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Miriam Makeba

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

Zenzile Miriam Makeba (/məˈkeɪbə/ mə-KAY-bə, [1] [2] Xhosa: [máˈkʼêːɓà̤] ⓘ; 4 Maris 1932 - 9 Nuwamba 2008), wanda ake yi wa lakabi da Mama Africa, mawaƙiyar Afirka ta Kudu ce, marubuci, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a. Haɗe da nau'ikan kiɗan da suka haɗa da Afroop, jazz, da kiɗan duniya, ta kasance mai ba da shawara kan wariyar launin fata da gwamnatin tsirarrun fararen fata a Afirka ta Kudu.

An haife ta a Johannesburg ga iyayen Swazi da Xhosa, Makeba an tilasta mata samun aikin yi tun tana karama bayan mutuwar mahaifinta. Ta yi wani ɗan gajeren aure da ake zargin an yi mata aure na farko tana da shekara 17, ta haifi ɗa tilo a shekarar 1950, kuma ta tsira daga cutar kansar nono. An san gwanintar muryarta tun tana ƙarama, kuma ta fara rera waƙa a cikin 1950s, tare da 'yan'uwan Cuban, Manhattan Brothers, da ƙungiyar mata duka, Skylarks, suna yin cakuda jazz, waƙoƙin gargajiya na Afirka.[3]

Shekarun farko

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Yarantaka da iyali

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An haifi Zenzile Miriam Makeba a ranar 4 ga Maris 1932 a cikin bakar fata na Prospect, kusa da Johannesburg, a matsayin ɗiya tilo ga mahaifinta kuma na shida ga mahaifiyarta. Mahaifinta Xhosa, Caswell Makeba, malami ne; ya rasu tana da shekara shida. Mahaifiyarta Swazi, Christina Makeba, ma'aikaciyar gida ce; a baya ta rabu da mijinta na farko kuma ta hadu kuma ta auri Caswell jim kadan bayan haka. Daga baya Makeba ta ce kafin a samu cikin ta, an gargade mahaifiyarta cewa duk wani ciki da zai yi a nan gaba zai iya mutuwa. Miriam ko mahaifiyarta da alama ba za su tsira ba bayan naƙuda da kuma haihuwa. Kakar Maryamu, wadda ta halarci haihuwar, sau da yawa takan furta uzenzile, kalmar Xhosa da ke nufin "ka kawo wannan a kanka", ga mahaifiyar Maryamu a lokacin da ta warke, wanda ya sa ta sanya wa 'yarta suna "Zenzile[4]

Kyaututtuka da karramawa

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Haɗin gwiwar 1965 na Makeba tare da Harry Belafonte sun sami lambar yabo ta Grammy, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama mawallafin rikodi na farko na Afirka da ta sami wannan lambar yabo.[5] ][6] An nada ta Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Mata na Afirka kuma an karrama ta da lambar yabo ta nasara a rayuwarta a lambar yabo ta Kora ta 1996.[[7] [8] A Kyautar Kiɗa na Afirka ta Kudu (SAMAs), ta sami lambobin yabo guda biyar: Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Mata da Mafi kyawun kundi na zamani na Afirka don kundin album ɗinta na 2000 Homeland a bikin na takwas a 2001, tare da lambobin yabo na mafi kyawun kundi na zamani da Best Jazz Vocal album don 2003 album ɗinta na 2003, kundi na Stockholm Livelo Reflections, da kuma mafi kyawun kundi na Sweden, Bern Livelo don kundinta na 2001. 1966, a buki na goma a 2004

Return to South Africa, final years and death

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Bayan karuwar matsin lamba daga yunkurin adawa da wariyar launin fata a cikin visa da na duniya, a cikin 1990 Shugaban Jihar Frederik Willem de Klerk ya sauya haramcin a kan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka da sauran kungiyoyin adawa da nuna wariyar launinariya, kuma ya sanar da cewa ba da daɗewa ba za a saki Mandela daga kurkuku.[9] An saki Mandela a watan Fabrairun 1990. Ya shawo kan Makeba ta yi ƙoƙari ta koma Afirka ta Kudu; ta sami biza ta kwana shida bayan watanni na ƙoƙari, kuma ta shiga Afirka ta Kudu ta amfani da fasfo na Faransa a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1990 .[10] Zuwan ta ya kasance babban taron, wanda ke nuna tarurruka, tambayoyi, da kuma waƙar Brenda Fassie.[10]

