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Microplastics

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Microplastics
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Testy parametrických hypotéz: určeno pro posl. fak. matematicko-fyz. (mul) Fassara, plastic (en) Fassara da Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli
Yana haddasa Gurbacewar Robobi, Haɗuwa da kwayoyin halitta da water pollution (en) Fassara
Mai ganowa ko mai ƙirƙira Richard C. Thompson (en) Fassara
Product or material produced (en) Fassara spunbond (en) Fassara
Described at URL (mul) Fassara response.restoration.noaa.gov…
Has contributing factor (en) Fassara Kwalliya, tufafi, food packaging (en) Fassara, construction (en) Fassara da renovation (en) Fassara

Microplastics sune "ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙira ko matrix na polymer, tare da siffar yau da kullun ko mara kyau kuma tare da girman daga 1 μm zuwa 5 mm, na ko dai asalin masana'antu na farko ko na biyu, waɗanda ba za a iya warware su a cikin ruwa ba".[1]

Microplastics suna haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi ta hanyar shiga yanayin halitta daga tushe daban-daban, gami da kayan shafawa, tufafi, gini, gyare-gyare, kayan kwalliya, da hanyoyin masana'antu.

Ana amfani da kalmar microplastics don rarrabewa daga mafi girma, Sharar filastik ba microscopic ba. A halin yanzu an gane rarrabuwa biyu na microplastics. Microplastics na farko sun haɗa da duk wani sashi na filastik ko barbashi wanda ya riga ya zama 5.0 mm a girman ko ƙasa kafin shiga cikin muhalli. Wadannan sun hada da microfibers daga tufafi, microbeads, glitter na filastik [2] da pellets na filastic (wanda aka fi sani da nurdles). [3] [4] Microplastics na biyu ya taso ne daga lalacewa (rugujewa) na manyan kayayyakin filastik ta hanyar hanyoyin yanayi na halitta bayan shiga cikin muhalli. Irin waɗannan tushen microplastics na biyu sun haɗa da kwalabe na ruwa da soda, tarun kamun kifi, jaka na filastik, kwantena na microwave, jaka na shayi da lalacewar taya. .[5][6][7][8]

Dukkanin nau'ikan biyu an gane su da ci gaba a cikin muhalli a manyan matakan, musamman a cikin yanayin ruwa da na ruwa, inda suke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa.[9]

Kimanin kashi 35% na dukkan microplastics na teku sun fito ne daga masana'antu / tufafi, da farko saboda lalacewar polyester, acrylic, ko tufafin nailan, sau da yawa yayin aikin wankewa. Microplastics kuma suna tarawa a cikin iska da yanayin ƙasa. An gano microplastics na iska a cikin yanayi, da kuma cikin gida da waje.

Because plastics degrade slowly (often over hundreds to thousands of years),[10] microplastics have a high probability of ingestion, incorporation into, and accumulation in the bodies and tissues of many organisms. The toxic chemicals that come from both the ocean and runoff can also biomagnify up the food chain. In terrestrial ecosystems, microplastics have been demonstrated to reduce the viability of soil ecosystems.[11] As of 2023, the cycle and movement of microplastics in the environment was not fully known. Microplastics in surface sample ocean surveys might have been underestimated as deep layer ocean sediment surveys in China found that plastics are present in deposition layers far older than the invention of plastics.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">citation needed</span>]

Microplastics na iya lalacewa zuwa ƙananan nanoplastics ta hanyar hanyoyin sinadarai, rushewar inji, har ma da hanyoyin narkewar dabbobi. Nanoplastics wani sashi ne na microplastics kuma sun fi karami fiye da 1 μm (1 micrometer ko 1000 nm). Nanoplastics ba za a iya gani da ido na mutum ba. 

Rarraba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Samfurori na microstic.
Fiber na Microplastic da aka gano a cikin yanayin ruwa.
Hoton fatar filastik mai laushi kusa da hanyar tafiya a cikin kusan 2,000 guda na 1 zuwa 25 mm bayan watanni uku na waje.

