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Mechta-Afalou

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Mechta-Afalou
mutane

Mechta-Afalou, wanda aka fi sani da Mechtoid ko Paleo-Berber, yawan mutanen da ke zaune a sassan Arewacin Afirka a lokacin marigayi Paleolithic da Mesolithic. Suna da alaƙa da al'adun archaeological na Iberomaurusian. Sunan Mechta-Afalou ya fito ne daga yawan kwarangwal da aka samu a shafin Afalou bou Rhummel a Bejaia a Aljeriya.

Ilimin ɗan adam

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An yi imanin cewa an daidaita Mechtoids a lokacin Neolithic da farkon Bronze Age ta masu kirkirar Al'adun Capsian da suka biyo baya.[1] A cikin 1999, masanan ilimin ɗan adam Colin Groves & Alan Thorne a cikin nazarin samfurori uku na Arewacin Afirka daga Pleistocene / Holocene, sun gano cewa Taforalt ya kasance "Caucasoid" kuma yayi kama da marigayi Pleistocene Turai, yayin da Afalou ya fi matsakaici a cikin halaye. Sabanin duka biyun, an bayyana ragowar Sudanese daga Jebel Sahaba da aka haɗa a cikin binciken a matsayin "Negroid".[2] Jama'ar Taforalt da Afalou sun kasance masu tsayi (176 - 179 cm), masu sauƙin gaske, suna da manyan gashin kai, kuma sun nuna karfi na jima'i. Bugu da ƙari, ya bambanta da dangantakar Upper Paleolithic na Natufians a cikin Levant, ragowar Arewacin Afirka ta nuna yiwuwar tasirin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, mai yiwuwa daga masana'antun Aterian na baya. Ana iya fassara kamanceceniya tsakanin Iberomaurusians da Upper Paleolithic European crania a matsayin riƙewar yanayin daga mutanen zamani na farko a cikin kewayen Bahar Rum, ko lambobin sadarwa tsakanin Maghreb da Kudancin Turai.[3]

Binciken craniometric na Sereno et al. (2008) ya nuna cewa Iberomaurusians suna da alaƙa da farkon Holocene Capsians na Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka, da kuma farkon Holocene Kiffians na Sahara.[4]

Halitta

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An gano bUH Iberomaurusian da aka tono a shafin Afalou don ɗaukar Eurasia mtDNA haplogroup H ko U (3/9; 33%), J (2/9; 22%), H103 (1/9; 11%), H14b1 ko JT (1/9;1%), R0a1a (1/9; 51%), da T2b (1/9; 11%. [5]

An gano burbushin Iberomaurusian da aka tono a shafin Taforalt don ɗaukar haplogroups na Y-DNA na Afirka E-M78 * (4/6; 66%), E-L618 * (1/6; 16%), da E-M35 (1/6; 16%). Yawancin mutane suna dauke da mtDNA haplogroup U6 (6/7; 85%), yayin da ɗayan ke dauke da M1 (1/7; 14%). [6]

