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Michael E. Mann

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Michael E. Mann
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Amherst (en) Fassara, 28 Disamba 1965 (60 shekaru)
ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi Lawrence N. Mann
Karatu
Makaranta University of California, Berkeley (mul) Fassara Digiri a kimiyya
Jami ar Yale Master of Science (en) Fassara, Master of Philosophy (en) Fassara : physics (en) Fassara
Amherst Regional High School (en) Fassara
Jami ar Yale Ph.D. (mul) Fassara
Jami ar Yale Master of Philosophy (en) Fassara : geophysics (en) Fassara
Matakin karatu Ph.D. (mul) Fassara
Thesis director Barry Saltzman (mul) Fassara
Harsuna Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a university teacher (en) Fassara, climatologist (en) Fassara, geophysicist (en) Fassara, marubucin labaran da ba almara da Malamin yanayi
Employers Pennsylvania State University (en) Fassara
University of Virginia (mul) Fassara
University of Massachusetts Amherst (en) Fassara
University of Pennsylvania (mul) Fassara
Kyaututtuka
Mamba National Academy of Sciences (en) Fassara
IMDb nm3134128
michaelmann.net

Michael Evan Mann (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965) masanin ilimin yanayi ne na Amurka kuma masanin ilimin ƙasa.[1] Shi ne darektan Cibiyar Kimiyya, Ci gaba da Media a Jami'ar Pennsylvania. Mann ya ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar kimiyya game da Canjin yanayi na tarihi bisa ga rikodin zafin jiki na shekaru dubu da suka gabata. Ya fara dabaru don neman alamu a cikin canjin yanayi na baya da kuma ware siginar yanayi daga Bayanan hayaniya.[2]

A matsayin jagorar marubucin takarda da aka samar a cikin 1998 tare da co-authors Raymond S. Bradley da Malcolm K. Hughes, Mann ya yi amfani da dabarun ƙididdiga na ci gaba don neman bambancin yanki a cikin sake fasalin yanayi na hemispherical wanda ya rufe shekaru 600 da suka gabata. A cikin 1999 wannan ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da waɗannan dabarun don samar da sake ginawa a cikin shekaru 1,000 da suka gabata (MBH99), wanda aka kira "hoton katako na hockey" saboda siffarsa. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan marubutan guda takwas na babi na "Observed Climate Variability and Change" na Kwamitin Intergovernmental kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) Rahoton Nazarin Kimiyya na Uku da aka buga a shekara ta 2001. An nuna jadawalin da ya danganci takardar MBH99 a sassa da yawa na rahoton kuma an ba shi tallace-tallace mai yawa. IPCC ta amince da cewa aikinsa, tare da na sauran marubutan jagora da masu gyara bita, sun ba da gudummawa ga Kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 2007, wanda IPCC da Al Gore suka lashe tare.

Mann ta kasance shugabar kwamitin shirya Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa a 2003 kuma ta sami girmamawa da kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da zaɓin da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Amurka ta yi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu hangen nesa hamsin a kimiyya da fasaha a 2002. A shekara ta 2012 an shigar da shi a matsayin Fellow na Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Hans Oeschger na Ƙungiyar Cibiyar Geosciences ta Turai . A shekara ta 2013, an zabe shi Fellow na American Meteorological Society kuma an ba shi matsayin fitaccen farfesa a Kwalejin Duniya da Kimiyya ta Jihar Penn. A shekara ta 2017, an zabe shi Fellow na Kwamitin Binciken Skeptical . [3]

Mann marubucin littattafai ne sama da 200 da aka sake dubawa da kuma gyarawa. Ya kuma wallafa littattafai shida: Dire Predictions: Understanding Global Warming (2008), The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars (2012), tare da marubucin Tom Toles, The Madhouse Effect: Yadda Canjin Yanayi ke Barazana Denial Planetmu, Destroying Our Politics, da kuma fitar da Mu Fushi (2016) tare da Megan Herbert, The Tantrum That Saved the World (2018), The New Climate War (2021), da Our Fragile Moment (2023). A cikin shekara ta 2012, Ƙungiyar Geosciences ta Turai ta bayyana rikodin bugawa a matsayin "mai ban sha'awa ga masanin kimiyya na ƙuruciyarsa". Mann co-kafa ce kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga shafin yanar gizon climatology RealClimate .

Rayuwa ta farko, karatun digiri

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An haifi Mann a shekara ta 1965, kuma ya girma a Amherst, Massachusetts, inda mahaifinsa ya kasance farfesa a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Massachusetts. Ya fito ne daga asalin Yahudawa.[4] A makaranta yana da sha'awar lissafi, kimiyya, da lissafi. A watan Agustan shekara ta 1984 ya tafi Jami'ar California, Berkeley, don ya fi girma a fannin kimiyyar lissafi tare da babban matsayi na biyu a cikin lissafi mai amfani. Binciken shekara ta biyu a cikin halayyar ka'idojin lu'ulu'u na ruwa ya yi amfani da Hanyar Monte Carlo ta amfani da bazuwar a cikin simulations na kwamfuta. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1987, ya shiga ƙungiyar bincike a ƙarƙashin Didier de Fontaine wanda ke amfani da irin wannan hanyar Monte Carlo don bincika kaddarorin superconducting na yttrium barium copper oxide, ƙirar sauye-sauye tsakanin matakai masu ba da umarni da rikice-rikice.[5] Ya kammala karatu tare da girmamawa a shekarar 1989 tare da A.B. a cikin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi.