Makeba and Dizzy Gillespie on a stage
Makeba da Dizzy Gillespie a Calvados, Faransa, 1991

Makeba, Gillespie, Simone, da Masekela sun yi rikodin kuma sun fitar da kundin studio dinta, Eyes on Tomorrow, a cikin 1991. Ya haɗu da jazz, R & B, pop, da kiɗa na gargajiya na Afirka, kuma ya kasance abin bugawa a duk faɗin Afirka. Makeba da Gillespie daga nan suka zagaya duniya tare don inganta shi.[11] A watan Nuwamba ta yi baƙo a cikin wani sitcom na Amurka, The Cosby Show . [12] [13] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1992, ta yi kide-kide biyu a Johannesburg, ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu tun lokacin da ta yi gudun hijira a shekara ta 1960.[10] A cikin wannan shekarar ta fito a fim din Sarafina! wanda ya shafi daliban da ke da hannu a cikin tashin hankali na Soweto na 1976. Makeba ta nuna mahaifiyar mai taken, Angelina, rawar da The New York Times ta bayyana cewa an yi ta da "girma mai girma".

A Ƙasar 16 ga Oktoba 1999, an nada Makeba a matsayin Jakadan Goodwill na Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. [14] A watan Janairun 2000, an zabi kundin ta, Homeland, wanda lakabin rikodin Putumayo World Music na Birnin New York ya samar, don kyautar Grammy a cikin Mafi kyawun Kayan Kiɗa na Duniya.[15][16] Ta yi aiki tare da Graça Machel-Amandla!, uwargidan shugaban Afirka ta Kudu, tana ba da shawara ga yara da ke fama da cutar HIV / AIDS, yara sojoji, da nakasassu.[17] Ta kafa Cibiyar Makeba don 'yan mata, gida ga marayu, wanda aka bayyana a cikin wani labari a matsayin aikinta mafi mahimmanci.[18][17] Ta kuma shiga cikin shirin Amandla na 2002! : A Revolution in Four-Part Harmony, wanda ya bincika gwagwarmayar baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu da wariyar launin fata ta hanyar kiɗa na lokacin.[19] An buga tarihin rayuwar Makeba na biyu, Makeba: Labarin Miriam Makeba, a shekara ta 2004. [20][18] A shekara ta 2005 ta sanar da cewa za ta yi ritaya kuma ta fara rangadin ban kwana, amma duk da cewa tana da osteoarthritis, ta ci gaba da yin aiki har zuwa mutuwarta.[12] A wannan lokacin, jikokinta Nelson Lumumba Lee da Zenzi Lee, da jikanta Lindelani, a wasu lokuta suna shiga wasan kwaikwayonta.[12]

A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2008, Makeba ya yi rashin lafiya yayin kide-kide a Castel Volturno, Caserta, Italiya. An shirya kide-kide don tallafawa marubucin Roberto Saviano a matsayinsa na Camorra, kungiyar masu aikata laifuka da ke aiki a yankin. Ta kamu da ciwon zuciya bayan ta raira waƙarta mai suna "Pata Pata", kuma an kai ta asibitin Pineta Grande, inda likitoci ba su iya farfado da ita ba.

Music and image

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Kungiyoyin da Makeba ta fara aikinta tare da su sun yi mbube, salon jituwa na murya wanda ya jawo waƙoƙin jazz na Amurka, ragtime, da kuma waƙoƙan Cocin Anglican, da kuma salon kiɗa na asali.[21] Mawakin Johannesburg Dolly Rathebe ya kasance tasiri na farko a kan kiɗan Makeba, [21] kamar yadda mata mawaƙan jazz daga Amurka suka kasance.[22] Masanin tarihi David Coplan ya rubuta cewa "African jazz" wanda Makeba da sauransu suka yi sananne "an asali ne" maimakon ya samo asali daga kowane nau'i, ya haɗu kamar yadda ya yi marabi da jazz, kuma "yaƙoƙin Afirka na Amurka ne, ba waƙoƙin Amurka ba".[17] Waƙoƙin da ta yi marubucin Burtaniya Robin Denselow ya bayyana su a matsayin "haɗe-haɗe na musamman na salon gari da tasirin jazz".[23]

