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Mfecane

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Hoton farko na ƙaura na farko na Fengu, ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da abin ya shafa na Mfecane

Mfecane, wanda Sesotho kuma aka sani da suna Difaqane ko Lifaqane (duk ma'anar "murkushewa," "watsewa," "watsewa tilas," ko "ƙaurawar tilastawa"), [1] wani lokaci ne na tarihi na tashin hankali na soja da ƙaura da ke da alaƙa da samuwar jihohi da fadadawa a Kudancin Afirka . Madaidaicin kewayon kwanakin da suka ƙunshi Mfecane ya bambanta tsakanin tushe. A mafi faɗin sa, lokacin ya kasance daga ƙarshen karni na sha takwas zuwa tsakiyar karni na sha tara, amma malamai sukan mayar da hankali kan wani lokaci mai zurfi daga 1810s zuwa 1840s. [2]

Kiyasin al'ada na adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai miliyan 1 zuwa miliyan 2; [page needed] [page needed] [3] duk da haka, waɗannan lambobin suna da rikici, kuma wasu masana na baya-bayan nan suna sake duba adadi na mace-mace a ƙasa kuma suna danganta tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban siyasa, tattalin arziki, da muhalli. [2] [4] [5] [6] Mfecane yana da mahimmanci saboda ya ga an kafa sabbin jihohi, cibiyoyi, da kuma kabilanci a kudu maso gabashin Afirka.

Tarihin Mfecane shima yana da mahimmanci a tarihi, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan iri daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su don hidima iri-iri na manufofin siyasa tun kafuwar sa a matsayin ra'ayi na tarihi. [2] [7] [8] Tambarin ya fara fitowa ne a cikin 1830s kuma ya dora alhakin rushewar a kan ayyukan Sarki Shaka, wanda aka yi zargin cewa ya yi yakin kisan kare dangi wanda ya lalata al'ummar kasar tare da haifar da tashin hankali yayin da ƙungiyoyi masu gudu suka nemi cinye sababbin ƙasashe. [2] [7] Tun daga rabin ƙarshen karni na 20, wannan fassarar ta ɓace a tsakanin masana saboda rashin shaidar tarihi. [2] [7]

Dalilai

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Mfecane ya samo asali ne daga hadaddun cudanya na abubuwan da suka kasance a baya na tsarin siyasa tare da tasirin kasuwancin kasa da kasa, rashin zaman lafiyar muhalli, da mulkin mallaka na Turai. Samuwar jihohi da faɗaɗawa sun riga sun ƙara ƙaruwa a Afirka ta Kudu maso Gabashin aƙalla a ƙarshen 1700, amma waɗannan hanyoyin sun haɓaka sosai bayan buɗe kasuwancin hauren giwa na duniya. [6] Sana’ar ta baiwa shugabanni damar tara dukiyar da ba a taba ganin irinta ba, wanda za su iya amfani da su wajen kara karfin siyasa. Dukiya da mulki sun zama abin ƙarfafa juna, yayin da dukiya ta sa shugabanni su samar da kayan aiki na jihohi da kwace, wanda suke amfani da su don samun ƙarin dukiya ta hanyar haraji da aikin soja. [6] Sakamakon wannan sake zagayowar ya kasance ƙarar rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa da na dukiya a ciki da tsakanin gwamnatoci, musamman dangane da filaye masu albarka da wuraren ajiyar abinci. [6]

Tsarin siyasa ya zama matsala a farkon 1800s lokacin da fari mai zurfi (wanda ya tsananta da tasirin yanayi na fashewar volcanic a 1809 da 1815) [9] ya buge Kudu maso Gabashin Afirka. Ganin cewa fari da aka yi a baya bai haifar da matsananciyar yunwa ba, rashin daidaiton rabon filaye da shagunan abinci ya rage karfin talakawan don biyan bukatunsu. [6] Duk da cewa ba su da saurin kamuwa da yunwa, shugabanni sun fuskanci barazana ga ikonsu yayin da aikin noma (wanda ake iya biyan haraji) ya ragu kuma hauren giwa ya yi karanci saboda farauta. [6] An fuskanci ƙalubalen yaƙi da yunwa da wanzar da arziƙin dukiya, an ƙarfafa shugabanni su koma kai hari da ci. Cin nasara ya kare mutanen da suka ci nasara daga yunwa ta hanyar ba da dama ga mutanen da aka ci yaki da su da dabbobi da shagunan hatsi da kuma, a cikin dogon lokaci, ta hanyar samar da filayen noma da mutane (musamman mata) don noma shi fiye da na da. [6] Anan wani sake zagayowar ƙarfafa kai da aka saita a matsayin yunwa da yaƙi sun haɓaka rashin tsaro da yaƙi da yaƙi, wanda ya haɓaka tsarin siyasa da ƙarin yaƙi yayin da manyan shugabannin suka faɗaɗa ikonsu ta hanyar ba da gudun hijirar da ake buƙata daga yunwa ga mabiyan aminci. [6]