Nazarin digiri da digiri na biyu

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Mann daga nan ya halarci Jami'ar Yale, yana da niyyar samun PhD a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, kuma ya sami MS da MPhil a fannin lissafi a shekarar 1991. Sha'awarsa ta kasance a cikin ilimin lissafi na lissafi amma ya sami kansa ana tura shi zuwa cikakken aikin semiconductor. Ya kalli zaɓuɓɓukan darussan tare da yanki mai faɗi kuma mai ba da shawara na PhD Barry Saltzman ya yi farin ciki game da ƙirar yanayi da bincike. Don gwada wannan ya shafe lokacin rani na 1991 yana taimakawa Mai bincike na postdoctoral wajen kwaikwayon lokacin zafi na Cretaceous lokacin da matakan carbon dioxide suka yi yawa, amma burbushin sun nuna mafi yawan dumama a kan sanduna, tare da ɗan dumama a cikin wurare masu zafi. Mann daga nan ya shiga Ma'aikatar Yale ta Geology da Geophysics, inda ya sami MPhil a fannin ilimin ƙasa da geophysics a 1993. Binciken da ya yi ya mayar da hankali kan bambancin yanayi da sauyin yanayi. Ya yi aiki tare da Masanin ilimin girgizar ƙasa Jeffrey Park, kuma binciken haɗin gwiwar su ya daidaita hanyar ƙididdigar da aka haɓaka don gano oscillations na girgizar ƙasar don samun lokuta daban-daban a cikin rikodin zafin jiki na kayan aiki, mafi tsawo shine kimanin shekaru 60 zuwa 80. Takardar Mann da Park da aka buga a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1994 ta zo ga kammalawa mai kama da waɗanda suka fito daga binciken da aka haɓaka a layi daya ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban kuma an buga su a watan Janairun wannan shekarar, wanda ya sami abin da daga baya aka kira Atlantic multidecadal oscillation.[6]

A shekara ta 1994, Mann ta shiga a matsayin dalibi mai digiri a cikin bita na farko na Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Kasa da nufin karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin masu lissafi, masu ilimin yanayi da masana kimiyya na yanayi. Manyan masu lissafi sun halarci, ciki har da Grace Wahba da Arthur P. Dempster .

Yayinda yake kammala bincikensa na PhD, Mann ya sadu da farfesa na kimiyyar yanayi na UMass Raymond S. Bradley kuma ya fara bincike tare da shi da Park. Binciken su ya yi amfani da bayanan wakilai na paleoclimate daga aikin Bradley na baya da hanyoyin da Mann ya haɓaka tare da Park, don neman oscillations a cikin bayanan wakilai masu tsawo. "Global Interdecadal and Century-Scale Climate Oscillations During the Past Five Centuries" an buga shi ne ta hanyar Nature a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1995. [7]

Wani binciken da Mann da Park suka yi ya gabatar da wani karamin batun fasaha tare da tsarin yanayi game da tasirin ɗan adam akan canjin yanayi: an buga wannan a cikin 1996. A cikin mahallin jayayya game da Rahoton Bincike na Biyu na IPCC waɗanda ke adawa da aiki kan canjin yanayi sun yaba da takarda, kuma ƙungiyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ta Accuracy in Media ta yi iƙirarin cewa ba a yada shi ba saboda son zuciya na kafofin watsa labarai. Mann ya kare takardar jarabawarsa ta PhD a kan Nazarin hulɗar teku da yanayi da ƙananan bambancin yanayin yanayi a cikin bazara na 1996, kuma an ba shi kyautar Phillip M. Orville don fitaccen rubutun a cikin kimiyyar duniya a cikin shekara mai zuwa.[8] An ba shi PhD a fannin ilimin ƙasa da geophysics a shekarar 1998.

Binciken postdoctoral: jadawalin hockey

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Asalin hoton hockey na arewacin Mann et al. 1999, mai santsi wanda aka nuna a cikin shuɗi tare da kewayon rashin tabbas a cikin shudi mai haske, wanda aka rufe shi da dots masu kore wanda ke nuna matsakaicin duniya na shekaru 30 na sake fasalin PAGES 2k Consortium 2013. Red curve yana nuna ma'aunin zafin jiki na duniya, bisa ga bayanan HadCRUT4 daga 1850 zuwa 2013.
Tasirin Madhouse Yadda Canjin Yanayi Riki Yana Barazanar Duniyarmu Da Ta Halakar Siyasa da Ka Yi Mana Hauka CSICon 2016

Daga 1996 zuwa 1998, bayan ya kare takardar jarabawarsa ta PhD a Yale, Mann ya gudanar da bincike na paleoclimatology a Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst wanda Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka ta tallafawa. Ya yi aiki tare da Raymond S. Bradley da abokin aikin Bradley Malcolm K. Hughes, Farfesa na Dendrochronology a Jami'ar Arizona, tare da manufar bunkasa da amfani da ingantaccen tsarin kididdiga don sake fasalin yanayi. Ya koyar da darasi a cikin Binciken Bayanai da Canjin Yanayi a cikin 1997 kuma ya zama mataimakin farfesa a shekara mai zuwa.[9]

An buga sake fasalin farko na yanayin zafi na Arewa a cikin 1993 ta hanyar Bradley da Phil Jones, amma shi da sake fasalin da ya biyo baya sun tara matsakaicin matsakaicin shekaru da yawa, suna rufe dukkan yankin. Mann yana son yanayin zafi na kowane shekaru yana nuna bambance-bambance tsakanin yankuna, don samun alamu na sararin samaniya wanda ke nuna yanayin yanayi da tasirin abubuwan da suka faru kamar fashewar dutsen wuta. An riga an yi amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga masu rikitarwa ga Dendroclimatology, amma don samun faɗin ƙasa waɗannan bayanan zoben itace dole ne su kasance da alaƙa da ƙididdigatattun ƙididdiga kamar ƙwayoyin kankara, murjani da tafkin tafki. Don kauce wa ba da nauyi sosai ga bayanan bishiyoyi masu yawa, Mann, Bradley da Hughes sun yi amfani da tsarin kididdiga na babban bincike na bangare don wakiltar waɗannan manyan bayanai dangane da ƙananan jerin wakilci kuma su kwatanta su da bayanan wakilai. An kuma yi amfani da wannan hanya don wakiltar mahimman bayanai a cikin rikodin zafin jiki na kayan aiki don kwatanta da jerin wakilai, yana ba da damar tabbatar da sake ginawa. Sun zaɓi lokacin 1902-1980 don daidaitawa, suna barin shekaru 50 da suka gabata na bayanan kayan aiki don tabbatarwa. Wannan ya nuna cewa sake fasalin kididdigar sun kasance masu ƙwarewa ne kawai (mai ma'ana a ƙididdiga) a baya zuwa 1400.[10]