Makeba ta fitar da fiye da kundi 30 a lokacin aikinta. Hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa da waɗannan sun canza a tsawon lokaci, suna motsawa daga jazz na Afirka zuwa rikodin da Belafonte ya rinjayi zuwa zane-zane na kiɗa daga siffofin kiɗa na gargajiya na Afirka ta Kudu. An haɗa ta da nau'ikan kiɗa na duniya da Afropop . Ta kuma haɗa salon kiɗa na Latin Amurka a cikin wasan kwaikwayonta. Masanin tarihi Ruth Feldstein ya bayyana waƙarta a matsayin "[ƙetare] iyakoki tsakanin abin da mutane da yawa ke da alaƙa da al'adun avant-garde da 'halayen' da al'adar kasuwanci"; wannan ɓangaren na ƙarshe sau da yawa yakan jawo zargi. Ta sami damar yin kira ga masu sauraro daga yawancin siyasa, launin fata, da na kasa.

An san ta da samun sautin murya mai ƙarfi, kuma an bayyana ta da kasancewa da wayar da kan jama'a yayin wasan kwaikwayonta.[21] A wasu lokuta tana rawa a lokacin wasan kwaikwayonta, kuma an bayyana ta da kasancewa mai ban sha'awa a kan mataki.[22] Ta sami damar canza muryarta sosai: wani labari ya ce "ta iya tashi kamar mawaƙan opera, amma kuma tana iya yin murmushi, kururuwa, murmushi da ihu. Tana iya raira waƙa yayin da take yin dannawar yaren Xhosa. " Ta raira waƙa a Turanci da harsunan Afirka da yawa, amma ba a taɓa yin Afrikaans ba, harshen gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu.[24] Ta taba bayyana cewa "Lokacin da Afrikaaners ke raira waƙa a cikin yaren na, to zan raira nasu. An ga Turanci a matsayin harshen juriya na siyasa ta baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu saboda shingen ilimi da suka fuskanta a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata; Manhattan Brothers, wanda Makeba ya raira waƙa da su a Sophiatown, an hana su yin rikodin a Turanci. [25] An bayyana waƙoƙinta a cikin yarukan Afirka a matsayin sake tabbatar da girman kai.[25]

Siyasa da fahimta

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Makeba ta ce ba ta yi kiɗa na siyasa ba, amma kiɗa game da rayuwarta a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya haɗa da kwatanta baƙin ciki da ta ji da ke rayuwa a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata. Ta taba bayyana cewa "mutane suna cewa ina raira siyasa, amma abin da nake raira ba siyasa ba ne, gaskiya ne", misali ne na haɗuwa da batutuwan mutum da siyasa ga mawaƙa da ke rayuwa a lokacin wariyar launin fata.[26] Lokacin da ta fara shiga Amurka, ta guji tattauna wariyar launin fata a bayyane, wani bangare saboda damuwa da iyalinta har yanzu a Afirka ta Kudu.[25] Duk da haka, an san ta da amfani da muryarta don isar da saƙon siyasa na adawa da wariyar launin fata, tana yin aiki a ko'ina kuma akai-akai ga 'yancin farar hula da kungiyoyin adawa da nuna wariyar launinariya.[17] Ko da waƙoƙin da ba su ɗauke da saƙon siyasa a bayyane ana ganinsu a matsayin masu tayar da kayar baya, saboda an dakatar da su a Afirka ta Kudu.[25] Makeba ta ga kiɗanta a matsayin kayan aiki na gwagwarmaya, tana cewa "A cikin gwagwarmayarmu, waƙoƙi ba kawai nishaɗi ba ne a gare mu. Su ne hanyar da muke sadarwa. " Ta bayyana ra'ayinta na siyasa, da kuma sukar wariyar launin fata musamman, akai-akai a cikin shekaru masu zuwa; gudun hijira, da mutuwar 'yarta, duk an gano su ne suna sa ta ƙara murya. [27][10]