Mataki na biyu na tashin hankali daga 1820s zuwa 1830s ya haifar da babban bangare ta hanyar bawa da shanu hari da Griqua, Basters, da sauran kungiyoyin Khoekhoe -Turai da ke dauke da makamai da turawa daga Turawa, wadanda suka ci gajiyar cinikin ganima. [6] Haɓaka tattalin arziƙin cinikin bayi na ƙasa da ƙasa ya kuma ƙarfafa yaƙi da rugujewa tsakanin gwamnatocin da ke kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa na duniya kamar Delagoa Bay . [6]

Mfecane a Gabas

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Mfecane ya fara ne a gabashin Afirka ta Kudu tare da haɓaka gasa da haɗin kai a siyasance yayin da sarakuna ke neman iko akan hanyoyin kasuwanci da filayen kiwo.

Delagoa Bay da tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasa da kasa sun ga karuwar rikice-rikice na yanki a tsakiyar tsakiyar 1700s. ‘Yan yankin Tembe da Mabhudu-Tembe sun fafata neman iko, kwace ko kuma korar wasu daga cikin siyasar makwabta. AbakwaDlamini, wanda daga baya zai kafa Masarautar Swazi, sun kasance daya daga cikin irin wannan rukunin da rikicin ya yi watsi da su. [10]

Tsakanin tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen 1700s kuma ya ga haɓakar sarakunan Nxumalo da Nyambose tsakanin kogin Phongolo da Thuela, wanda a ƙarshe zai zama Ndwandwe Paramountcy da Mthethwa Paramountcy bi da bi. [10] A kan iyakoki na tasirinsu akwai amaHlubi na Mzinyathi na sama, da abakwaDlamini arewa da Phongolo, da abakwaQwabe na Thukela ta ƙasa. Tashin baya-bayan nan ya tarwatsa yankunan abakwaCele da amaThuli a kudu. AmaThuli ya yi nasarar samar da babban masarautu tsakanin ƙananan kogin Mngeni da Mkhomazi, wanda ya raba ƙungiyoyin gida da ke fadin kogin Mzimkhulu . Wannan kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar Masarautar Mpondo . [10]

Shekaru 1810 sun ga ci gaba da fadada Ndwandwe da Mthethwa Paramountcies, da kuma cinikin bayi na Delagoa Bay na Portuguese. [10] Ndwandwe Paramountcy ya zo da busa tare da Mthethwa a ƙarshen 1810s, a ƙarshe ya ci nasara tare da kashe shugabansu Dingiswayo kaJobe . Mthethwa ta rushe nan da nan yayin da al'ummominta suka sake tabbatar da 'yancin kai. Sarkin Ndwandwe Zwide kaLanga ya tafi yaƙi tare da ɗaya daga cikin wa annan siyasar ta balle, wato amaZulu na Shaka kaSenzangakhona . Hare-harensu da hare-haren sun yi tsada da rashin yanke hukunci, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga wargajewar Ndandwe Paramountcy. Ƙungiyoyi sun watse a ƙarƙashin Soshangane da Zwangendaba waɗanda suka zaunar da mabiyansu a yankin Delagoa Bay, yayin da Msane ya yi haka a yankin da ke gabashin Eswatini a yanzu. Sarki Zwide, wanda yanzu yana cikin rauni, ya koma yankunansa da ke arewacin Phongolo don sake ginawa. Shaka ya yi amfani da wannan damar don fadada jihar Zulu zuwa kogin Mkhuze . A shekarun 1810 kuma an ga fadada mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a kudu maso gabashin Afirka, tare da siyasar Xhosa zuwa arewa ta yakin Xhosa na hudu da na biyar. [10]

A halin da ake ciki kuma, tsakanin kogin Mzimkhulu da Mzimvubu, wasu kungiyoyin da suka guje wa tashe tashen hankula sun koma arewa sun shiga Masarautar Mpondo ta Faku kaNgqungqushe, yayin da akasarin wasu ke neman mallake su a wajen da ba a kai ba.