Binciken nasu ya ba da haske game da bincike mai ban sha'awa, kamar tabbatar da hujjojin da ke nuna cewa an sami El Niño mai ƙarfi a cikin 1791, da kuma gano cewa a cikin 1816 " Shekarar Ba tare da Lokacin bazara " a cikin Eurasia da yawancin Arewacin Amirka an daidaita su da zafi fiye da yadda aka saba a Labrador da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Hakanan ci gaba ne akan sake ginawa a baya ta yadda ya sake komawa baya, ya nuna shekaru ɗaya, kuma ya nuna rashin tabbas tare da sandunan kuskure . [11] "Tsarin yanayin zafi na duniya da tilastawa yanayi a cikin ƙarni shida da suka gabata" (MBH98) an buga shi a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1998, a cikin mujallar Nature . A cikin shi, "Spatially warware duniya sake ginawa na shekara-shekara yanayin zafin jiki alamu" sun kasance da alaka da "canje-canje a cikin greenhouse-gas taro, hasken rana irradiance, da volcanic aerosols" kai ga ƙarshe cewa "kowane daga cikin wadannan dalilai ya ba da gudummawa ga sauyin yanayi na 400 shekaru da suka wuce, tare da greenhouse iskar gas fito a matsayin rinjaye tilasta a lokacin da shekara takwas da zafin jiki na Arewa shekaru ashirin da suka wuce. sun fi kowace shekara tun (aƙalla) AD 1400. [12] Batu na ƙarshe ya sami mafi yawan kafofin watsa labarai Mann ya yi mamakin girman ɗaukar hoto wanda zai iya kasancewa saboda damar sakin takarda a cikin shekara mai zafi da ba a saba gani ba, John Roberts ya tambaye shi akai-akai idan ya tabbatar [13] mutane suna da alhakin dumamar yanayi, wanda hakan ba zai wuce ba.

A cikin Mayu 1998, Jones, Briffa da abokan aiki sun buga wani sake ginawa wanda ya koma shekaru dubu, amma ba musamman kimanta rashin tabbas ba. Kamar yadda Bradley ya tuna, farkon martanin da Mann ya yi game da takarda shine "Duba wannan. Wannan shara ne. Ba za ku iya yin wannan ba. Babu isassun bayanai. Akwai rashin tabbas da yawa." Bradley ya ba da shawarar amfani da tsarin MBH98 don komawa gaba. A cikin 'yan makonni, Mann ya amsa da cewa ga mamakinsa, "Akwai wani adadi na fasaha. Za mu iya faɗi wani abu a zahiri, kodayake akwai manyan rashin tabbas." [14] Mann ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga akan 24 dogon lokaci datasets, wanda a cikin kididdigar " tantace " kowane wakili don ganin tasirin cire shi ya haifar da sakamakon. Ya gano cewa saitin data wanda in ba haka ba zai kasance abin dogaro ya bambanta daga 1800 har zuwa kusa da 1900, yana nuna cewa tasirin hadi na Samfuri:CO2 ya shafe shi a wannan lokacin. Yin amfani da wannan saitin bayanan da aka gyara cikin kwatancen sauran jerin bishiyar, sake gina su ya wuce gwaje-gwajen tabbatarwa na tsawon lokaci, amma sun yi taka tsantsan game da ƙarin rashin tabbas da ke tattare da hakan. [15]

Mann, Bradley da Hughes ya sake ginawa wanda ya rufe shekaru 1,000 (MBH99) an buga shi ne ta Geophysical Research Letters a watan Maris na 1999 tare da taken mai hankali na Yanayin zafi na Arewacin Hemisphere a cikin karni da ya gabata: ƙaddara, rashin tabbas, da iyakoki.[16] Mann ya ce "Yayin da kake komawa baya a cikin lokaci, bayanan ya zama zane-zane. Ba za a iya yin amfani da abubuwa ba, amma, sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa manyan canje-canje sun faru, kuma yanayin zafi a ƙarshen karni na 20 ya kasance mai dumi sosai idan aka kwatanta da shekaru 900 da suka gabata. Ko da yake akwai rashin tabbas a cikin ƙididdigar, waɗannan duk da haka wahayi ne mai ban mamaki. "Lokacin Mann ya ba da labarin binciken ga National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Geophysical Dynamics, Jerryckey. "[17][18]

Ayyuka

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Matsayi na jami'a

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A cikin 1999, Mann ya sami matsayi a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a sashen kimiyyar muhalli a Jami'ar Virginia. Ya bar Virginia a shekara ta 2005 don ya zama mataimakin farfesa a sashen meteorology (tare da alƙawura na hadin gwiwa a sashen kimiyyar ƙasa da Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli) a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania, inda aka kuma nada shi darektan Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Duniya. An ɗaukaka shi zuwa cikakken farfesa a shekara ta 2009 da kuma "Mafi Girma Farfesa na Meteorology" a shekara ta 2013. A cikin fall 2022 an nada Mann a matsayin farfesa mai daraja a Sashen Duniya da Kimiyya na Muhalli tare da nadin sakandare a Makarantar Sadarwa ta Annenberg a Jami'ar Pennsylvania .

Rahoton Bincike na Uku na IPCC

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Kafin a buga MBH98, an zabi Mann a matsayin marubuci a kan Rahoton Bincike na Uku na IPCC . A ƙarshen 1998 ya ji cewa an zaba shi a matsayin marubucin jagora don babi na "bincike" na rahoton Working Group I. Ya yi aiki tare da marubutan da ke ba da gudummawa da yawa wajen shirya kimantawa game da yanayin ilimin rikodin paleoclimate, farawa ta hanyar neman shigarwa daga manyan masana a wannan fagen.[19]

Mann na ɗaya daga cikin marubutan jagora guda takwas na babi na "Observed Climate Variability and Change" na rahoton, yana aiki a ƙarƙashin marubutan jagorancin biyu don babi. An buga rahoton ne a shekara ta 2001.

Bincike

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Mann ya ci gaba da sha'awar inganta hanyoyin don samun alamu a cikin sake fasalin yanayi mai tsawo: shi ne marubucin jagora tare da Bradley da Hughes a kan binciken canjin lokaci mai tsawo a cikin El Niño kudancin oscillations da Haɗin kai, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2000.[20] Yankunan bincikensa sun haɗa da gano siginar yanayi, danganta canjin yanayi da haɗin samfurin teku da yanayi, haɓaka da kimanta hanyoyin ƙididdiga da nazarin jerin lokaci da kwatanta sakamakon ƙira da bayanai.

