Milton Friedman
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Milton / ( / ˈfr iːd mən / ⓘ ; Yuli 31, 1912 - Nuwamba 16, 2006) masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma masanin kididdiga na Amurka wanda ya sami kyautar tunawa da Nobel ta 1976 a fannin Kimiyyar Tattalin Arziki saboda bincikensa kan nazarin amfani da kayayyaki, tarihin kuɗi da ka'ida da kuma sarkakiyar manufofin daidaita tattalin arziki . [1] Tare da George Stigler, Friedman yana cikin shugabannin ilimi na makarantar tattalin arziki ta Chicago, wata makarantar tunani ta tattalin arziki ta neoclassical da ke da alaƙa da malamai a Jami'ar Chicago waɗanda suka ƙi Keynesianism don fifita monetarism kafin su mayar da hankali kan sabbin tattalin arziki na gargajiya a tsakiyar shekarun 1970. [2] Ɗalibai da yawa, farfesoshi matasa da malamai waɗanda Friedman ya ɗauke su ko ya ba su jagoranci a Chicago sun ci gaba da zama manyan masana tattalin arziki, ciki har da Gary Becker, waɗanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel (1992), [3] [4] Robert Fogel (1993), [5] da Robert Lucas Jr. (1995). [6]
Kalubalen Friedman ga abin da ya kira "ka'idar Keynesian mara hankali" [7] ya fara ne da fassararsa game da amfani da kayayyaki, wanda ke bin diddigin yadda masu amfani ke kashe kuɗi. Ya gabatar da hasashen samun kuɗi na dindindin, wata ka'ida wadda daga baya za ta zama wani ɓangare na tattalin arziki na yau da kullun kuma yana cikin waɗanda suka fara yaɗa ka'idar daidaita amfani da kayayyaki . [1] A lokacin shekarun 1960, ya zama babban mai fafutukar adawa da manufofin gwamnatin Marxist da Keynesian da tattalin arziki, kuma ya bayyana hanyarsa (tare da tattalin arziki na yau da kullun) a matsayin amfani da "harshe da kayan aikin Keynesian" amma ya ƙi amincewa da sakamakon farko. Ya yi ka'idar cewa akwai ƙarancin rashin aikin yi na halitta kuma ya yi jayayya cewa rashin aikin yi a ƙasa da wannan ƙimar zai sa hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ta yi sauri. [lower-alpha 1] Ya yi jayayya cewa lanƙwasa ta Phillips tana nan a tsaye a "ƙimar yanayi" kuma ya annabta abin da za a sani da stagflation . Friedman ya haɓaka ra'ayin tattalin arziki na macro wanda aka sani da monetarism kuma ya yi jayayya cewa ƙaramar faɗaɗa samar da kuɗi ita ce manufar da aka fi so, idan aka kwatanta da canje-canje cikin sauri da ba a zata ba. Ra'ayoyinsa game da manufofin kuɗi, haraji, sayar da hannun jari, da soke dokoki sun rinjayi manufofin gwamnati, musamman a lokacin shekarun 1980. Ka'idarsa ta kuɗi ta rinjayi manufofin kuɗi na Tarayyar Tarayya don mayar da martani ga rikicin kuɗi na 2008.
Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Jami'ar Chicago a shekarar 1977, kuma ya zama farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a shekarar 1983, Friedman ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga shugaban jam'iyyar Republican na Amurka Ronald Reagan da kuma firaministar Birtaniya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Margaret Thatcher . Falsafar siyasarsa ta yabon kyawawan tsarin tattalin arziki na kasuwa mai 'yanci tare da karancin tsoma bakin gwamnati a harkokin zamantakewa. A cikin littafinsa na 1962 , Capitalism and Freedom, Friedman ya ba da shawarar manufofi kamar sojoji masu sa kai, musayar kuɗi mai 'yanci, soke lasisin likita, harajin samun kudin shiga mara kyau, takardun shaidar makaranta, da adawa da yaƙi da miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma goyon bayan manufofin 'yantar da miyagun ƙwayoyi . Goyon bayansa ga zaɓin makaranta ya sa ya kafa Gidauniyar Friedman don Zabin Ilimi, wadda daga baya aka sake mata suna EdChoice . [8]
Ayyukan Friedman sun shafi fannoni daban-daban na tattalin arziki da batutuwan manufofin jama'a. [1] Littattafansa da kasidunsa sun yi tasiri a duniya, ciki har da tsoffin ƙasashen gurguzu . [2] [3] [4] [5] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2011 kan masana tattalin arziki wanda EJW ta ba da umarni ya sanya Friedman a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki na biyu mafi shahara a ƙarni na 20, bayan John Maynard Keynes kawai. [6] Bayan mutuwarsa, The Economist ya bayyana shi a matsayin "masanin tattalin arziki mafi tasiri a rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 20 ... wataƙila daga cikin dukkansu
Rayuwar farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Friedman a Brooklyn, New York City, a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1912. Iyayensa, Sára Ethel (née Landau) da Jenő Saul Friedman, sun yi ƙaura daga Beregszász a Carpathian Ruthenia, Masarautar Hungary (yanzu Berehove a Ukraine). [9] Sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka a farkon shekarunsu. [9] Dukansu suna aiki a matsayin dillalan kayan busassun kaya . Milton shi ne ƙaramin cikin yara huɗu kuma ɗa tilo. [10] Jim kaɗan bayan haihuwarsa, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Rahway, New Jersey . Mahaifin Friedman ya mutu a lokacin shekarar ƙarshe ta makarantar sakandare ta Friedman, inda ya bar Friedman da manyan 'yan'uwa mata biyu su kula da mahaifiyarsu. [9]
A farkon shekarunsa na matasa, Friedman ya ji rauni a hatsarin mota, wanda ya yi masa tabon lebensa na sama. Friedman ɗalibi ne mai hazaka kuma mai son karatu, ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Rahway a shekarar 1928, kafin cikarsa shekara 16. [10] Shi ne na farko a cikin iyalinsa da ya halarci jami'a. An ba Friedman tallafin karatu mai kyau ga Jami'ar Rutgers kuma ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1932. [11]
Da farko Friedman ya yi niyyar zama masanin lissafi ko kuma masanin lissafi, duk da haka, yanayin tattalin arziki, wanda a wannan lokacin yake cikin mawuyacin hali, ya shawo kansa ya zama masanin tattalin arziki. [10] An ba shi guraben karo ilimi guda biyu don yin karatun digiri, ɗaya a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Brown ɗayan kuma a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Chicago . [12] Friedman ya zaɓi na biyu, inda ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin fasaha a 1933. Ya sami rinjaye sosai daga Jacob Viner, Frank Knight, da Henry Simons . Friedman ya haɗu da matarsa ta gaba, darakta Rose, masanin tattalin arziki, lokacin da yake Jami'ar Chicago. [13] Friedman shi ma ɗalibi ne na Friedrich Hayek . [14]
A lokacin shekarar karatu ta 1933-1934, ya yi karatun digiri a Jami'ar Columbia, inda ya yi karatun kididdiga tare da masanin kididdiga kuma masanin tattalin arziki Harold Hotelling . Ya dawo Chicago don shekarar karatu ta 1934-1935, yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin bincike ga Henry Schultz, wanda a lokacin yake aiki a kan Ka'idar da Ma'aunin Buƙata . [15]
MANAZARTA
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1976". Nobel Prize. 1976. Archived from the original on April 12, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ↑ "The Chicago School". Commanding Heights. PBS. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
- ↑ "Gary Becker Nobel Prize.org".
- ↑ "Our Legacy". Becker Friedman Institute. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
- ↑ "Robert W. Fogel – Facts - NobelPrize.org". NobelPrize.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on September 2, 2025. Retrieved 2025-11-18.
- ↑ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1995 - NobelPrize.org". NobelPrize.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on September 30, 2025. Retrieved 2025-11-18.
- ↑ "Milton Friedman". Commanding Heights. PBS. October 1, 2000. Archived from the original on September 8, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ↑ "Gary Becker Nobel Prize.org".
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1976". NobelPrize.org (in Turanci). Retrieved May 13, 2021.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Milton Friedman, Ph.D." Academy of Achievement (in Turanci). Retrieved May 13, 2021.
- ↑ Chicago Remembers Milton Friedman, Sanderson, Allen; 2012, University of Chicago, Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
- ↑ Harms, William (November 16, 2006). "Professor Emeritus Milton Friedman dies at 94". www-news.uchicago.edu. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
- ↑ "Nov. 8 conference to honor University of Chicago economist Milton Friedman on the occasion of his 90th birthday". www-news.uchicago.edu. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
- ↑ Solty, Ingar (May 8, 2024). "Friedrich August von Hayek Was an Enemy of Freedom". Jacobin. Jacobin.
He and his followers have always done this in the name of 'liberty.' This word runs throughout Hayek's work, which his student Milton Friedman called the 'battle for freedom.'
- ↑ "The Chicago School". Commanding Heights. PBS. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
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