A cikin 1820s, Masarautar Gaza ta Shoshangane da Masarautar Zulu ta Shaka sun kafa kansu (tare da ragowar Ndwandwe Paramountcy) a matsayin manyan 'yan wasa a Arewa maso Gabashin Kudancin Afirka. Bayan sake ƙaura zuwa yankin kogin Nkomati, Zwide'Ndwandwe ya yi nasarar kai samame tare da ɗaukar hanyarsu ta komawa ga shahara. A lokacin mutuwarsa a cikin 1825 Ndwandwe ya shiga cikin ciki, mai yiwuwa ya raba Masarautar Pedi kuma tabbas yana mamaye yankin tsakanin Kogin Olifants da Phongolo. [10] Msane, Zwangendaba, da mabiyan Nxaba, a nasu bangaren, sun yi gudun hijira a arewa mai nisa. Masarautar Gaza ta fadada zuwa arewa maso gabas, inda ta kai farmaki kan kananan hukumomin Tsonga . Kasuwancin bayi ya fadada a Delagoa Bay, kuma Portuguese sun yi aiki don fadada yankinsu na tasiri. [10]

A cikin 1826, fadada Ndwandwe Paramountcy a ƙarƙashin Sikhunyana ya fara barazana ga iyakokin Masarautar Zulu. A sakamakon haka, Shaka ya kori sojojinsa (da kuma 'yan kasuwa na Birtaniya) zuwa Dutsen Izindololwane kuma ya sa Sikhunyana ya tashi. Nasarar da suka samu ya kai ga rugujewa jihar Ndwandwe jim kadan bayan haka, inda wasu mazabun suka gudu daga kudu ko kuma suka shiga Zulu, Masarautar Gaza, ko Masarautar Matabele/Ndebele ta Mzilikazi . [10] Rushewar Ndwandwe ya baiwa Sekwati damar sake gina Masarautar Pedi da ta rabu a kusa da wani katafaren tudu da ke kusa da Kogin Steelpoort . Daga wannan kagara, nan da nan ya tara dimbin magoya baya ta hanyar ba da kariya ga 'yan gudun hijira. [10]

A cikin 1827, Shoshangane ya ƙaura Masarautar Gaza daga ƙasan Nkomati zuwa ƙananan kogin Limpopo . Gaza ta yi galaba a kan sojojin Zulu a shekara ta 1828 tare da kulla alakar tattalin arziki da siyasa da Portuguese. [10]

A cikin watan Mayu na 1828, Shaka ya kaddamar da wani hari na shanu a kan Bomvana da Masarautar Mpondo, bayan da wani hari a arewacin Delagoa Bay kafin farkon sojojin ya dawo gida. Da yake jin raunin siyasa, 'yan uwansa Dingane da Mhlangana sun kashe shi a watan Satumba. Daga baya Dingane ya wanke Mhlangana da sauran abokan hamayyar siyasa, inda ya kafa kansa a matsayin sabon sarkin Zulu. Wadannan al'amura masu cike da rudani sun haifar da ballewar wani bangare na al'ummar AbakwaQwabe, ko da yake an tarwatsa su a karshen shekara ta 1829 ta wani harin Mpondo a kudancin Mzimkhulu. [10]

A ƙarshen 1820s gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin Mzimkhulu da Mzimvubu Rivers ta haifar da nasara biyu: Masarautar Mpondo da Masarautar Bhaca . Majalisun da dama sun sake yin kaura, wasu sun koma arewa, wasu sun koma kudu, wasu kuma suka koma masarautar Zulu. [10] 1828 ya ga ƙarin ci gaba na mulkin mallaka yayin da haɗin gwiwar Birtaniya da Boer suka yi tafiya mai nisa fiye da iyakokin mulkin mallaka kuma suka lalata Matiwane 's amaNgwane a Mbholompo. [10]

Da yake amfana daga faɗuwar Ndwandwe da Shaka, Masarautar Swazi ta Sobhuza ta faɗaɗa daga tsakiyar Eswatini na zamani zuwa kogin Sabie a farkon shekarun 1830. [10] A cikin rikicin kasuwanci na 1833, sojojin Zulu sun kama Delagoa Bay a takaice kuma suka kashe gwamnan Portuguese. [10] A wani yunƙuri na ƙarfafa ikonsu kan kasuwancin cikin ƙasa, Portuguese sun ƙaddamar da wani harin da bai yi nasara ba a kan Masarautar Gaza a cikin 1834, wanda ya bar Gaza ta mamaye Tekun Delagoa da yankunan arewacinta. A ƙarshen 1830s, tasirin Masarautar ya kai har zuwa kogin Zambezi . [10]

