Mina Kruseman

Mina Kruseman
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna	Wilhelmina Jacoba Paulina Rudolphina Kruseman
Haihuwa	Velp (en) , 25 Satumba 1839
ƙasa	Kingdom of the Netherlands (en)
Harshen uwa	Dutch (en)
Mutuwa	Faris, 2 ga Augusta, 1922
Karatu
Harsuna	Dutch (en)
Sana'a
Sana'a	marubuci, Mai kare hakkin mata da jarumi

Wilhelmina Jacoba Pauline Rudolphine "Mina" Kruseman (25 Satumba 1839 - 1922) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma marubuciya ta Dutch a ƙarni na 19 wacce ta saba kiran kanta Oristorio di Frama .

Matasa

An haifi Mina Kruseman a Velp, Gelderland a matsayin tsohuwar 'ya'ya mata 4 na Hendrik Georg Kruseman (1802 -1880) da Jennij Dorotheé Hermine Cornelie Cantzlaar (1810-1859).

HG Kruseman, wacce ta ci gaba da aiki a rundunar sojojin Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) a cikin Dutch East Indies, ta ɗauki iyalin tare da shi. Ta girma tare da 'yan'uwa mata uku a Samarang Dutch East Indies yana da ɗan tasiri a cikin rubuce-rubucenta na baya. Da alama Mina ta fuskanci waɗannan shekarun da jin 'yanci; a cikin tarihin rayuwarta Mijn leven ("Rayuwata") da aka buga a 1877, akwai alamu da yawa na cewa ta yi rayuwa mai daɗi a can. A 1854, iyalin sun koma Netherlands, inda Mina ta sami ƙin yarda da ƙasar da ke da sanyi, ƙaramar birni mai kunkuntar tunani da ƙuntatawa da ɗabi'a, al'ada da addini suka sanya. A ganinta, mata su ne ƙungiyar da ta fi shafar waɗannan ƙa'idodin zamantakewa.

Baya ga ƙasarsu, ta kuma shafe wani ɓangare na rayuwarta a Belgium, Faransa da Amurka.

Farkon aikina

Budaddiyar wasikar Kruseman zuwa Alexandre Dumas <i id="mwOQ">fils</i>

Mina Kruseman tana son yin wani abu na musamman a rayuwarta, amma da farko ta yi fama da neman manufa. A Brussels, inda take zaune, an karɓe ta a Kwalejin Conservatory don yin murya da piano, amma ta yi murabus bayan shekara guda. Bayan mutuwar 'yan'uwanta mata biyu, da kuma daina yin aure, ta yanke shawarar zama mai fasaha, tana yawo a duniya a matakai. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a matsayin mawaƙiya a Paris. Ganin cewa ba ta samu nasara sosai a Turai ba, ta yanke shawarar zuwa Amurka a 1871. Farkon ya yi wuya, amma a ƙarƙashin sunan Stella Oristorio di Frama, ta sami yabo mai zafi tare da yin wasanni da dama a kudancin Amurka. Karcilla Réna wata kalmar sirri ce da Kruseman ke amfani da ita. Saboda rashin tabbas game da makomarta, ta koma Brussels a lokacin bazara na 1872.

A birnin Paris a ƙarshen watan Yulin 1872, ta rubuta littafinta na farko: wata buɗaɗɗiyar wasiƙa don mayar da martani ga wani ƙasida mai ban tausayi ta Alexandre Dumas <i id="mwQQ">fils</i> : Lettre a M. Alexandre Dumas fils au sujet de son livre l'Homme-femme (Yuni 1872), inda Dumas ke mamakin ko ya kamata a kashe mata saboda zina ko a'a. A gaskiya ma, Dumas na iya ƙirƙiro kalmar "féministes" ("feminists") a cikin wannan littafin ta hanyar rubutawa: "Masu rajin kare hakkin mata, ku yafe min cewa ilimin neology, suna cewa: Duk cutar ta samo asali ne daga rashin son gane cewa mace daidai take da namiji, cewa dole ne a ba ta ilimi iri ɗaya da namiji." Ta hanyar martanin da ta mayar ga Dumas nan take, Kruseman za ta zama ta farko da ta rungumi wannan manufar mata. A shekarar 1883, Frederike van Uildriks ta yi amfani da laccocin Kruseman na 1872 da 'girman da ya nuna farkon ƙungiyar mata.' Ta riga ta rubuta littafinta na farko a Amurka, amma zai ɗauki ɗan lokaci kafin a buga shi.