Loosdrecht et al. (2018) sun bincika bayanan kwayoyin halitta daga mutane bakwai na dā daga shafin Iberomaurusian Grotte des Pigeons kusa da Taforalt a arewa maso gabashin Morocco. An rubuta burbushin kai tsaye tsakanin shekaru 15,100 da 13,900 kafin yanzu. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa duk maza sun kasance cikin haplogroup E1b1b, wanda ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin maza na Afroasiatic. Samfurori na namiji tare da isasshen adana DNA na nukiliya sun kasance na haplogroup na uba E1b1b (M78), tare da kwarangwal ɗaya da ke ɗauke da zuriyar iyaye E1b 1a1b1 zuwa E-V13, samfurin namiji ɗaya na E1b2b1b (M215 *).[6] Wadannan Y-DNA clades, shekaru 24,000 BP, suna da kakanninmu guda tare da Berbers da E1b1b1 b (M123) subhaplogroup wanda aka lura a cikin ragowar kwarangwal na Epipaleolithic Natufian da Pre-Pottery Neolithic al'adun Levant.[7] A matsayin uwa, ragowar Taforalt ta ɗauki alamun Eurasia U6a da M1b mtDNA haplogroups, waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a tsakanin mutanen da ke magana da harshen Afroasiatic na zamani a Afirka. Halin haɗuwa guda biyu ta amfani da samfurori na Natufian da na zamani na yankin Sahara (ciki har da samfurorin Afirka ta Yamma da Gabashin Afirka) a matsayin yawan jama'a sun nuna cewa an tsara mutane bakwai na Taforalt ta hanyar kwayar halitta kamar yadda 63.5% na Yammacin Eurasia (wanda ke da alaƙa da Natufi) da 36.5% "sub-Saharan" Afirka (tare da ƙarshen yana da alaƙa kamar Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Gabashin Afirka), ba tare da bayyanar kwayar halitta ba daga al'adun Epigravettian na Paleolithic na kudancin Turai. Masana kimiyya sun nuna cewa ƙarin gwajin DNA na dā a wasu wuraren binciken archaeological na Iberomaurusian zai zama dole don tantance ko samfuran Taforalt suna wakiltar babban tafkin kwayar halitta na Iberomeurusian.[6] Ba a sami DNA na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin mutanen Taforalt suna da kyakkyawar wakili a cikin kowane rukuni na Afirka na Holocene na yanzu ko na dā ba.[6] Jeong (2020) ya nuna cewa DNA na Afirka ta Kudu na yawan Taforalt yana da kamanceceniya da ragowar zuriyar Afirka ta Kudu (misali, asali Afirka ta Yamma da aka raba tsakanin mutanen Yoruba da Mende).

Iosif Lazaridis et al. (2018), kamar yadda Rosa Fregel (2021), ta ta taƙaita, ta kalubalanci ƙarshen Loosdrecht (2018) kuma ta yi jayayya a maimakon haka cewa yawan mutanen Iberomaurusian na Upper Paleolithic Arewacin Afirka, wanda aka wakilta da samfurin Taforalt, za a iya tsara su a matsayin cakuda tsakanin Dzudzuana-like [West-Eurasian] da kuma "tsohon Arewacin Afirka" wanda ba ya ba da gudummawa a baya fiye da Basal Eurorese da wannan asalin Yammacin Yammacin da sauran mutanen Yammacin Turai ba da ke kusa da ita. Fregel (2021) ya taƙaita: "Za a buƙaci ƙarin shaidu don tantance takamaiman asalin mutanen Upper Paleolithic na Arewacin Afirka.[8]

Martiniano et al. (2022) daga baya sun sake sanya dukkan samfurori na Taforalt zuwa haplogroup E-M78 kuma babu wani zuwa E-L618, wanda ya riga EV13.[9]

D"Atanasio et al. (2023) sun gano cewa kakannin Iberomaurusian-kamar suna nunawa ga mutanen "tsoffin Green Saharan" da ba a samo su ba kimanin shekaru 12,000-5,000 da suka gabata, kuma Mutanen Fula na zamani sun samo kusan kashi 30% na kakanninsu daga wannan tsohuwar yawan Saharan, wanda aka "yi koyi da ita a matsayin 'yar'uwar tsoffin 'yan Arewacin Afirka, ko kuma a madadin haka, a matsayin rukuni na duk "tsoffin Eurasian-tsoffin' masu wadata".[10]

Harshe

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MacDonald (2003) ya ce: "Lokacin da mutum ya yi la'akari da yawan mutanen Afirka na Terminal Pleistocene, nau'in jiki na waɗanda ke zaune a cikin mafakar Arewacin Afirka (watau Mechtoids) da kuma ƙaddamar da al'adunsu na zamani da ke zaune a mafakar bakin tekun Afirka ta Yamma, sa'an nan ƙasashen gida na Nijar-Congo da Nilo-Saharan tsakanin Maghreb da Kwarin Nilu suna da aka ba da shawarar sosai. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin hasken Macro-Sahara na Arewacin nan da yiwuwar mutanen Nejar-Sahran III-Marchite, BP sun fara ne (Maharan suna magana da Harshe-Halin Nejar III-Sahrian) BP - Preclenchism).