A cikin 1836, Masarautar Swazi ta fuskanci harin hadin gwiwa daga sojojin Zulu da 'yan kasada na Burtaniya. [10] Wani lokaci a cikin ƙarshen 1830s Swazi sun ƙaddamar da farmaki akan masarautar Pedi, wanda ya fatattake su. [10]

Mfecane a cikin Ciki

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Mfecane ya fara ne a cikin yankunan tsakiyar Afirka ta Tsakiya a ƙarshen karni na 18 tare da ƙaura daga Khoekhoe da al'ummomin San ta hanyar bayi da barayin shanu daga faɗaɗa Cape Colony na Dutch . Isarsu a tsakiyar da ƙananan yankunan Kogin Orange, sun yi gasa tare da Batwsana na gida, sun fara lokacin rushewar zamantakewa da sake haɗuwa. Ƙwararru da yawa ta bayi, 'yan fashi, da mutanen kowane ƙabilu daga Cape Colony, wasu daga cikin waɗannan mutane za su zama Kur'ani . Ƙarfinsu ya ƙaru yayin da cinikayya da kai farmaki kan ’yan mulkin mallaka ke ba da bindigogi da dawakai, kuma a cikin 1780s suka fara kai farmaki a arewa kan siyasar Tswana. [10]

Daga shekarun 1780 zuwa farkon karni, sarakunan Tswana na kudancin kasar sun sami rarrabuwar kawuna da rugujewa yayin da hare-hare da hare-hare suka yawaita. Masarautar Bahurutshe mai iko na yankin kogin Marico na sama ne ke da ikon gudanar da kasuwanci mai fa'ida da yankin Cape Colony da Bangwaketse ya ruguje zuwa arewa maso yamma, Batlhaping zuwa kudu maso yamma, da masarautar Pedi da ta kunno kai a gabas. [10] Wannan na baya-bayan nan, wanda dangin Maroteng ke marawa baya, ya kuma shiga rikici da ƴan siyasar amaNdzundza Ndebele, Masemola, Magakala, Bamphahlele, da Balobedu . [10] A halin yanzu, yankin arewa na zamani da tsakiyar Free State yana ƙara zuwa ƙarƙashin ikon Bataung . [10]

A cikin ƙarshen 1790s, faɗaɗa ta Cape Colony zuwa ƙananan kogin Orange ya ƙaurace wa jama'ar Griqua masu gauraya zuwa mahaɗar kogin Vaal da Orange. A can, sun mamaye wasu makwabtan San da Korana a matsayin abokan ciniki . ‘Yan Griqua, kamar sauran kabilu, ba su kasance da haɗin kai a siyasance ba kuma sun bambanta a dabarun rayuwarsu, wanda ya haɗa da kai hari zuwa aikin gona zuwa sarrafa kasuwanci tsakanin Batswana da Cape Colony. [10]

A farkon karnin kuma kungiyoyin amaXhosa sun fara isa yankin tsakiyar kogin Orange, suna gujewa rashin zaman lafiya a yankin gabashin Cape Colony. A can suka mamaye Korana, San, da sauransu kuma suka yi ta kai hare-hare a kan kogin Orange da ƙananan kogin Vaal. Wannan ya haifar da lahani musamman ga ayyukan kasuwanci na Batlhaping da abin ya shafa. [10]

A cikin 1810s, fadada Boer ya kawo karuwar rashin zaman lafiya a tsakiyar kogin Orange, ba kadan ba a cikin cewa ya kara yawan bindigogi. Kwarin Caledon yanzu yana ci gaba da kai hare-hare daga ƙungiyoyin Boer, Griqua, da Korana. [10] A farkon shekarun 1820 rashin zaman lafiya ya bazu a arewacin kogin Orange. [10]

A cikin 1822 AmaHlubi karkashin jagorancin Mpangazita ya ketare tsaunin Drakensberg ya kai hari ga mutanen Batlôkwa ta Sarauniya MManthatisi . An tashi jirgin, Mabiyan MMANthatisi sun tsira daga barasa kafin su sake zama a yammacin kogin Caledon a 1824. Matsalolin Sotho na wannan yanki wani lokaci suna gudanar da dangantaka da waɗannan sabbin shiga Batlôkwa, kuma sun fara haɗin gwiwa a cikin 1824 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Moshoeshoe . [6]