Kruseman-Perk laccoci a Holland

Ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai fasaha a Holland. A lokacin bayyanarta ta farko a Hague a watan Nuwamba 1872, ta karanta wani babi daga littafinta na mata mai zuwa, Een huwelijk a cikin Indië ("Aure a cikin Dutch East Indies"). Daga Maris zuwa Mayu 1873, shahararta a sauran sassan Netherlands ta ƙaru yayin da ta yi rangadin tare da Betsy Perk, wata majagaba a fannin mata a Holland, tare da jerin laccoci. Matan biyu sun nemi a bai wa 'yan mata damar ilimi, kuma a bai wa mata marasa aure damar yin aiki da samun kuɗi da kansu. An tattauna wasannin Kruseman-Perk sosai a cikin manema labarai, kodayake galibi ba su da kyau, amma ya mayar da ma'auratan mutane zuwa jama'a cikin dare ɗaya. Saboda matsalolin lafiya, Perk ta janye daga idon jama'a bayan yawon shakatawa, yayin da Kruseman ta yi amfani da sabuwar shahararta don neman aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo. Sauran marubuta maza na Holland sun kuma yi wasanni, suna karantawa daga rubuce-rubucensu, zuwa tushen samun kuɗi mai mahimmanci. Kruseman tana son 'yancin kanta na tattalin arziki, babu wata dama ta yin wasan kwaikwayo kyauta na Mina Kruseman. Rubuce-rubucen da suka yi amfani da su: Zusters. Een schetsje uit onze dagen ("'Yan'uwa mata. Zane daga zamaninmu.") Kruseman ne ya rubuta musamman don wannan lokacin. Yana ba da labarin 'yan'uwa mata 5 kusan manya, ilimin 'yan mata da rayuwar mata daga baya: jiran miji, da kuma lokacin da ba a samar da aure ba, rayuwa a matsayin 'yar ƙarama. Bayyanar Kruseman mai ban sha'awa da fasahar wasan kwaikwayo da aka yaba sosai ta kasance abin da ya faru a farkon shekarun mata masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Holland. Bugu da ƙari, Kruseman ta nuna suka mai tsanani kan matakin sukar fasaha a Netherlands: an kori hazaka na gaske daga ƙasar: tare da Eduard Douwes Dekker, Multatuli a matsayin babban misali.

Kruseman da Multatuli

Dekker ya yi matuƙar farin ciki da wannan yabo. Ya rubuta wa mawallafinsa kuma abokinsa GLFunke: Ina so in gode mata kuma in kawo mata yabo na Wata wasiƙar Dekker - mai ƙarfafa gwiwa - ta isa Kruseman tare da taimakon Funke. Kruseman ta fara karanta littafin Max Havelaar na Multatuli, a lokacin da take Amurka. Ta sami "ƙarfi, ji da gaskiya". Wannan ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa lokacin da ta rubuta littafinta na farko. A ciki, ta bayyana yadda ake kula da 'yan mata da danniya, don sa su shirya don aure, da duk wasu ayyuka da suka biyo baya. Kruseman yana da abubuwa da yawa da suka yi kama da Dekker, tunaninsa game da ɗabi'u, addini, barkwancinsa, da kuma yaƙinsa ga marasa ƙarfi a cikin al'umma. Sukar da aka yi mata, cewa ta yi yawa a ƙarƙashin tasirin Dekker, ba ta damu da hakan ba kwata-kwata, kawai ta same shi babban yabo. A ranar da ta sami wasiƙar Dekker, nan take ta amsa masa: Babu wata wasiƙa, daga wani, da ta fi faranta min rai fiye da naka Bayan 'yan watanni, ta ziyarci Dekker a Wiesbaden Jamus, tare da ƙawarta mai ra'ayin mata Betsy Perk .