Yin amfani da Makeba na dannawa na yau da kullun a cikin harsuna kamar Xhosa da Zulu (kamar yadda yake a cikin "Qongqothwane", "The Click Song") masu sauraro na Yammacin Turai sun yi magana akai-akai. Ya ba da gudummawa ga shahararta da kuma siffarta mai ban sha'awa, wanda masana suka bayyana a matsayin wani nau'i na daban, wanda ya kara da gaskiyar cewa masu sauraron Yammacin Turai sau da yawa ba za su iya fahimtar kalmomin ta ba.[17][25] Masu sukar a Amurka sun bayyana ta a matsayin "maceyar kabilar Afirka" kuma a matsayin "shigarwa daga Afirka ta Kudu", sau da yawa suna nuna ta cikin sharuddan da ba su da kyau a matsayin samfurin al'umma mai mahimmanci.[25][22] A ganinta a matsayin wakilci na Afirka, masu sauraro na Yammacin Turai sun yi watsi da asalinsa na duniya.[10] Sabanin haka, an kuma bayyana ta a matsayin mai tsara asalin Pan-Afirka a lokacin faduwar mulkin mallaka.[28] Masu sharhi kuma suna bayyana ta akai-akai dangane da fitattun maza da aka haɗa da ita, duk da matsayinta.[25][10] A lokacin da ta fara aiki a Afirka ta Kudu an gan ta a matsayin Alamar jima'i, hoton da ya sami karamin kulawa a Amurka.[25]

An bayyana Makeba a matsayin alamar salon, a cikin ƙasarsu da Amurka.[29] Ba ta sa kayan shafa kuma ta ki gyara gashin kanta don nunawa, don haka ta taimaka wajen kafa salon da aka sani a duniya da "Afro look".[30][22] A cewar masanin kiɗa Tanisha Ford, salon gashin kanta yana wakiltar "kyakkyawan kyakkyawa na Afirka".[29] 'Yan makarantar Afirka ta Kudu sun gan ta a matsayin kyakkyawa, wadanda gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta tilasta musu ta rage gashin su.[29] Makeba ta makale da kayan ado na Afirka; ta ƙi yarda da masu haskaka fata da mata na Afirka ta Kudu ke amfani da su a lokacin, kuma ta ki bayyana a cikin tallace-tallace a gare su.[17][25] Masana sun nuna gabatar da kanta a matsayin kin amincewa da ka'idojin kyawawan mata da aka gudanar a Amurka, wanda ya ba Makeba damar tserewa daga jima'i da aka yi wa mata a wannan lokacin.[25] Duk da haka, kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su don bayyana ta a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka an gano su ta hanyar malamai akai-akai don "yi jima'i, lalata, da kuma lalata" mutanen al'adun Afirka.[17]

Gado

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Bayan karuwar matsin lamba daga yunkurin adawa da wariyar launin fata a cikin visa da na duniya, a cikin 1990 Shugaban Jihar Frederik Willem de Klerk ya sauya haramcin a kan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka da sauran kungiyoyin adawa da nuna wariyar launinariya, kuma ya sanar da cewa ba da daɗewa ba za a saki Mandela daga kurkuku.[9] An saki Mandela a watan Fabrairun 1990. Ya shawo kan Makeba ta yi ƙoƙari ta koma Afirka ta Kudu; ta sami biza ta kwana shida bayan watanni na ƙoƙari, kuma ta shiga Afirka ta Kudu ta amfani da fasfo na Faransa a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1990 .[10] Zuwan ta ya kasance babban taron, wanda ke nuna tarurruka, tambayoyi, da kuma waƙar Brenda Fassie.[10]

Makeba and Dizzy Gillespie on a stage
Makeba da Dizzy Gillespie a Calvados, Faransa, 1991

Makeba, Gillespie, Simone, da Masekela sun yi rikodin kuma sun fitar da kundin studio dinta, Eyes on Tomorrow, a cikin 1991. Ya haɗu da jazz, R & B, pop, da kiɗa na gargajiya na Afirka, kuma ya kasance abin bugawa a duk faɗin Afirka. Makeba da Gillespie daga nan suka zagaya duniya tare don inganta shi.[11] A watan Nuwamba ta yi baƙo a cikin wani sitcom na Amurka, The Cosby Show . [12] [13] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1992, ta yi kide-kide biyu a Johannesburg, ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu tun lokacin da ta yi gudun hijira a shekara ta 1960.[10] A cikin wannan shekarar ta fito a fim din Sarafina! wanda ya shafi daliban da ke da hannu a cikin tashin hankali na Soweto na 1976. Makeba ta nuna mahaifiyar mai taken, Angelina, rawar da The New York Times ta bayyana cewa an yi ta da "girma mai girma".