Na dabam, suna fuskantar tashin hankali da yunwa, BaFokeng na Sebetwane, MaPhuting na Tsooane, da BaHlakoana na Nkarahanye sun gudu daga gidajensu. Mutanen uku sun haɗu a cikin 1823 don ɗaukar garin BaThlaping na Dithakong, wanda samun ruwa ya sa ya wadatar da hatsi da shanu duk da fari. [6] Kungiyar BaThlaping ta fatattaki mamayar a ranar 24 ga watan Yuni tare da taimakon wasu dakaru na Griqua, inda suka yi sanadin salwantar rayuka tare da kashe Tsooane da Nkarahanye. [6]

A cikin 1825, mabiyan Mpangazita sun watse bayan an kashe shi a yaƙi da amaNgwane na Matiwane . AmaNgwane ya ci gaba da iko da yawancin kewayen kogin Caledon, inda suka yi ta kai farmaki tare da raba makwaftan Sotho da Tswana. [6]

Tsakanin 1820s ya ga Sebetwane ya mamaye yankin Molopo na sama kuma mutanen Bataung na Molettane sun mamaye kogin Vaal sosai. Gabashin ciki, duk da haka, yana zuwa ƙarƙashin ikon Masarautar Ndebele ta Mzilikazi. [10] Sojojinsa sun kai hari a Masarautar Venda a arewa, da Maroteng, amaNdzundza, da Balodebu a arewa maso gabas, Bangwaketse zuwa yamma mai nisa, da al'ummar Matiwane a cikin kwarin Caledon. Al'ummar Sebetwane da Molettane, a nasu bangaren, an korisu kai tsaye. [10]

Tsakanin 1827 zuwa 1828 AmaNgwane na Matiwane ya kaddamar da wani hari da bai yi nasara ba a kan Moshoeshoe, kuma, bayan ya sha wani babban hari (mai yiwuwa Ndebele ne ya aikata), ya koma yankin AbaThembu a 1828, inda Birtaniya, Boer, amaGcaleka, amaMpondo, da AbaThembu suka lalata su. [10] Ko da yake an fatattaki Matiwane, sojojin Moshoeshoe sun yi nasarar kai farmaki kan abaThembu a shekara ta 1829, inda suka wadatar da mulkinsa sosai tare da ba ta damar daukar dimbin mabiya daga 'yan gudun hijirar da suka dawo. [10] A kudancin yankin Moshoeshoe, ƙananan hukumomin San sun samar da abubuwan more rayuwa masu zaman kansu, yayin da wasu suka shiga mulkin Phuthi na Morosi don kai hari abaThembu, Cape Colonists, da sauransu. Musamman ma, ƙungiyoyin San sun haɓaka sabbin salon fasahar dutse a wannan lokacin canji. [10]

Haka kuma a tsakanin 1827 zuwa 1828, Ndebele na Mzilikazi ya ƙaura zuwa tsaunin Magaliesberg, inda ya mallake Bahurutshe, Bakwena, da Bakgatla, ya kuma kai farmaki kan mutanen Bangwaketse da kudancin Batswana. [1] Wata runduna ta kabilanci da ke karkashin shugaban Kora Jan Bloem ta nemi cin riba daga dukiyar Ndebele tare da kai hari a tsakiyar 1828, wanda ya tabbatar da nasarar wani bangare ne kawai yayin da aka lalata jam'iyyunsa na Kora da Griqua kafin su iya tserewa. A shekara ta 1830, Ndebele ya ba da tasirin siyasar su akan siyasar Tswana ta yamma. Mzilikazi ya sake fuskantar wani babban farmaki daga shugaban Griqua Berend Berends a shekara ta 1831, amma kuma ya sake yin nasarar lalata maharan da ke dauke da ganima. A cikin 1832 Masarautar Zulu ce ta kai hari Ndebele, amma galibi an yi nasarar fatattakar su. [1] Mzilikazi ya koma ne bayan harin na Zulu, inda ya sauka a yankin Marico na sama na Bahurutshe. An raba martanin Bahurutshe, inda wasu suka mika wuya ga mulkin Ndebele, wasu kuma suka koma yankin Bathlaping da Griqua. A cikin 1834 Jan Bloem ya ƙaddamar da hari na biyu a kan Ndebele, wanda ya ƙare daidai da harinsa na farko. Mzilikazi ya mayar da martani ta hanyar kiyaye yankunan kudancin yankinsa a matsayin yankin da babu jama'a.