Takardun MBH98 da MBH99 na asali sun guje wa wakilci mara kyau na adadi mai yawa na masu ba da izini ta hanyar amfani da babban matakin bincike don taƙaita waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwar wakilai, amma daga 2001 Mann ya daina amfani da wannan hanyar kuma ya gabatar da dabarar sake gina filin yanayi (CFR) ta amfani da hanyar daidaitaccen tsammanin-mafi girma (RegEM) wanda bai buƙaci wannan matakin PCA ba. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2002 Mann da Scott Rutherford sun buga wata takarda game da hanyoyin gwaji na sake fasalin yanayi wanda ya tattauna wannan dabarar. Ta hanyar ƙara hayaniya ta wucin gadi ga ainihin rikodin zafin jiki ko don yin kwaikwayon kwaikwayon sun samar da bayanan roba wanda suka kira "masu wakilci na bogi". Lokacin da aka yi amfani da hanyar sake ginawa tare da waɗannan pseudoproxies, an kwatanta sakamakon da rikodin asali ko kwaikwayon don ganin yadda aka sake gina shi.[21]

A watan Agustan shekara ta 2003 Mann tare da Phil Jones sun buga sake ginawa ta amfani da wakilai daban-daban masu mahimmanci ciki har da zoben bishiyoyi, ƙwayoyin kankara da kuma turɓaya. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa zafi na Arewacin Hemisphere a ƙarshen karni na 20 ba shi da misali na kimanin shekaru 2,000, yana da zafi na Tsakiya, amma bayanan wakilai har yanzu suna da yawa don kimanta Kudancin Hemispher.

Kwanan nan, wuraren binciken Mann sun haɗa da guguwa da canjin yanayi, da kuma tsarin yanayi.[22] Ayyukansa ta amfani da kwatance-kwatance tare da sakamakon samfuran yanayi ya nuna cewa sanyaya daga manyan tsaunuka ba a nuna shi sosai ta hanyar sake fasalin zoben itace ba, kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa a cikin matsanancin yanayi sanyaya da ya haifar da fashewa na iya haifar da bishiyoyi da ba su nuna girma ba, sabili da haka babu itace na wannan shekarar. Sakamakon zai zama cewa sake fasalin zoben itace na iya rage canjin yanayi, kuma an yi muhawara ta kimiyya game da hanyar da ingancin waɗannan binciken.[23]

Wata takarda da Mann da abokan hulɗa suka buga a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014 sun tsara sabuwar hanyar bayyana Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) a maimakon hanyar matsala da ta dogara da lalata siginar yanayi. Sun gano cewa a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata AMO ta kasance a cikin yanayin sanyaya, maimakon yanayin zafi kamar yadda masu bincike suka yi tunani. Wannan sanyaya ya ba da gudummawa ga yanayin zafi na duniya na baya-bayan nan a yanayin zafi, kuma zai canza zuwa ingantaccen zafi a mataki na gaba na oscillation.[24]

A cikin 2018, Mann ya bayyana cewa kankara na yammacin Antarctic na iya rasa sau biyu fiye da kankara a ƙarshen ƙarni kamar yadda aka yi tunani a baya, wanda kuma ya ninka hauhawar da aka tsara a matakin teku daga ƙafa uku zuwa fiye da ƙafa shida.[25]

A cikin 2020, Mann ya gabatar da ra'ayin cewa Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) da Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, wanda har yanzu ake la'akari da shi azaman oscillations na ciki na tsarin yanayi, saboda hayaniya na yanayi da aerosols na sulfate na mutum.[26]

Rikici game da jadawalin hockey

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Adadin da suka danganci ma'aunin yanayin zafi na arewacin daga MBH99 an nuna su a cikin Rahoton Bincike na Uku na IPCC na shekara ta 2001, kuma sun zama abin da aka mayar da hankali ga gardama lokacin da wasu mutane da kungiyoyi suka yi jayayya da bayanai da hanyar wannan sake ginawa.

Rahoton Arewa na 2006 wanda Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Amurka ta buga ya amince da karatun MBH tare da 'yan ajiya. Babban tsarin nazarin bangarorin yana da karamin hali ga sakamakon son kai don haka ba a ba da shawarar ba, amma ba shi da tasiri sosai a kan sake ginawa na ƙarshe, kuma wasu hanyoyin sun samar da irin wannan sakamako.[27] Mann ya ce "ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu sun tabbatar da bincikensa ta hanyar amfani da wasu hanyoyin da kuma madadin tushen bayanai. " Fiye da sauye-sauye da yawa, ta amfani da hanyoyin kididdiga daban-daban da haɗuwa da bayanan wakilai, suna tallafawa yarjejeniya mai zurfi da aka nuna a cikin asalin hoton hockey, tare da bambance-bambance a yadda "shaft" kafin karni na 20 ya bayyana. [28]

Rikicin imel na CRU

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A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009, masu fashin kwamfuta sun sami imel da yawa da aka musayar tsakanin masu bincike a Sashin Binciken Yanayi na Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia da kuma sauran masana kimiyya, gami da Mann. Sakin wasikun su a Intanet ya haifar da rikice-rikicen imel na Climatic Research Unit, wanda aka fi sani da "Climategate", [29] inda aka fitar da abubuwan da aka karɓa daga imel don tayar da zarge-zarge a kan masana kimiyya. Jerin bincike sun wanke masana kimiyya daga aikata laifi. Binciken da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta yi ya gano cewa masu sukar sun yi zarge-zargen da ba a goyi bayan su ba na karya da magudi ko lalata bayanai kuma sun yi kuskure game da batutuwan kimiyya.

An wanke Mann musamman ta hanyar bincike da yawa. Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania (PSU) ta ba da umarni ga sake dubawa guda biyu da suka shafi imel ɗin da bincikensa, wanda ya ruwaito a watan Fabrairu da Yuli 2010. Sun wanke Mann daga mummunar hali, suna mai cewa babu wani abu ga zargin, amma sun soki shi saboda raba rubuce-rubucen da ba a buga ba tare da wasu.[30][31]

EPA ta ba da cikakken la'akari da korafe-korafe tare da zarge-zargen da aka yi wa Mann daga masu fafutuka ciki har da Gidauniyar Shari'a ta Kudu maso Gabas, Peabody Energy, Cibiyar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci, da Kungiyar Coal ta Ohio: EPA ta gano cewa ba a goyi bayan da'awar su da shaidar.[32]

A buƙatar Sanata Jim Inhofe, wanda ya kira Canjin yanayi da mutum ya yi yaudara, Sufeto Janar na Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci ta Amurka ya bincika imel ɗin dangane da NOAA, kuma ya kammala cewa babu wata shaida ta magudi mara kyau na bayanai.[33] Ofishin Sufeto Janar (OIG) na Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa ya kuma gudanar da cikakken bincike, wanda ya rufe a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2011. Ya yarda da ƙaddamarwar binciken jami'a, kuma ya wanke Mann daga zargin rashin halin kimiyya. [34][35]

Babban Lauyan Virginia na binciken

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  Dangane da ɓarkewar imel ɗin CRU, Babban Lauyan Virginia Ken Cuccinelli ya fara buƙatar bincike na jama'a a kan Jami'ar Virginia don samun takardun da suka shafi aikin Mann a jami'ar. Bukatar ta haifar da yaduwar hukunta ilimi a matsayin yunkurin "a bayyane na siyasa" na tsoratar da kuma yin shiru ga Mann, [36] kuma wani alƙali ya musanta shi a watan Agustan 2010 saboda rashin bayyana isasshen dalili. [37] Cuccinelli ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake buɗe shari'arsa ta hanyar bayar da takardar shaidar da aka sake sabuntawa, kuma ya daukaka kara ga Kotun Koli ta Virginia. Jami'ar ta kare karar, kuma kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Cuccinelli ba shi da ikon yin waɗannan buƙatun. Shawarwarin, wanda aka gani a matsayin goyon bayan 'yancin ilimi, Union of Concerned Scientists ta yi maraba da shi.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010, Mann ya rubuta wani labari a cikin The Washington Post inda ya bayyana hare-hare da yawa da suka gabata, yanzu da kuma tsarawa kan kimiyyar yanayi da masana kimiyya ta 'yan siyasa, yana nuna alaƙa tsakanin su da "kimiyyar kimiyya da ta yi tambaya game da alaƙar sigari da ciwon huhu, da kuma ikirarin ƙarya da ke tambayar kimiyya na acid da rami a cikin layin ozone. "Da yake cewa ba su da kyakkyawan tambaya game da binciken kimiyya ba [amma] adawa da kimiyya", ya yi kira ga dukkan 'yan uwansa masana kimiyya su tsayawa da hare-haren.

Mann ya kasance mai goyon bayan dan takarar Democrat Terry McAuliffe na nasarar yakin neman zabe na 2013 don gwamna na Virginia; a wannan zaben, Cuccinelli ya kasance dan takarar Republican. A kan hanyar kamfen ɗin, Mann ya inganta rawar da bincike na kimiyya da fasaha ke takawa wajen kirkirar aiki [38] kuma ya nuna farashin shari'ar Binciken Bincike na Cuccinelli, da kuma barazanar da ya gabatar wa al'ummar kimiyya.

Shari'ar cin zarafi

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Shari'a a kan Tim Ball, Cibiyar Yankin da mai tambayoyin

A cikin shekara ta 2011, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Tsaro don Manufofin Jama'a ta yi hira da Tim Ball kuma ta buga zarginsa game da Mann da rikice-Rikicin imel na CRU. Mann nan da nan ya kai karar cin zarafi [39] a kan Ball, Cibiyar Yankin da mai tambayoyinta. [40] A watan Yunin 2019, Cibiyar Yankin ta nemi gafara don bugawa, a shafin yanar gizon ta da kuma cikin wasiƙu, "ƙididdigar da ba gaskiya ba ne da kuma rashin mutunci wanda ya kalubalanci halin Dr. Mann". Ya ce Mann ya "karɓi gafara da janyewarmu".[41] Wannan bai daidaita da'awar Mann game da Ball ba, wanda ya kasance wanda ake tuhuma.[42] A ranar 21 ga Maris, 2019, Ball ya nemi kotu ta soke matakin saboda jinkiri; an ba da wannan buƙatar a sauraron a ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2019, kuma an ba da kuɗin kotu ga Ball. Ba a yi hukunci da ainihin ikirarin cin mutunci ba, amma a maimakon haka, an watsar da karar saboda jinkiri, wanda aka dauki Mann da ƙungiyar lauyoyinsa da alhakin.[43]

Shari'a a kan National Review, CEI, Mark Steyn da Rand Simberg

Yayin da hare-hare kan aikin da kuma suna na masu ilimin yanayi suka ci gaba, Mann ya tattauna da abokan aiki game da bukatar amsa mai karfi lokacin da aka ɓata musu suna ko kuma aka lalata su. A watan Yulin 2012, [1] Mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo na Cibiyar Kasuwanci (CEI) Rand Simberg ya zargi Mann da "yaudara" da "shiga cikin magudi na bayanai" kuma ya yi zargin cewa binciken Penn State wanda ya wanke Mann "rufewa ne da fararen fata" wanda ya kwatanta da abin kunya na jima'i na Jerry Sandusky na baya-bayan nan, "sai dai maimakon cin zarafin yara, ya lalata da azabtar da bayanai". Editan shafin yanar gizon CEI ya cire jumlar a matsayin "maras kyau", amma wani shafin yanar gizon National Review na Mark Steyn ya ambaci shi kuma ya yi zargin cewa hoton sandar hockey na Mann "yaudara ne".

Mann ya nemi CEI da National Review da su cire zarge-zargen kuma su nemi gafara, ko kuma zai dauki mataki. CEI ta wallafa karin zagi, kuma editan National Review Rich Lowry ya amsa a cikin wata kasida mai taken "Get Lost" tare da sanarwar cewa, idan Mann ya kai karar, za a yi amfani da tsarin binciken don bayyanawa da buga imel ɗin Mann. Lauyan Mann ya shigar da karar cin zarafin tare da Kotun Koli ta DC a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012.[44][45] Wadanda ake tuhuma sun kasance 'Binciken Kasa', Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Kasuwanci, Mark Steyn da Rand Simberg . [46][45]

Kafin shari'ar ta iya zuwa ga ganowa, CEI da National Review sun gabatar da karar kotu don soke shi a karkashin dokar adawa da SLAPP, tare da da'awar cewa kawai suna amfani da karin magana wanda ya dace da wani mutum na jama'a. A watan Yulin 2013, alƙalin ya yanke hukunci a kan wannan ƙuduri, [47] [48] kuma lokacin da waɗanda ake tuhuma suka ɗauki wannan don daukaka kara wani sabon alƙali ya kuma musanta ƙudurin su na korar, a watan Janairun 2014. National Review ya canza lauyoyinsa, kuma Steyn ya yanke shawarar wakiltar kansa a kotu.[49] Jarida Seth Shulman, a Union of Concerned Scientists, ya yi maraba da sanarwar alƙalin cewa zarge-zargen zamba "sun tafi zuciyar amincin kimiyya. Ana iya tabbatar da gaskiya ko ƙarya. Idan ƙarya, suna da ɓata suna. Idan an yi su da ainihin mugunta, suna da aiki. "[50]

Wadanda ake tuhuma sun sake daukaka kara kan hukuncin. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, Kwamitin 'Yan Jarida don' Yancin Labarai tare da wasu kungiyoyi 26 sun gabatar da taƙaitaccen amicus a Kotun daukaka kara ta DC, suna jayayya cewa an kare maganganun da ke cikin batun ta hanyar tsarin mulki a karkashin Kwaskwarimar Farko a matsayin ra'ayi.[51][52] Steyn ya zaɓi lauya Daniel J. Kornstein ya wakilce shi.[53] A ranar 22 ga watan Disamba, 2016, kotun daukaka kara ta DC ta yanke hukuncin cewa shari'ar Mann a kan Simberg da Steyn na iya ci gaba. "Juri mai ma'ana" zai iya samun mafaka a kan wadanda ake tuhuma, kuma kodayake ya kamata a yi la'akari da mahallin, "idan maganganun sun tabbatar ko sun nuna gaskiyar ƙarya da ta ɓata sunan mutum, ba su sami mafaka a ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarimar Farko kawai saboda an saka su cikin muhawara mai girma". [54][55] Wani korafin da Steyn ya gabatar ta hanyar lauyoyinsa a ranar 17 ga Maris, 2014, kotun DC ta kore shi da nuna bambanci a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 2019, inda ya bar Steyn ya biya kudin shari'a.[56]

Wadanda ake tuhuma sun shigar da takardar shaidar tare da Kotun Koli ta Amurka da fatan za ta ji karar da suka yi. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, ta musanta karar ba tare da yin tsokaci ba. A cikin ra'ayi mai banbanci, mai shari'a Samuel Alito ya amince da sauraron karar bisa la'akari da cewa, duk da cewa wadanda ake tuhuma na iya cin nasara a cikin shari'ar, ko kuma sakamakon da kansa ya zo gaban Kotun don sake dubawa, kudin yin shari'ar a wannan lokacin na iya hana masu magana.

A ranar 19 ga Maris, 2021, Kotun Koli ta DC ta yanke hukuncin cewa "ba za a iya danganta ainihin mugunta ta Steyn ba" ga National Review, lokacin da ba su sake duba sakon ba kafin bugawa kuma wani wanda ba ma'aikacin su ba ne ya buga shi. Saboda haka ya ba da hukuncin taƙaitaccen bita na kasa wanda ya watsar da karar Mann a kan masu bugawa.

Shari'ar da aka shigar a kan marubutan Mark Steyn da Rand Simberg, wanda aka gabatar a shekarar 2012, ya tafi shari'a a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2024. [57] A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2024 an ba Michael Mann kyautar lalacewar $ 1000 a kan Simberg da $ 1 miliyan a kan Steyn, da kuma lalacewar biyan kuɗi na $ 1 kowannensu. Mann ya yi sharhi "Ina fatan wannan hukunci ya aika da saƙo cewa kai farmaki kan masana kimiyya na yanayi ba magana ce mai kariya ba". Hukuncin dala miliyan 1 a kan Steyn daga baya an rage shi zuwa $ 5000 saboda "Dr Mann bai gabatar da wata hujja mai gamsarwa da ke nuna cewa ya ji rauni ga kasuwancinsa sakamakon labarin Mista Steyn ba. " A cikin 2025 kotun ta umarci Michael Mann ya biya National Review sama da rabin dala miliyan a cikin kudaden lauya da farashin.[58] Alkalin da ke jagorantar alƙali Alfred S. Irving ya bayyana karar Mann a matsayin 'marar cancanta' kuma ya soki halin da ƙungiyar lauyoyin Mann ke yi, yana mai ambaton "rashin halayyar shari'ar mummunar bangaskiya".[59] 

Kyaututtuka da girmamawa

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An ba da rubutun Mann lambar yabo ta Phillip M. Orville a shekarar 1997 a matsayin "mafi kyawun rubutun a kimiyyar duniya" a Jami'ar Yale. Abokin hulɗarsa na takarda ta kimiyya da Nature ta buga ya ba shi lambar yabo daga Cibiyar Bayanan Kimiyya (ISI) a shekara ta 2002, kuma wani takarda da aka buga a wannan shekarar ya lashe lambar yabo ta musamman ta kimiyya ta National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. A shekara ta 2002 ne Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Amurka ta sanya masa suna a matsayin daya daga cikin hamsin "masu hangen nesa a kimiyya da fasaha". Ƙungiyar Masu Bayar da Yanayi ta Amirka ta ba shi lambar yabo ta John Russell Mather Paper of the Year a shekara ta 2005 don takarda da aka buga a cikin Jaridar Yanayi . Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Editocin ta Citation for Excellence in Refereeing a cikin 2006 don sanin gudummawar da ya bayar wajen sake nazarin rubuce-rubuce don mujallar Geophysiical Research Letters . [60]

IPCC ta gabatar da Mann, tare da duk sauran "masana kimiyya da suka ba da gudummawa sosai ga shirye-shiryen rahotanni na IPCC", tare da takardar shaidar da aka tsara "don ba da guddina ga Kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 2007 ga IPCC", suna murna da kyautar hadin gwiwa ta kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya ta 2007 gaIPCC da Al Gore.