Kalmar "microplastics" an gabatar da ita ne a shekara ta 2004 ta hanyar Farfesa Richard Thompson, masanin ilimin halittu na ruwa a Jami'ar Plymouth a Ingila.[12][13][14][1]

Microplastics sun zama ruwan dare a duniyarmu a yau. A cikin shekara ta 2014, an kiyasta cewa akwai tsakanin tiriliyan 15 zuwa 51 na microplastic a cikin tekun duniya, wanda aka kiyasta ya auna tsakanin 93,000 da 236,000 tan. [15] A karkashin tasirin hasken rana, iska, raƙuman ruwa da sauran dalilai, filastik ya lalace zuwa ƙananan raguwa da aka sani da microplastics, ko ma nanoplastics.

Microplastics na farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Microspherules na polyethylene a cikin maganin hakora.
a) Filin kwallon kafa na wucin gadi tare da roba na ƙasa (GTR) da aka yi amfani da shi don cushioning. b) Microplastics daga wannan filin, wanda ruwan sama ya wanke, wanda aka samo a cikin yanayi kusa da rafi.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 Boctor, Joseph (2025). "Microplastics and nanoplastics: fate, transport, and governance from agricultural soil to food webs and humans". Environmental Science Europe. 37 (1). Bibcode:2025ESEur..37...68B. doi:10.1186/s12302-025-01104-x. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Microplastics: Finding a consensus" defined multiple times with different content.
  2. ↑ Green, Dannielle Senga; Jefferson, Megan; Boots, Bas; Stone, Leon (January 2021). "All that glitters is litter? Ecological impacts of conventional versus biodegradable glitter in a freshwater habitat". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 402. Bibcode:2021JHzM..40224070G. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124070. PMID 33254837.
  3. ↑ Cole, M; Lindeque, P; Fileman, E; Halsband, C; Goodhead, R; Moger, J; Galloway, TS (2013). "Microplastic Ingestion by Zooplankton" (PDF). Environmental Science & Technology. 47 (12): 6646–6655. Bibcode:2013EnST...47.6646C. doi:10.1021/es400663f. PMID 23692270. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  4. ↑ "Where Does Marine Litter Come From?". Marine Litter Facts. British Plastics Federation. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  5. ↑ Kovochich, M; Liong, M; Parker, JA; Oh, SC; Lee, JP; Xi, L; Kreider, ML; Unice, KM (February 2021). "Chemical mapping of tire and road wear particles for single particle analysis". Science of the Total Environment. 757. Bibcode:2021ScTEn.75744085K. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144085. PMID 33333431.
  6. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  7. ↑ Conkle, Jeremy L.; Báez Del Valle, Christian D.; Turner, Jeffrey W. (2018). "Are We Underestimating Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Environments?". Environmental Management. 61 (1): 1–8. Bibcode:2018EnMan..61....1C. doi:10.1007/s00267-017-0947-8. PMID 29043380.
  8. ↑ "Plastic free July: How to stop accidentally consuming plastic particles from packaging". Stuff (in Turanci). 11 July 2019. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  9. ↑ "Development solutions: Building a better ocean". European Investment Bank. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  10. ↑ Chamas, Ali; Moon, Hyunjin; Zheng, Jiajia; Qiu, Yang; Tabassum, Tarnuma; Jang, Jun Hee; Abu-Omar, Mahdi; Scott, Susannah L.; Suh, Sangwon (2020). "Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment". ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 8 (9): 3494–3511. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635.
  11. ↑ "Why food's plastic problem is bigger than we realise". www.bbc.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  12. ↑ Thompson, Andrea. "Earth Has a Hidden Plastic Problem – Scientists Are Hunting It Down". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  13. ↑ "To Save the Oceans, Should You Give Up Glitter?". National Geographic News. 30 November 2017. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  14. ↑ "Microplastic waste: This massive (tiny) threat to sea life is now in every ocean". The Independent. 13 July 2014. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  15. ↑ Ioakeimidis, C; Fotopoulou, KN; Karapanagioti, HK; Geraga, M; Zeri, C; Papathanassiou, E; Galgani, F; Papatheodorou, G (2016). "The degradation potential of PET bottles in the marine environment: An ATR-FTIR based approach". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 23501. Bibcode:2016NatSR...623501I. doi:10.1038/srep23501. PMC 4802224. PMID 27000994.
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