Sakamako ga al'ummomin Nguni

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Wannan taswirar tana kwatanta hawan daular Zulu karkashin Shaka (1816-1828) a Afirka ta Kudu ta yau. Tashin daular Zulu    karkashin Shaka ya tilasta wa wasu sarakuna da dangi gudu zuwa wani yanki mai fadi na kudancin Afirka. Kabilun da suka tsere daga yankin yakin Zulu    sun hada da Soshangane, Zwangendaba, Ndebele, Hlubi, Ngwane, da Mfengu .     .

A cikin wannan lokacin, Matebele ya bar hanyar lalacewa a cikin farkawa. Daga 1837 zuwa 1838, zuwan mazauna Boer da kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na Vegtkop da Mosega, sun kori Matebele arewacin Limpopo. Sun zauna a yankin da ake kira Matabeleland, a kudancin Zimbabwe a yau . Mzilikazi ya kafa sabon babban birninsa a Bulawayo . [10] AmaNdebele sun kori MaShona na yankin arewa tare da tilasta musu yin haraji. Wannan ya haifar da bacin rai wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa yau a Zimbabwe ta zamani.

A yakin kogin Mhlatuze a shekara ta 1818, sojojin Zulu karkashin jagorancin Shaka sun fatattaki Ndwandwe. Soshangane, daya daga cikin janar na Zwide, ya gudu zuwa Mozambique tare da ragowar Ndwandwe. A can ne suka kafa daular Gaza . Sun zalunce mutanen Tsonga da ke zaune a can, wasu daga cikinsu sun yi gudun hijira ta tsaunin Lebombo zuwa yankin Arewa. A cikin 1833, Soshangane ya mamaye ƙauyuka daban-daban na Portuguese, kuma ya yi nasara da farko. Amma haduwar rikicin cikin gida da yaki da Swazi ya haifar da rugujewar masarautar Gaza. [10]

Mutanen Ngwane sun zauna a Eswatini na yanzu (Swaziland), inda suka zauna a kudu maso yamma. Sun yi yaƙi lokaci-lokaci tare da Ndwandwe.

A gabas, dangin ƴan gudun hijira da ƙabilun Mfecane sun gudu zuwa ƙasashen mutanen Xhosa. Wasu daga cikinsu irin su amaNgwane an kora su da karfi aka ci su. Waɗanda aka karɓa an wajabta su zama masu hidima ga Xhosas kuma suna rayuwa ƙarƙashin kariyarsu. An shigar da su cikin al'adun Xhosa, sun zama wani ɓangare na mutanen Xhosa. Bayan shekaru da yawa na zalunci da Xhosas, daga baya suka kulla kawance da Cape Colony .

Sakamako ga mutanen Sotho-Tswana

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Al'ummar Tswana ta Kudu sun sami karuwar tashe-tashen hankula tun a shekarun 1780. An sami karuwar yawan jama'a a yankin wanda ke haifar da ƙarin gasa don albarkatu. An sami karuwar yawan ciniki tare da mulkin mallaka na Cape da Portuguese; wannan ya biyo bayan sarautu daban-daban da suka kara sha'awar cin kasa da kansu domin sarrafa hanyoyin kasuwanci. Mazauna Dutch daga Cape Colony suna mamaye Khoikhoi da San zuwa yankuna inda mutanen Tswana ke rayuwa ya haifar da samuwar Kurana wanda ya fara kai farmaki kan wasu al'ummomi a cikin 1780s. Kasancewar da yawa daga cikinsu sun samu makamai da dawakai ya kara ta’azzara barnar da maharan suka yi. Xhosa da ke tserewa daga yankin Gabashin Cape, sukan kaddamar da nasu hare-hare. Duk waɗannan abubuwan sun haifar da ci gaba da ci gaba da rashin kwanciyar hankali a yankin. Tsangwama na mishan, siyasar cikin gida, da hare-haren da mazauna Holland su ma sun shafi yankin. A farkon karni na 19, ’yan Bangwaketse, mafi girman sarautar Tswana, Bahurutse, sun kara fuskantar kalubale.