A Ƙasar 16 ga Oktoba 1999, an nada Makeba a matsayin Jakadan Goodwill na Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. [31] A watan Janairun 2000, an zabi kundin ta, Homeland, wanda lakabin rikodin Putumayo World Music na Birnin New York ya samar, don kyautar Grammy a cikin Mafi kyawun Kayan Kiɗa na Duniya.[32][33] Ta yi aiki tare da Graça Machel-Amandla!, uwargidan shugaban Afirka ta Kudu, tana ba da shawara ga yara da ke fama da cutar HIV / AIDS, yara sojoji, da nakasassu.[17] Ta kafa Cibiyar Makeba don 'yan mata, gida ga marayu, wanda aka bayyana a cikin wani labari a matsayin aikinta mafi mahimmanci.[18][17] Ta kuma shiga cikin shirin Amandla na 2002! : A Revolution in Four-Part Harmony, wanda ya bincika gwagwarmayar baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu da wariyar launin fata ta hanyar kiɗa na lokacin.[19] An buga tarihin rayuwar Makeba na biyu, Makeba: Labarin Miriam Makeba, a shekara ta 2004. [20][18] A shekara ta 2005 ta sanar da cewa za ta yi ritaya kuma ta fara rangadin ban kwana, amma duk da cewa tana da osteoarthritis, ta ci gaba da yin aiki har zuwa mutuwarta.[12] A wannan lokacin, jikokinta Nelson Lumumba Lee da Zenzi Lee, da jikanta Lindelani, a wasu lokuta suna shiga wasan kwaikwayonta.[12]

A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2008, Makeba ya yi rashin lafiya yayin kide-kide a Castel Volturno, Caserta, Italiya. An shirya kide-kide don tallafawa marubucin Roberto Saviano a matsayinsa na Camorra, kungiyar masu aikata laifuka da ke aiki a yankin. Ta kamu da ciwon zuciya bayan ta raira waƙarta mai suna "Pata Pata", kuma an kai ta asibitin Pineta Grande, inda likitoci ba su iya farfado da ita ba.

Kungiyoyin da Makeba ta fara aikinta tare da su sun yi mbube, salon jituwa na murya wanda ya jawo waƙoƙin jazz na Amurka, ragtime, da kuma waƙoƙan Cocin Anglican, da kuma salon kiɗa na asali.[21] Mawakin Johannesburg Dolly Rathebe ya kasance tasiri na farko a kan kiɗan Makeba, [21] kamar yadda mata mawaƙan jazz daga Amurka suka kasance.[22] Masanin tarihi David Coplan ya rubuta cewa "African jazz" wanda Makeba da sauransu suka yi sananne "an asali ne" maimakon ya samo asali daga kowane nau'i, ya haɗu kamar yadda ya yi marabi da jazz, kuma "yaƙoƙin Afirka na Amurka ne, ba waƙoƙin Amurka ba".[17] Waƙoƙin da ta yi marubucin Burtaniya Robin Denselow ya bayyana su a matsayin "haɗe-haɗe na musamman na salon gari da tasirin jazz".[23]

Makeba ta fitar da fiye da kundi 30 a lokacin aikinta. Hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa da waɗannan sun canza a tsawon lokaci, suna motsawa daga jazz na Afirka zuwa rikodin da Belafonte ya rinjayi zuwa zane-zane na kiɗa daga siffofin kiɗa na gargajiya na Afirka ta Kudu. An haɗa ta da nau'ikan kiɗa na duniya da Afropop . Ta kuma haɗa salon kiɗa na Latin Amurka a cikin wasan kwaikwayonta. Masanin tarihi Ruth Feldstein ya bayyana waƙarta a matsayin "[ƙetare] iyakoki tsakanin abin da mutane da yawa ke da alaƙa da al'adun avant-garde da 'halayen' da al'adar kasuwanci"; wannan ɓangaren na ƙarshe sau da yawa yakan jawo zargi. Ta sami damar yin kira ga masu sauraro daga yawancin siyasa, launin fata, da na kasa.