Blench (2019) ya ce: "Ƙaddamar da harshe na mutanen Arewacin Afirka da suka zo kudu yana da wuyar kafawa saboda mai yiwuwa suna wakiltar harshe ko harshe yanzu sun ɓace... Wadannan al'ummomin ana kiransu 'Paleoberber' a cikin wallafe-wallafen, amma babu wata hujja da ta yi magana da yaren Berber na zamani... Kafin fadada Berber da kuma Larabci, ba a san su ba ne a cikin Sahara da kuma Iberian na farko da aka gano su ba za a iya bayyana su ba tare da harshen Farko na asalin su ba.

Dubi kuma

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  • Al'adun Tenerian

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ P. Sheppard; D. Lubell (1991). "Early Holocene Maghreb prehistory: an evolutionary approach" (PDF). Sahara. 3: 63–9. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  2. ↑ Groves, Colin; Thorne, Alan (1999). "The terminal Pleistocence and early Holocene populations of northern Africa". Homo: Journal of Comparative Human Biology. 50 (3): 249–262.
  3. ↑ Mirazón Lahr, Marta; Arensburg, Baruch (1995). "Skeletal robusticity in the Epipaleolithic of North Africa and the Levant". Paléorient. 21 (2): 87–96. ISSN 0153-9345.
  4. ↑ Sereno PC, Garcea EAA, Jousse H, Stojanowski CM, Saliège J-F, Maga A, et al. (2008). "Lakeside Cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 Years of Holocene Population and Environmental Change". PLOS ONE. 3 (8): e2995. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2995S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002995. PMC 2515196. PMID 18701936.
  5. ↑ Kefi, Rym; et al. (2016). "On the origin of Iberomaurusians: new data based on ancient mitochondrial DNA and phylogenetic analysis of Afalou and Taforalt populations". Mitochondrial DNA Part A. 29 (1): 147–157. doi:10.1080/24701394.2016.1258406. PMID 28034339. S2CID 4490910.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Loosdrecht, Marieke van de; et al. (15 March 2018). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..548V. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29545507. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Loosdrecht" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ "E-M35 YTree".
  8. ↑ Lazaridis, Iosif; Belfer-Cohen, Anna; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Cheronet, Olivia; Rohland, Nadin; Bar-Oz, Guy; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Jakeli, Nino; Kvavadze, Eliso; Lordkipanidze, David; Matzkevich, Zinovi; Meshveliani, Tengiz; Culleton, Brendan J.; Kennett, Douglas J. (21 September 2018). "Paleolithic DNA from the Caucasus reveals core of West Eurasian ancestry" (in Turanci). doi:10.1101/423079. S2CID 91380277. Moreover, our model predicts that West Africans (represented by Yoruba) had 12.5±1.1% ancestry from a Taforalt related group rather than Taforalt having ancestry from an unknown Sub-Saharan African source; this may have mediated the limited Neanderthal admixture present in West Africans. An advantage of our model is that it allows for a local North African component in the ancestry of Taforalt, rather than deriving them exclusively from Levantine and Sub-Saharan sources. ... and Taforalt, can all be modeled as a mixture of Dzudzuana and additional ‘Deep’ ancestry that may represent an even earlier split than the Basal Eurasians. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ↑ Martiniano, Rui; De Sanctis, Bianca; Hallast, Pille; Durbin, Richard (February 2022). "Placing Ancient DNA Sequences into Reference Phylogenies". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 39 (2). doi:10.1093/molbev/msac017. PMC 8857924 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35084493 Check |pmid= value (help).
  10. ↑ D’Atanasio, Eugenia; Risi, Flavia; Ravasini, Francesco; Montinaro, Francesco; Hajiesmaeil, Mogge; Bonucci, Biancamaria; Pistacchia, Letizia; Amoako-Sakyi, Daniel; Bonito, Maria; Onidi, Sara; Colombo, Giulia; Semino, Ornella; Destro Bisol, Giovanni; Anagnostou, Paolo; Metspalu, Mait (December 18, 2023). "The genomic echoes of the last Green Sahara on the Fulani and Sahelian people". Current Biology. 33 (24): 5495–5504.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.075. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 37995693 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 265356320 Check |s2cid= value (help). |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
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