A shekara ta 2012, an zabe shi Fellow na Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Hans Oeschger na Ƙungiyar Yanayin Yanayin Turai don "babban gudummawarsa don fahimtar canjin yanayi na shekaru goma da suka gabata da kuma dabarun farko don hada alamu da jerin lokutan arewacin yanayin da ya gabata ta amfani da sake fasalin bayanan wakilai. " [2][60]

Bayan zaben da American Meteorological Society ya yi ya zama sabon Fellow na al'umma a shekarar 2013. [61] A watan Janairun 2013 an sanya shi tare da matsayin fitaccen farfesa a Kwalejin Duniya da Kimiyya ta Jihar Penn. [62]

A watan Satumbar 2013, Bloomberg Markets ta sanya sunan Mann a cikin jerin shekara-shekara na uku na "50 Mafi tasiri", wanda aka haɗa a cikin ƙungiyar "masu tunani" tare da ambaton aikinsa tare da wasu masana kimiyya a kan jadawalin hockey, amsoshinsa a shafin yanar gizon RealClimate "ga Masu musanta canjin yanayi", da kuma littattafansa.[63] Daga baya a wannan watan, ya sami lambar yabo ta National Wildlife Federation's National Conservation Achievement Award for Science.[64][65]

A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 2014, Cibiyar Ilimi ta Kimiyya ta Kasa ta ba da sanarwar cewa an gabatar da kyautar abokiyar duniya ta farko ta shekara-shekara ga Mann da Richard Alley . [66] A cikin wannan shekarar, an sanya sunan Mann a matsayin Babban Mai Bincike ta Cibiyar Bayanan Kimiyya (ISI). A shekara ta 2015 an zabe shi Fellow na Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya, kuma a shekara ta 2016 an zabe shi Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Topical a kan Physics of Climate (GPC) a Ƙungiyar Physical ta Amurka (APS). [60]

A ranar 19 ga Yuni, 2017, Climate One a Commonwealth Club na California ya ce za a girmama shi da lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara ta 7 ta Stephen H. Schneider don Sadarwar Kimiyya ta Musamman.[67]

Ya sami lambar yabo ta James H. Shea daga Ƙungiyar Malaman Geoscience ta Kasa don "kyauta mai ban sha'awa a rubuce-rubuce ko gyara kayan kimiyyar Duniya ga jama'a ko malamai na kimiyyar duniya".[68]

A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2018, Cibiyar Bincike ta ba da sanarwar cewa an zabi Mann a matsayin Fellow na 2017 na Kwamitin Bincike na Skeptical.[3]

A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2018, Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya ta ba da sanarwar cewa an zaɓi Mann don karɓar kyautar 2018 Public Engagement with Science. [69]

A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2018, Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka ta sanar da Mann a matsayin mai karɓar Kyautar Sadarwar Yanayi ta 2018.[70]

A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2019, an ambaci Mann da Warren Washington don karɓar kyautar Tyler ta 2019 don Nasarar Muhalli. [71]

A watan Afrilu na 2020, an zabe shi memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa. Tare da Antonella Santuccione Chadha, ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta Ci gaba ta Duniya daga Gidauniyar Ci gaba ta MDPI . [72]

A cikin 2022, American Physical Society ta amince da Mann tare da lambar yabo ta Leo Szilard Lectureship "don gudummawa ta musamman ga fahimtar jama'a game da rikice-rikicen kimiyyar yanayi, da kuma yadda ayyukanmu da na hadin gwiwa zasu iya rage canjin yanayi". [73]

A cikin 2023 Ƙungiyar Humanist ta Amirka ta ba Mann lambar yabo ta Humanist of the Year ta 2023.[74]

A cikin 2024, Royal Society ta Burtaniya ta sanya sunan Mann a matsayin memba na kasashen waje.[75]

Bayyanawa ga jama'a

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CSICon 2016

Mann, tare da Gavin Schmidt, Stefan Rahmstorf, da sauransu, sun kafa shafin yanar gizon RealClimate, wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2004. Manufar shafin yanar gizon ita ce samar da shafin don sharhi ta hanyar masana kimiyya na yanayi, "don jama'a da 'yan jarida masu sha'awar".

Bayan hare-hare akai-akai a kan aikinsa da abokan aikinsa na ilimi kuma "zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna kai musu hari, suna barazanar tashin hankali, da sauransu", Mann ya yanke shawarar "shiga cikin rikici" kuma "yi magana game da ainihin tasirin bincikenmu". Mann ya shiga cikin jama'a ta hanyar fim, talabijin, rediyo, manema labarai, da tattaunawa. The Patriot-News ya ruwaito a cikin 2014, "Farfesa yana aiki da asusun Twitter da Facebook. A cikin makonni da yawa, zai shiga cikin zaman "Ask Me Anything" a kan Reddit. A gare shi, game da yin hulɗa da al'umma ne".[76]

Mann yana aiki a cikin kwamitin ba da shawara na The Climate Mobilization, ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwari ta Amurka da ke kira ga tattara tattalin arzikin ƙasa game da canjin yanayi a kan sikelin gaba na gida a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, tare da burin 100% mai tsabta da fitar da iskar gas mai tsabta a shekara ta 2025.[77] Mann sau da yawa ya yi kira ga tattara yanayin yanayi na WWII a matsayin hanyar rage saurin hayaki mai guba.[78] A watan Yunin 2015, Mann ya soki burin kasashe na G7 na cikakken decarbonization ta hanyar 2100 kamar yadda ba shi da ma'ana sosai idan aka yi la'akari da cewa ana buƙatar rage hayakin gas a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, a gaba da tsarin G7. "A ganina, kimiyya ta bayyana a fili cewa 2050 ko 2100 suna da nisa sosai a kan hanya, "ya gaya wa Climate Central. Za mu buƙaci iyakar kusan lokaci idan za mu guji haɗarin dumama duniya. "[79]

Tun daga shekara ta 2013, an jera Mann a cikin Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Cibiyar Ilimi ta Kimiyya ta Kasa.[80]

A watan Yulin 2018, Mann ya yi sharhi game da abubuwan da suka faru a baya-bayan nan a duk faɗin Turai, daga Arctic Circle zuwa Girka, kuma a wancan gefen duniya, daga Arewacin Amurka zuwa Japan. Ya ce, "Wannan shine fuskar canjin yanayi", "A zahiri ba za mu ga waɗannan matsanancin ba idan babu canjin yanayi". "Sakamako na canjin yanayi ba su da mahimmanci", "Muna ganin suna wasa a ainihin lokacin kuma abin da ke faruwa a wannan lokacin rani cikakkiyar misali ce ta hakan". "Muna ganin tsinkayenmu sun zama gaskiya", "A matsayin masanin kimiyya wanda ke tabbatarwa, amma a matsayin ɗan ƙasa na duniyar Duniya, yana da matukar damuwa a ga hakan kamar yadda yake nufin ba mu dauki matakin da ya dace ba".

