Michael Harmel

Michael Harmel
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	1915
ƙasa	Afirka ta kudu
Mutuwa	1974
Karatu
Harsuna	Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	ɗan jarida, dan jarida mai ra'ayin kansa, revolutionary (en) da anti-apartheid activist (en)
Sunan mahaifi	A. Lerumo

Michael Alan Harmel OLG (7 Fabrairu 1915 – 18 Yuni 1974) ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ne mai fafutukar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata, ɗan jarida kuma edita. Ya kasance mashawarcin siyasa kuma abokin Nelson Mandela. Harmel ya kasance memba na kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma babban malaminsa.

An girmama shi bayan mutuwa tare da odar Luthuli a cikin shekarar 2013.

Rayuwar farko

An haifi Harmel a Doornfontein a Johannesburg ga iyayen Yahudawa baƙi. Kakan mahaifinsa, Michael Harmel ya fito ne daga shtetl na Pikeliai a cikin Daular Rasha (Lithuania ta yau). Ya auri kakar Mika'ilu, Hannah Deborah (Dora), daga Leckava kuma tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya bakwai da ɗiya guda ɗaya. Ma'auratan sun yi hijira zuwa Ireland a farkon shekarun 1870. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya mata, mahaifiyar Michael, Molly Harmel, ita ma mahaifiyar ɗan uwan Michael, marubucin Irish, Michael Sayers.

Mahaifin Michael ɗan asalin Irish, Arthur Aaron Harmel ya horar da shi a matsayin mai harhaɗa magunguna a Dublin kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a 1910. A Bulawayo a Kudancin Rhodesia, ya auri Sarah Landau, ita ma daga yankin Yahudawan Irish kuma iyayen Yahudawa 'yan Poland suka haifa. Mahaifiyar Michael, Sarah, ta mutu sakamakon mura na Sipaniya yana ɗan shekara uku. Mahaifinsa da innarsa sun rene Michael a garin Vrede na Jihar Orange Free. Daga baya Michael ya koma Gabashin Landan tare da mahaifinsa. Michael ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Kwalejin Selborne a shekarar 1923. Iyalin suka koma Port Elizabeth kuma Michael ya fara zuwa makarantar sakandare ta Grey a shekarar 1924, yana karatun digiri a shekarar 1932. A wannan lokacin, Michael kuma yana da Bar Mitzvah a Ikilisiyar Ibrananci ta Port Elizabeth.

Ya yi rajista don BA a cikin adabin Ingilishi da tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Rhodes da ke Grahamstown. Ya rubuta waƙa da wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafen na The Rhodian, bugu biyu na shekara-shekara na ƙaddamarwa ta ɗaliban Rhodes. Har ila yau, ya kafa kuma ya shirya littafin na ɗan gajeren lokaci, The Adelphi, wanda aka yi wa lissafin kuɗi a matsayin "Bita na wata-wata na wallafe-wallafe, Harkokin Jama'a da Fasaha na Afirka ta Kudu".

Gwagwarmaya da aiki

A cikin shekarar 1938, Harmel ya koma aiki a jaridar Johannesburg, The Star, inda ya yi aiki a cikin hutun hunturu na shekarar da ta gabata.

Daga baya ya bar ƙasar, ya koma Landan na tsawon watanni goma sha biyar, inda ya shiga Jam’iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Burtaniya, kuma jaridarsu ta Daily Worker ta ɗauke shi aiki. A wannan lokacin, ya rungumi akidar Leninism.

Bayan ya koma Johannesburg, an zaɓe shi sakatare na kwamitin gunduma na jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1940. Ya kuma shiga kwamitin edita na Inkululeko, sashin sadarwa na jam’iyyar.

A cikin shekarar 1952, an dakatar da shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Suppression of Communism Act, 1950 wanda ya ƙi, wanda ya haifar da kama shi da kuma sabunta umarnin hanawa. A cikin wannan shekarar, Majalisar Wakilan Yahudawa ta Afirka ta Kudu ta nisanta kanta daga zargin da aka yi a cikin rahoton ‘yan sanda cewa hukumar ce ke rike da Jam’iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu. Rahoton 'yan sanda ya ambato Harmel a matsayin majiyarsa.