Mina Kruseman (1875)

Wannan shine farkon abota ta kud da kud tsakanin Eduard Douwes Dekker da Mina Kruseman. Kruseman tana son zama jaruma, don haka ta fara kamfen don kawo wasan kwaikwayo na Dekker Vorstenschool (School of Princes) cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. An buga wannan wasan kwaikwayo shekaru da suka gabata a 1872, a matsayin farkon IDEEN-IV . Duk da cewa wasan kwaikwayon ya jawo hankali sosai, babu wani kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo a Holland da ya yi ƙarfin halin fara shi da shi. A 1875 Kruseman ya sami damar sanya hannu kan kwangila da wani kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na farko a Rotterdam "De nieuwe Rotterdamsche Schouwburg". Kruseman ya taka rawar gani na wani lokaci a matsayin sarauniya Louise. Yawon shakatawa ya yi babban nasara. An san Multatuli kuma an yi masa murna a matsayin babban marubuci, an tambaye shi a kan dandamali kuma masu sauraro sun yaba masa. Har ma da hauhawar farashin tikiti bai hana mutane nisanta kansu ba. Duk da haka, zai kuma zama tushen ƙiyayya tsakanin Kruseman da Dekker a rayuwarsu ta gaba. Bayan wani lokaci Kruseman ta gano cewa wata 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, Nans Sandrock-ten Hagen, daga cikin ƙungiyar tana shirin ɗaukar nauyin rawar Louise. Duk da cewa da farko an musanta hakan, ba da daɗewa ba aka yi watsi da Kruseman. Kotun Rotterdam ta ƙi amincewa da ikirarinta na gulden 3000 a ranar 4 ga Mayu 1875. Sabuwar "Louise" ba ta da nasara sosai kuma yawon shakatawa ya ƙare.

wallafe-wallafen tarihin rayuwa

Kruseman ta fusata game da yadda Multatuli ta ware ta, yayin da take ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cewa kawai saboda ƙoƙarinta ne aka iya yin wasan kwaikwayon tun farko. Domin shawo kan ra'ayoyin jama'a game da ra'ayinta, ta buga dogayen kalamai daga wasiƙunta na sirri da Multatuli; waɗannan ba wai kawai sun nuna cewa ya yaba da baiwar aikinta ta farko ba, har ma sun nuna cewa yana da sha'awar Kruseman, wanda ta ƙi saboda tana sha'awar 'abota' kawai.

An yi la'akari da cewa buga wasiƙun sirri, musamman na mutane masu rai, ba shi da dacewa sosai a shekarun 1870; hakika, duk wani takardu na sirri yawanci ana buga su ne bayan mutuwarsu. Amma yanayin da ke canzawa na al'umma, wanda aka buga ra'ayoyin jama'a kuma aka yaɗu da sauri tare da sabbin ƙirƙira kamar injin buga littattafai na juyawa, ya tilasta wa mutane su ɗauki iko kan hotonsu don dawo da martabar da ta lalace. Bugu da ƙari, buga bayanan sirri, yawanci a cikin nau'in tarihin rayuwa, ya kuma fito a matsayin sabuwar hanyar samun kuɗi wadda ta zama abin karɓuwa tun bayan Iƙirarin Rousseau na 1780s. Kruseman da Perk duka sun buga tarihin rayuwarsu a shekarun 1870s, tun kafin su mutu, don dawo da martabar su, da kuma samun abin rayuwa a cikin wannan tsari. Duk da cewa wasu masu suka sun yi jayayya cewa bai dace a kare kai a bainar jama'a daga bata suna ba (wanda wasu ke ɗaukarsa a matsayin 'iƙirarin laifi'), kuma abokai da dangi da yawa na Kruseman da Perk sun roƙe su da su ci gaba da rubutawa ba tare da sun ɓoye su ba don hana ƙarin badakala, matan ba su da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka don samun abin rayuwa daidai saboda sunayensu sun lalace, don haka suka rubuta tarihin rayuwarsu don gyara kansu a lokaci guda kuma su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ƙoshin lafiya. Kruseman musamman ta jaddada haƙƙin mallaka a matsayinta na marubucin rubuce-rubucenta, da kuma karɓar kuɗin sarauta don duk wani sake bugawa na gaba, wanda wasu masu bugawa suka yi ƙoƙarin saka wa kansu.

Mina Kruseman ta buga tarihin rayuwarta mai jigo uku Mijn leven ("Rayuwata") a shekarar 1877, don rufe lokacinta a Holland. Multatuli... Ya dage koyaushe, cewa bai taɓa yaba mata ba, bai taɓa yarda da baiwar aikinta ba. Yanzu ya bayyana akasin haka. Ta bar bam ga duk maƙiyanta da aka rantse, amma ba ta jira masu suka ba kwata-kwata. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1877 ta yi bankwana da Holland kuma ta tafi Dutch East Indies har tsawon rayuwarta har zuwa mutuwarta a shekarar 1922 ba ta taɓa taɓa ƙasar Holland ba.

A cikin ɗaya daga cikin shafuka na ƙarshe na littafinta ta rubuta: Zan iya duba baya game da abin da ya gabata ba tare da tuba ba, ina farin ciki da abin da na ke bayarwa, makomar da zan haɗu da ita ba tare da ruɗani ba, amma kuma ba tare da tsoro ba. Me kuma kike so?

Mata masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a yankunan zafi

An sanar da jaridu a yankunan mulkin mallaka na Holland game da isowar Kruseman. A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1877 , Algemeen Dagblad van Nederlands Indie ta ambaci shirin Kruseman na zuwa ya zauna na tsawon shekaru 10. A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, ta isa tare da Yarima Amalia na Nederlandsche Stoombootmaatschappij a Batavia . A wannan lokacin kuma an sami kwafin littafinta Mijn leven . Ba da daɗewa ba aka buga sharhi na farko. Mutane da yawa suna zargin rashin hankali, rashin hangen nesa, da kuma yawan amincewa, amma yawanci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin da ya dace.

Shekarun ƙarshe

A shekara ta 1881, ta haɗu da marubuciya, mai ɗaukar hoto, kuma mawaƙiya Frits J. Hoffman, tsohuwar ɗalibi a Kruseman wacce take da shekaru 22 a duniya yayin da Mina Kruseman ke cikin shekarunta na arba'in. Girman gidan Kruseman ya ba su damar ɓoye dangantakarsu daga al'ummar yankin. Ma'auratan sun bar Dutch East Indies a shekara ta 1883, kuma a lokacin tafiyarsu zuwa Turai, an haifi 'yarsu. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 1883, Soerabaya Courant ta sanar da haihuwa da kuma "auren" Mina da Frits, kodayake babu wani rikodin aurensu da ya bayyana a cikin rajistar auren Singapore daga wannan lokacin. A cewar Kruseman, sun yi shekaru uku da rabi suna zaune a Naples, inda aka haifi 'ya ta biyu. Yaran biyu sun mutu suna ƙanana. Daga ƙarshe ma'auratan sun zauna a Boulogne-sur-Seine, wani yanki na birnin Paris wanda ya haɗu da Billancourt don zama Boulogne-Billancourt na yanzu. Sun tallafa wa kansu ta hanyar aikin Hoffman a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto da malamin goge. Bayan ya rasa aikinsa na daukar hoto, sun dogara ne da darussansa na kiɗa da kuma kuɗin annuity na Mina Kruseman. Bayan mutuwar Hoffman a shekarar 1918, lafiyar Kruseman ta tabarbare sosai. Ta fara rashin lafiya kuma ba kasafai take barin gidanta ba bayan shekarar 1920. Ta rasu a shekarar 1922 tana da shekaru 82.

Don rawar da ta taka a matsayin mata ta sami karramawa daga manyan gundumomi a cikin Netherlands, waɗanda suka ba da suna titi bayanta da suka haɗa da: Arnhem, Coevorden, Delft, Enschede, Hoorn, Leiden, Spijkenisse, Tiel, Venray, Venlo, Tilburg, Waalwijk, Zanen a tashar Denstand a cikin tashar Derenda a cikin tashar Derenda . hanya a Tilburg ko square a Dordrecht .

Ayyukan da aka buga

• Lettre a M. Alexandre Dumas fils au sujet de son livre l'Homme-femme ("Wasika zuwa ga Mr Alexandre Dumas fils kan batun littafinsa l'Homme-femme "): Paris, 1872
• Een huwelijk a cikin Indië ("Aure a cikin Gabashin Gabashin Dutch"): Hague, 1873
• De moderne Judith ("Judith na zamani"): Dordrecht, 1873
• Meester Kritiek ("Master of Criticism"): Middelburg, 1874
• Mijn leven ("My Life"): Dordrecht, 1873
• Willen en handelen ("Buri da Ayyuka"): Fellah Damstone, Dordrecht, 1879