Littattafai

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Mann ya kasance mai shirya kwamiti na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa 'Frontiers of Science' kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin ko mai ba da shawara ga sauran bangarorin Kwalejin Kwalejin Nazarin Kimiyya ta kasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin edita na Journal of Climate kuma ya kasance memba na bangarorin ba da shawara na kimiyya na kasa da kasa da Amurka da kungiyoyin jagora. A shekara ta 2010 shi ne babban marubuci ko co- marubucin littattafai na kimiyya sama da 90, mafi yawansu sun bayyana a cikin manyan mujallu na kimiyya da aka sake dubawa: [30] tun daga shekara ta 2016, zane-zanensa ya bayyana cewa shi marubucin littattafan da aka sake duba da kuma gyarawa. [81] Tsakanin 1999 da 2010 ya yi aiki a matsayin babban ko babban mai bincike a kan ayyukan bincike guda biyar da Hukumar Kula da Yanayi da Yanayi ta Kasa (NOAA) ta tallafawa da kuma wasu hudu da Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa (NSF) ta tallafa. Ya kuma kasance mai bincike a kan wasu ayyukan da NOAA, NSF, Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka, da Ofishin Binciken Sojan Ruwa suka tallafawa.[30].

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "A Conversation With Michael E. Mann". earth.stanford.edu. Stanford University. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
  2. 1 2 "EGU – Awards & Medals – Hans Oeschger Medal – Michael Mann". egu.eu. European Geosciences Union. 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  3. 1 2 "Center for Inquiry News: Cause & Effect: The CFI Newsletter – No. 99". www.centerforinquiry.net (in Turanci). Archived from the original on February 8, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  4. ↑ MichaelEMann (2018-02-13). "MichaelEMann on Twitter". twitter.com. Retrieved 9 April 2024. As someone of Jewish ancestry, I'm truly horrified that anyone could be so cynical and insensitive
  5. ↑ Mann 2012
  6. ↑ Mann 2012

    Mann, M.E.; Park, J. (1994). "Global scale modes of surface temperature variability on interannual to century time scales" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 99 (D12): 25819–25833. Bibcode:1994JGR....9925819M. doi:10.1029/94JD02396. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2025-07-24.

    Schlesinger, M. E.; Ramankutty, N. (1994). "An oscillation in the global climate system of period 65–70 years". Nature. 367 (6465): 723–726. Bibcode:1994Natur.367..723S. doi:10.1038/367723a0. S2CID 4351411.
  7. ↑ Mann 2012

    Mann, Michael E.; Park, Jeffrey; Bradley, R. S. (1995). "Global interdecadal and century-scale climate oscillations during the past five centuries". Nature. 378 (6554): 266–270. Bibcode:1995Natur.378..266M. doi:10.1038/378266a0. S2CID 30872107.
  8. ↑ Mann 2012
  9. ↑ Mann 2012
  10. ↑ Mann 2012
  11. ↑ Mann 2012
  12. ↑ Mann, M. E.; Bradley, R. S.; Hughes, M. K. (1998). "Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries". Nature. 392 (6678): 779–787. Bibcode:1998Natur.392..779M. doi:10.1038/33859. S2CID 129871008.
  13. ↑ Mann 2012
  14. ↑ Jones, P. D.; Briffa, K. R.; Barnett, T. P.; Tett, S. F. B. (1998). "High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium: interpretation, integration and comparison with General Circulation Model control-run temperatures". The Holocene. 8 (4): 455–471. Bibcode:1998Holoc...8..455J. doi:10.1191/095968398667194956. S2CID 2227769.
  15. ↑ Mann 2012
  16. ↑ Mann, M. E.; Bradley, R. S.; Hughes, M. K. (1999). "Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations". Geophysical Research Letters. 26 (6): 759–762. Bibcode:1999GeoRL..26..759M. doi:10.1029/1999GL900070.
  17. ↑ "News Releases : 1998 Was Warmest Year of Millennium, UMass Amherst Climate Researchers Report". www.umass.edu. UMass Amherst Office of News & Information. March 3, 1999. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Monastersky".
  19. ↑ Mann 2012
  20. ↑ Mann, Bradley & Hughes 2000
  21. ↑ Mann 2012
  22. ↑ Mann, Michael E. "Research Findings". www.meteo.psu.edu. Penn State University. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  23. ↑ Johnson, Scott K. (February 4, 2013). "Tree ring history spurs actual climate science debate". Ars Technica. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
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  39. ↑ Greer, Darryl (March 28, 2011). "Prof Claims Climate-Denier Defamed Him". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
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  46. ↑ McGurn, William (September 23, 2019). "Opinion | A Climate Change for Lawsuits". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
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  55. ↑ "District of Columbia Court of Appeals: No. 14-CV-101 Competitive Enterprise Institute and Rand Simburg v. Michael E. Mann, No. 14-CV-126 National Review, Inc. v. Michael E. Mann" (PDF). dccourts.gov. District of Columbia Courts. December 22, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  56. ↑ "Decisions". williamslopatto.com. Williams Lopatto PLLC. August 29, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2019.[permanent dead link] – August 29th, 2019: Order Granting Motion to Dismiss the Counterclaims of Counter-Plaintiff Steyn[permanent dead link]
  57. ↑ DeSmog (2024-01-19). "After 12 Years, Climate Scientist's Lawsuit Against Alleged Defamers Begins Trial". DeSmog (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-01-20. The two conservative commentators accused of defamation mounted separate defenses, and both continued to disparage Mann during the first day of this long-anticipated trial... Back in 2022, Williams said Mann received about $3.5 million in funding a year. Today, that number is at $500,000, which Williams claimed is a direct result of Steyn and Simberg’s attacks on Mann and his personal and professional reputation.
  58. ↑ "Punitive Damages Award in Mann v. Steyn Reduced from $1M to $5K". Reason.com (in Turanci). 2025-03-04. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  59. ↑ "MSN". www.msn.com. Retrieved 2025-01-13.
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  74. ↑ "Annual Humanist Awardees". American Humanist. American Humanist Association. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  75. ↑ "Outstanding scientists elected as Fellows of the Royal Society". Retrieved 16 May 2024.
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