An san ta da samun sautin murya mai ƙarfi, kuma an bayyana ta da kasancewa da wayar da kan jama'a yayin wasan kwaikwayonta.[21] A wasu lokuta tana rawa a lokacin wasan kwaikwayonta, kuma an bayyana ta da kasancewa mai ban sha'awa a kan mataki.[22] Ta sami damar canza muryarta sosai: wani labari ya ce "ta iya tashi kamar mawaƙan opera, amma kuma tana iya yin murmushi, kururuwa, murmushi da ihu. Tana iya raira waƙa yayin da take yin dannawar yaren Xhosa. " Ta raira waƙa a Turanci da harsunan Afirka da yawa, amma ba a taɓa yin Afrikaans ba, harshen gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu.[24] Ta taba bayyana cewa "Lokacin da Afrikaaners ke raira waƙa a cikin yaren na, to zan raira nasu. An ga Turanci a matsayin harshen juriya na siyasa ta baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu saboda shingen ilimi da suka fuskanta a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata; Manhattan Brothers, wanda Makeba ya raira waƙa da su a Sophiatown, an hana su yin rikodin a Turanci. [25] An bayyana waƙoƙinta a cikin yarukan Afirka a matsayin sake tabbatar da girman kai.[25]

Siyasa da fahimta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Makeba ta ce ba ta yi kiɗa na siyasa ba, amma kiɗa game da rayuwarta a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya haɗa da kwatanta baƙin ciki da ta ji da ke rayuwa a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata. Ta taba bayyana cewa "mutane suna cewa ina raira siyasa, amma abin da nake raira ba siyasa ba ne, gaskiya ne", misali ne na haɗuwa da batutuwan mutum da siyasa ga mawaƙa da ke rayuwa a lokacin wariyar launin fata.[26] Lokacin da ta fara shiga Amurka, ta guji tattauna wariyar launin fata a bayyane, wani bangare saboda damuwa da iyalinta har yanzu a Afirka ta Kudu.[25] Duk da haka, an san ta da amfani da muryarta don isar da saƙon siyasa na adawa da wariyar launin fata, tana yin aiki a ko'ina kuma akai-akai ga 'yancin farar hula da kungiyoyin adawa da nuna wariyar launinariya.[17] Ko da waƙoƙin da ba su ɗauke da saƙon siyasa a bayyane ana ganinsu a matsayin masu tayar da kayar baya, saboda an dakatar da su a Afirka ta Kudu.[25] Makeba ta ga kiɗanta a matsayin kayan aiki na gwagwarmaya, tana cewa "A cikin gwagwarmayarmu, waƙoƙi ba kawai nishaɗi ba ne a gare mu. Su ne hanyar da muke sadarwa. " Ta bayyana ra'ayinta na siyasa, da kuma sukar wariyar launin fata musamman, akai-akai a cikin shekaru masu zuwa; gudun hijira, da mutuwar 'yarta, duk an gano su ne suna sa ta ƙara murya. [27][10]

Yin amfani da Makeba na dannawa na yau da kullun a cikin harsuna kamar Xhosa da Zulu (kamar yadda yake a cikin "Qongqothwane", "The Click Song") masu sauraro na Yammacin Turai sun yi magana akai-akai. Ya ba da gudummawa ga shahararta da kuma siffarta mai ban sha'awa, wanda masana suka bayyana a matsayin wani nau'i na daban, wanda ya kara da gaskiyar cewa masu sauraron Yammacin Turai sau da yawa ba za su iya fahimtar kalmomin ta ba.[17][25] Masu sukar a Amurka sun bayyana ta a matsayin "maceyar kabilar Afirka" kuma a matsayin "shigarwa daga Afirka ta Kudu", sau da yawa suna nuna ta cikin sharuddan da ba su da kyau a matsayin samfurin al'umma mai mahimmanci.[25][22] A ganinta a matsayin wakilci na Afirka, masu sauraro na Yammacin Turai sun yi watsi da asalinsa na duniya.[10] Sabanin haka, an kuma bayyana ta a matsayin mai tsara asalin Pan-Afirka a lokacin faduwar mulkin mallaka.[28] Masu sharhi kuma suna bayyana ta akai-akai dangane da fitattun maza da aka haɗa da ita, duk da matsayinta.[25][10] A lokacin da ta fara aiki a Afirka ta Kudu an gan ta a matsayin Alamar jima'i, hoton da ya sami karamin kulawa a Amurka.[25]