Moshoeshoe Na tattara dangin dutse tare a ƙawance da Zulu. Ya karfafa tsaunukan da ke cikin sauki da kuma fadada isarsa da hare-haren dawakai, ya yi yaki da abokan gabansa da wasu nasarori, duk da cewa bai yi amfani da dabarun Zulu ba, kamar yadda dangogi da dama suka yi. Ƙasar Moshoeshoe I ta zama mulkin Lesotho . [10]

Wasu manya-manyan sojoji biyu ne mahara suka yi wa Tswana wancakalar Mfecane. Sebetwane ya tara Bafokeng na Patsa, wadanda ke cikin Basotho, kuma daga baya ana kiran su kabilun Kololo a kusa da Lesotho na zamani, suka yi ta yawo a arewa ta kasar Botswana a yanzu, suna wawashewa tare da kashe yawancin mutanen Tswana a hanya. Sun kuma kama ɗimbin fursunoni a arewa tare da su, [11] a ƙarshe suka sauka a arewacin kogin Zambezi a Barotseland, inda suka ci mutanen Lozi . Rundunar ta gaba ita ce Mzilikazi da Matebele waɗanda suka ratsa yankin Tswana a cikin 1837. Duka wadannan sojojin mahara sun ci gaba da tafiya arewa ta yankin Tswana ba tare da kafa wata kasa ba. [12] Baya ga wadannan manyan masarautu, wasu kananan kungiyoyi kuma sun koma arewa zuwa yankin Tswana, inda suka gamu da shan kashi a karshe suka bace daga tarihi. [11] Daga cikin wadanda ke da hannu a cikin wadannan hare-hare har da masu fafutuka na Turai irin su Nathaniel Isaacs (wanda daga baya aka zarge shi da cinikin bayi). [13]

Rigima

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 1988, farfesa na Jami'ar Rhodes Julian Cobbing ya gabatar da wani hasashe na daban game da haɓakar jihar Zulu; Ya yi iƙirarin cewa asusun Mfecane na son kai ne, wanda aka gina na 'yan siyasa da masana tarihi na zamanin wariyar launin fata . A cewar Cobbing, masana tarihi na zamanin wariyar launin fata sun ɓata sunan Mfecane a matsayin lokacin halakar Black-on-Black a cikin gida. Maimakon haka, Cobbing ya yi jayayya cewa tushen rikice-rikicen ya kasance cikin bukatun ƙwaƙƙwarar ƴan kasuwa bayi na Portugal da ke aiki daga Delagoa Bay, Mozambique da mazauna Turai a Cape Colony . Sakamakon matsin lamba ya haifar da tilastawa ƙaura, yunwa, da yaƙi a cikin gida, wanda ya ba da damar raƙuman Afrikaner mazauna yankin su yi mulkin mallaka. [14] Masanin tarihi Dan Wylie ya yi na'am da ra'ayin Cobbing, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa marubutan farar fata na zamanin mulkin mallaka irin su Isaacs sun yi karin gishiri game da zaluncin Mfecane don tabbatar da mulkin mallaka na Turai.

Hasashen Cobbing ya haifar da ɗimbin maganganu a tsakanin masana tarihi; Tattaunawar da aka sanya wa suna "Ci gaba da Rigima". Duk da yake masana tarihi sun riga sun fara aiwatar da sababbin hanyoyin nazarin Mfecane a cikin 1970s da 1980s, takardar Cobbing ita ce babbar madogara ta farko wacce ta bijirewa bayanin "Zulu-centric" a lokacin. [10] Wannan ya biyo bayan zance mai zafi a farkon shekarun 1990 wanda hasashen Cobbing ya haifar. Mutane da yawa sun yarda cewa binciken Cobbing ya ba da ci gaba da dama da kuma fahimtar yanayin al'ummar Zulu na farko. [15]

Masanin tarihi Elizabeth Eldredge ya kalubalanci labarin na Cobbing bisa hujjar cewa akwai 'yan kadan shaida na sake dawowa da cinikin bayi na Portuguese daga Delagoa Bay kafin 1823, wani binciken da ya lalata labarin Cobbing cewa ayyukan soja na farko na Shaka sun kasance martani ga hare-haren bayi . Bugu da ƙari, Eldredge yayi jayayya cewa Griqua da sauran ƙungiyoyi (maimakon ƴan mishan na Turai kamar yadda Cobbing ya tabbatar) sune ke da alhakin kai hare-haren bayi daga Cape. Har ila yau, Eldredge ya tabbatar da cewa Cobbing ya yi watsi da mahimmancin cinikin hauren giwa a yankin Delagoa Bay, da kuma yadda kungiyoyi da shugabannin Afirka suka nemi kafa wasu tsare-tsare masu sarkakiya da sarkakiya don sarrafa hanyoyin hauren giwaye da dukiyar da ke tattare da cinikin. Ta ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan matsin lamba sun haifar da motsi na cikin gida, da kuma martani ga ayyukan Turai, waɗanda suka haifar da tsarin ƙasa da tashin hankali da ƙaura. Har yanzu ta yarda da ra'ayin Cobbing gaba ɗaya a cikin cewa bayanin da Zulu ya yi game da Mfecane ba abin dogaro ba ne. [16] A farkon 2000s, sabon yarjejeniya ta tarihi ta bayyana, [10] sanin Mfecane ba jerin abubuwan da suka faru ba ne kawai sakamakon kafuwar Masarautar Zulu amma abubuwa da yawa da suka haifar kafin da bayan Shaka Zulu ya hau mulki. [15] [10]