Daga nan sai ya shiga cikin kafa wata ƙungiya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta hannun hagu, ƙungiyar yaki da wariyar launin fata, Congress of Democrats na Afirka ta Kudu, wadda ta kafa wani bangare na Congress Alliance. A cikin wannan, ya kasance tare da Ruth First, Joe Slovo, da Bram Fischer, da sauransu. A cikin shekarar 1955 ya yi aiki na shekara ɗaya a matsayin shugaban makarantar sakandare ta Indiya ta Tsakiya a cikin Transvaal. Majalisar Transvaal Indian Congress ce ta kafa makarantar a matsayin martani ga rufewar da gwamnati ta yi na makarantar sakandaren Indiya ta Fordsburg. Sabuwar makarantar ta kasance majagaba don samun ma'aikatan koyarwa na launin fata da yawa.

A cikin 1959, ya ɗauki matsayin editan littafin, The African Communist. Ya ci gaba a cikin rawar har zuwa farkon 1970s. Bugu da kari, jaridar The Guardian ta Ingila ce ta buga shi a matsayin wakilinsa.

A cikin shekarar 1962, ya sake farfado da Adelphi, aikin wallafe-wallafe da kansa, Jean-Paul Sartre, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, John Pepper Clark, Christopher Okigbo, Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo da kuma shugaban kasa na gaba, Thabo Mbeki.

A cikin wannan shekarar ya sami odar haramtawa ta shekaru biyar. A shekarar da ta gabata ya shiga Babban Kwamandan Umkhonto we Sizwe, yana halartar tarurrukan ɓoye a gonar Lilliesleaf a Rivonia . An ba shi suna a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwajin Rivonia na 1963–64.

A lokacin bikin cika shekaru hamsin na SACP a 1971, an nemi ya rubuta tarihin jam'iyyar. Ya rubuta Shekaru hamsin na Fighting, ya buga shi a karkashin sunan alkalami, A. Lerumo.

A cikin 1972, ya sake komawa Prague a kan wani abu na biyu, a matsayin wakilin SACP na bugawa, World Marxist Review.

A cikin shekarar 2021, Jacana a Afirka ta Kudu ne ya buga littafinsa na almara na kimiyya, The White People, bayan mutuwa. Harmel ya rubuta littafin a cikin 1959, yana nazarin yanayin duniya a cikin yakin cacar baki.

Rayuwa ta sirri

A ƙarshen 1930s, yayin da yake zaune a London, an ba da rahoton cewa yana da ɗan gajeren dangantaka da marubucin Afirka ta Kudu, Noni Jabavu.

Harmel ya auri Ray Harmel (née Adler) a cikin 1940, wani ɗan gwagwarmayar Afirka ta Kudu, wanda yake da ɗiya, Barbara. Ma'auratan sun rabu a tsakiyar shekarun 1960, yayin da suke gudun hijira a Landan. Iyalin sun zauna a Yeoville kafin su gina gidan iyali a cikin 1954 a cikin Lambuna, wani yanki na Johannesburg. Wannan gida ya zama wurin maraba da mafaka ga manyan 'yan siyasa da 'yan sandan Afirka ta Kudu ke bi, irin su Nelson Mandela, Winnie Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Ahmed Kathrada, Bram Fischer da Sheila Weinberg da danginta. Alamar shuɗi yanzu tana ƙawata tsohon gidansu, yana tunawa da gadon Ray da Michael Harmel.

Harmel da Ray sun kasance abokai tare da Nelson Mandela da matarsa, Winnie. An dauki hotuna masu kayatarwa na ma'auratan a cikin kayan aurensu a gidan Harmel da ke Johannesburg.

Harmel daga baya ya shiga dangantaka da wata 'yar Irish, Kathleen O'Callaghan.

Harmel ya mutu sakamakon zubar jini na kwakwalwa a Prague a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni 1974. An kona shi kuma an ajiye tokarsa a makabartar Břevnov a Prague. An warwatse tokarsa a cikin farin ciki a Liboc-Vokovice a cikin shekarar 2005.

Alamar shuɗi ta ƙawata tsohon gidan Michael da Ray a cikin The Gardens, wani yanki na Johannesburg. Yana girmama ayyukan zamantakewa da siyasa a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata.