Metoac

Taswirar zamani da ke nuna Long Island da mafi yawan Birnin New York da aka nuna a cikin kore tare da wuraren da aka yi amfani da su ga 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da ke zaune a can

Metoac kalma ce da wasu ke amfani da ita don a Yaren Lenape mai magana da Yaren Munsee da , Unquachog mai magana da Quiripi (cibiyar) da Montaukett mai magana da Pequot (gabas) Indiyawan Amurka a kan abin da ke yanzu Long Island a jihar New York. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga masanin ilimin ɗan adam da kuma Wakilin Amurka Silas Wood a cikin kuskuren gaskata cewa ƙauyuka daban-daban na asali a tsibirin kowannensu ya ƙunshi kabilun daban-daban.

Maimakon haka, mutanen Indiya a Long Island a lokacin hulɗar Turai sun fito ne daga manyan harsuna da al'adu guda biyu kawai na Mutanen Algonquian da yawa waɗanda suka mamaye yankunan bakin tekun Atlantika daga Kanada ta yanzu ta hanyar Kudancin Amurka. Ƙungiyoyin da ke Long Island a yamma sun kasance wani ɓangare na Lenape. Wadanda ke gabas suna da alaƙa da al'adu da harshe ga kabilun New England a fadin Long Island Sound, kamar Pequot .[1][2] Itace (da mazauna mulkin mallaka na baya) sau da yawa suna rikitar da sunayen wuraren Indiya, wanda aka san ƙungiyoyi, a matsayin sunayen kabilun daban-daban da ke zaune a can.

Yawancin sunayen wuraren da mutanen Lenape da Pequot suka yi amfani da su don komawa ga ƙauyukansu da al'ummominsu mazauna Ingila ne suka karɓa kuma har yanzu ana amfani da su a yau. Shinnecock Indian Nation, wanda ke zaune a wani ɓangare na abin da ke yanzu Southampton, New York a cikin Suffolk County, ya sami amincewar tarayya a matsayin kabila kuma yana da ajiya a can.

Magana

"Metoac" a matsayin kalma ta rukuni na iya samo asali ne daga Wood daga metau-hok, kalmar Algonquian don mummunan periwinkle, wanda aka yi amfani da karamin kwari na teku don yin wampum, hanyar musayar da ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a al'adu da tattalin arzikin yankin kafin da bayan isowar Turawa.  

Harsuna

An kiyasta yawan 'yan asalin Amurka a Long Island a 10,000 a lokacin hulɗa ta farko da Turawa. Sun kasance daga manyan kasashe biyu kuma suna magana da harsuna biyu a cikin Ƙungiyar yaren Algonquian, suna nuna alaƙarsu daban-daban ga mutanen ƙasar. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a yamma da kuma tsakiyar yankin Long Island sun fi alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin mutane ɗaya a kudu maso yammacin Connecticut, Gabashin Pennsylvania, Lower Hudson Valley a New York, New Jersey da Delaware. Wadannan mutane sun yi magana da daya daga cikin yaren R na ƙungiyar yaren Lenape. Wadanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da ke zaune a ƙarshen gabashin tsibirin sun fi alaƙa da Pequot na gabashin Connecticut da sauran ƙungiyar yaren Algonquian da ke kusa da Long Island Sound. Sun yi magana da yaren Y na Harshen Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett .

Mulkin mallaka na Turai

Turawa na mulkin mallaka na yankin ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1620, tare da masu mulkin mallaka Dutch da ke taruwa a kusa da ƙananan Hudson da yammacin Long Island. Yaren mutanen Holland sun yi ƙoƙari su kafa iko daga New Amsterdam a kan yammacin yankin Long Island (ciki har da abin da ke yanzu biranen Birnin New York na Brooklyn da Queens).

Rashin aiki

The Pequot War (1634–1638) in southern New England and Kieft's War (1643–1645) in the New York metropolitan area were two major conflicts between the indigenous peoples and the colonists. Exposure to new Eurasian infectious diseases, such as measles and smallpox, dramatically reduced the numbers of Native Americans on Long Island. In addition, some Native American settlements on Long Island migrated away under pressure from European encroachment. By 1659, their population was reduced to less than 500.

A wannan lokacin, Samson Occom ya shawo kan mutane da yawa da suka tsira su shiga cikin Indiyawan Brothertown a yammacin New York, inda Mutanen Oneida na Iroquois Confederacy suka raba ajiyar su na shekaru da yawa.  

Sunayen waje

Ga tsararraki, masu mulkin mallaka sun yi amfani da sunayen wurare a matsayin sunayen mutane, suna tunanin suna nufin kabilun daban-daban. Daga cikin wurare da yawa a kan Long Island da 'yan asalin suka yi amfani da su, wallafe-wallafen Amurka na ƙarni na 19 sun gano goma sha uku masu zuwa a matsayin "ƙabilai" a Long Island:

Metoac was a term erroneously used by amateur anthropologist and U.S. Congressman Silas Wood to describe Lenape and Pequot Native Americans on Long Island in New York state, in the belief that the various bands on the island comprised distinct tribes. He published a book in the 19th century which mistakenly claimed that several American Indian tribes were distinct to Long Island. He collectively called them the Metoac. Scholars now understand that these historic peoples were part of two major cultural groups: the Lenape and the Wappinger-Wangunk-Quinnipiac peoples, both part of the Algonquian languages family.Samfuri:What