rukuni na 'yan Afirka da suka tsere daga bautar Amurka, amma a maimakon haka sun zaɓi su zauna a Nova Scotia da yammacin Indies.^[26] Nova Scotians a cikin 1830s da 40s za su fuskanci babban yanki na 'yan Afirka da aka 'yantar da su daga jiragen ruwa ta yakin cinikin bayi na Royal Navy.^[27]

Dangantaka tsakanin Black Nova Scotians da Baƙar fata Amirkawa

Wasu daga cikin mazaunan sun haifi 'ya'ya a lokacin zamansu na shekara tara a Nova Scotia; Waɗannan yaran ƴan Black Nova Scotiyawa ne amma sun riƙe ɗabi'un al'adu da yawa irin na Ba'amurke a Arewacin Amurka da Biritaniya. Zuriyar mazauna Nova Scotian (waɗanda su ne mutanen Saliyo Creole) suna da alaƙa da Black Nova Scotians da Baƙar fata Amirkawa.

Manazarta

↑ Canadian Biography
↑ "Birchtown Plaque "The Black Loyalists AT Birchtown" (1997)"
↑ Schama, Simon
↑ "African Nova Scotians"
↑ To John Lynch Monticello, January 21, 1811
↑ ."African Nova Scotians"
↑ Some grammatical characteristics of the Sierra Leone letters' by Charles Jones, in Our Children Free and Happy: Letters from Black Settlers in Africa in the 1790s, edited by Christopher Fyfe, Edinburgh University Press, 1991,
↑ Charles Bruce Fergusson
↑ "African Nova Scotians"
↑ "Brown, Wallace, The Black Loyalists in Canada, United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada (1990), p. 14 online publication featured in "Our Roots / Nos Racines" website"
↑ Sivapragasam, Michael, "Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?" Unpublished Master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), p
↑ The United States and Africa: A History
↑ The town grid was laid out by the Sierra Leone company's British surveyor Richard Pepys. Schama, pp. 352-253
↑ The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870
↑ Walker 1992,
↑ Brooks, George E. (2010). Western Africa and Cabo Verde, 1790s-1830s: Symbiosis of Slave and Legitimate Trades. AuthorHouse. p. 12. ISBN 9781452088716.
↑ Kaifala, Joseph
↑ Sidbury, James (2007). Becoming African in America: Race and Nation in the Early Black Atlantic. New York: Oxford
↑ Aravamudan, Srinivas (1999). Tropicopolitans: Colonialism and Agency, 1688–1804. Duke University Press. p. 266. ISBN
↑ grammatical characteristics of the Sierra Leone letters' by Charles Jones, in Our Children Free and Happy: Letters from Black Settlers in Africa in the 1790s, edited by Christopher Fyfe, Edinburgh University Press, 1991, p82
↑ "Separate Spheres in a Separate World: African-Nova Scotian Women in late-19th-Century Halifax County"
↑ Walker 1992, pp. 191,
↑ The town grid was laid out by the Sierra Leone company's British surveyor Richard Pepys. Schama, pp. 352-
↑ Reclaiming the Women of Britain's First Mission to West Africa: Three Lives
↑ Winfield, Rif (2008). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth. p. 394. ISBN 978-1-
↑ Grant, John N (1973): "Black immigrants into Nova Scotia, 1776–1815". The Journal of Negro History, Volume LVIII, No. 3, July
↑ Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America

[1] Canadian Biography

[2] "Birchtown Plaque "The Black Loyalists AT Birchtown" (1997)"

[3] Schama, Simon

[4] "African Nova Scotians"

[5] To John Lynch Monticello, January 21, 1811

[6] ."African Nova Scotians"

[7] Some grammatical characteristics of the Sierra Leone letters' by Charles Jones, in Our Children Free and Happy: Letters from Black Settlers in Africa in the 1790s, edited by Christopher Fyfe, Edinburgh University Press, 1991,

[8] Charles Bruce Fergusson

[9] "African Nova Scotians"

[10] "Brown, Wallace, The Black Loyalists in Canada, United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada (1990), p. 14 online publication featured in "Our Roots / Nos Racines" website"

[11] Sivapragasam, Michael, "Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?" Unpublished Master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), p

[12] The United States and Africa: A History

[13] The town grid was laid out by the Sierra Leone company's British surveyor Richard Pepys. Schama, pp. 352-253

[14] The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870

[15] Walker 1992,

[16] Brooks, George E. (2010). Western Africa and Cabo Verde, 1790s-1830s: Symbiosis of Slave and Legitimate Trades. AuthorHouse. p. 12. ISBN 9781452088716.

[17] Kaifala, Joseph

[18] Sidbury, James (2007). Becoming African in America: Race and Nation in the Early Black Atlantic. New York: Oxford

[19] Aravamudan, Srinivas (1999). Tropicopolitans: Colonialism and Agency, 1688–1804. Duke University Press. p. 266. ISBN

[20] rammatical characteristics of the Sierra Leone letters' by Charles Jones, in Our Children Free and Happy: Letters from Black Settlers in Africa in the 1790s, edited by Christopher Fyfe, Edinburgh University Press, 1991, p82

[21] "Separate Spheres in a Separate World: African-Nova Scotian Women in late-19th-Century Halifax County"

[22] Walker 1992, pp. 191,

[23] The town grid was laid out by the Sierra Leone company's British surveyor Richard Pepys. Schama, pp. 352-

[24] Reclaiming the Women of Britain's First Mission to West Africa: Three Lives

[25] Winfield, Rif (2008). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth. p. 394. ISBN 978-1-

[26] Grant, John N (1973): "Black immigrants into Nova Scotia, 1776–1815". The Journal of Negro History, Volume LVIII, No. 3, July

[27] Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]