An kwatanta muhawara da jayayya a cikin tarihin tarihin Afirka ta Kudu game da Mfecane da irin wannan muhawara game da yakin Beaver na karni na sha bakwai a arewa maso gabashin Amurka ta Arewa, saboda zargin kama da labarun labarun "ɓacewa" na 'yan asalin da aka yada ta hanyar masu neman gafara ga mulkin mallaka na Turai game da Mfecane da Beaver Wars. [17]

Majiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (1992). "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered". The Journal of African History. 33 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031832. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 182273. S2CID 153554467. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  • Epprecht, Marc (June 1994). "The Mfecane as Teaching Aid: History, Politics, and Pedagogy in Southern Africa". Journal of Historical Sociology. 7 (2): 113–130. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6443.1994.tb00164.x.
  • Wright, John (1989). "Political Mythology and the Making of Natal's Mfecane". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 23 (2). doi:10.2307/485525. hdl:10539/10253. JSTOR 485525.
  • Wright, John (2009). "Turbulent Times: Political Transformations in the North and East, 1760s–1830s". In Mbenga, Bernard K.; Hamilton, Carolyn; Ross, Robert (eds.). The Cambridge History of South Africa. Cambridge History of South Africa. 1: From Early Times to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 978-0-521-51794-2. Retrieved 2024-11-04.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "General South African History Timeline: 1800s". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Epprecht 1994.
  3. ↑ Wright, John; Cobbing, Julian (1988-09-12). "The Mfecane: Beginning the inquest". Wits Institutional Repository African Studies Institute – Seminar Papers. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  4. ↑ Omer-Cooper, J. D. (June 1993). "Has the Mfecane a future? a response to the Cobbing critique". Journal of Southern African Studies. 19 (2): 273–294. doi:10.1080/03057079308708360.
  5. ↑ Saunders, Christopher (1991-12-01). "Conference report: Mfecane afterthoughts". Social Dynamics. 17 (2): 171–177. doi:10.1080/02533959108458518. ISSN 0253-3952.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 Eldredge 1992.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Wright 1989.
  8. ↑ Etherington, Norman (2004). "A False Emptiness: How Historians May Have Been Misled by Early Nineteenth Century Maps of South-Eastern Africa". Imago Mundi. 56 (1): 68. doi:10.1080/0308569032000172969. JSTOR 40233902. S2CID 128461624.
  9. ↑ Garstang, Michael; Coleman, Anthony; Therrell, Matthew (2014). "Climate and the mfecane". South African Journal of Science. 110 (5–6): 110. doi:10.1590/sajs.2014/20130239 – via EBSCOhost.
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 10.36 Wright 2009.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Segolodi, Moanaphuti (1940). "Ditso Tsa Batawana". Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Tlou1985
  13. ↑ Herrman, Louis (December 1974). "Nathaniel Isaacs" (PDF). Natalia. Pietermartizburg: The Natal Society Foundation (4): 19–22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
  14. ↑ Cobbing, Julian (1988). "The Mfecane as Alibi: Thoughts on Dithakong and Mbolompo". The Journal of African History. 29 (3): 487–519. doi:10.1017/s0021853700030590.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Etherington, Norman (2004). "A Tempest in a Teapot? Nineteenth-Century Contests For Land in South Africa's Caledon Valley and the Invention of the Mfecane". The Journal of African History. 45 (2): 203–219. doi:10.1017/S0021853703008624. ISSN 0021-8537. S2CID 162838180.
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  17. ↑ Dowd, Gregory Evans (July 2022). "Indigenous Self-Vanishing? Relating the North American 'Iroquois Wars' and the Southern African Mfecane". The William and Mary Quarterly. 79 (3): 393–424. doi:10.1353/wmq.2022.0030. Retrieved 27 January 2023.

Ƙarin majiya

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