Makeba ta kasance daga cikin 'yan Afirka da aka fi gani a Amurka; a sakamakon haka, sau da yawa ta kasance alama ce ta nahiyar Afirka ga Amurkawa.[17] Waƙarta ta ba ta lakabin "Mama Afirka", kuma an bayyana ta daban-daban a matsayin "Empress of African Song", [21] "Queen of South African music", da kuma "first superstar" na Afirka.[17] Masanin kiɗa J. U. Jacobs ya ce waƙoƙin Makeba "an tsara su kuma an ba su siffar baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu da na Amurka".[34] Mai kiɗa na jazz Abbey Lincoln yana daga cikin waɗanda aka gano cewa Makeba ya rinjaye su.[22] Makeba da Simone suna daga cikin ƙungiyar masu fasaha waɗanda suka taimaka wajen tsara kiɗa na rai.[29] Abokin hulɗa na dogon lokaci Belafonte ya kira ta "mafi yawan sabbin baiwa da ta bayyana a kowane matsakaici a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata".[25] Da yake magana bayan mutuwarta, Mandela ta kira ta "mace ta farko ta Afirka ta Kudu", kuma ta ce "waƙarta ta yi wahayi zuwa gare mu duka".[35]

Outside her home country Makeba was credited with bringing African music to a Western audience. She is credited, along with artists such as Youssou N'Dour, Salif Keita, Ali Farka Touré, Baaba Maal and Angélique Kidjo, with popularising the genre of world music.[25][10] She disliked this label, however, believing it marginalized music from the "third world".[10] Her work with Belafonte in the 1960s has been described as creating the genre of world music before the concept entered the popular imagination, and also as highlighting the diversity and cultural pluralism within African music.[25] Within South Africa, Makeba has been described as influencing artists such as kwaito musician Thandiswa Mazwai and her band Bongo Maffin,[36] whose track "De Makeba" was a modified version of Makeba's "Pata Pata", and one of several tribute recordings released after her return to South Africa.[18] South African jazz musician Simphiwe Dana has been described as "the new Miriam Makeba". South African singer Lira has frequently been compared with Makeba, particularly for her performance of "Pata Pata" during the opening ceremony of the 2010 Football World Cup.[17] A year later, Kidjo dedicated her concert in New York to Makeba, as a musician who had "paved the way for her success".[17] In an obituary, scholar Lara Allen referred to Makeba as "arguably South Africa's most famous musical export".[18]

Yunkurin fafutuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Makeba na daga cikin mutanen da aka fi gani da ke yaƙi da tsarin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma yana da alhakin fadada Waƙoƙin adawa da wariyar launin fata da yawa, gami da "Meadowlands" na Strike Vilakezi da "Ndodemnyama we Verwoerd" (Ku lura, Verwoerd) na Vuyisile Mini. [19] Saboda matsayinta na mai girma, ta zama mai magana da yawun 'yan Afirka da ke zaune a karkashin gwamnatoci masu zalunci, kuma musamman ga' yan Afirka ta Kudu da ke zaune karkashin wariyar launin fata.[17] Lokacin da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta hana ta shiga kasar ta, ta zama alama ce ta "mummunar wariyar launin fata", kuma ta yi amfani da matsayinta a matsayin fitacciya ta hanyar ba da shaida game da wariyar launinariya a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 1962 da 1964.[25][25] An haramta yawancin waƙoƙinta a cikin Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya haifar da rarraba rikodin Makeba a karkashin kasa, har ma da waƙoƙin da ba na siyasa ba ana ganin su a matsayin masu tayar da kayar baya. Ta haka ne ta zama alama ce ta juriya ga gwamnatin fararen fata a ciki da wajen Afirka ta Kudu. A wata hira a shekara ta 2000, Masekela ya ce "babu wanda a Afirka wanda ya sa duniya ta fi sanin abin da ke faruwa a Afirka ta Kudu fiye da Miriam Makeba".[was][22]

An kuma haɗa Makeba da yunkurin adawa da mulkin mallaka, tare da 'yancin farar hula da yunkuri na baƙar fata a Amurka, da kuma yunkurin Pan-African. Ta yi kira ga hadin kai tsakanin baƙar fata na zuriyar Afirka a duk faɗin duniya: "Afirkawa da ke zaune a ko'ina ya kamata su yi yaƙi a ko'in. Gwagwarmayar ba ta bambanta a Afirka ta Kudu, titunan Chicago, Trinidad ko Kanada. Mutanen baƙar fata sune wadanda ke fama da jari-hujja, wariyar launin fata da zalunci, lokaci".[37] Bayan ta auri Carmichael sau da yawa ta bayyana tare da shi yayin jawabinsa; Carmichael daga baya ya bayyana kasancewarta a waɗannan abubuwan a matsayin dukiya, kuma Feldstein ya rubuta cewa Makeba ya inganta saƙon Carmichael cewa "baƙar fata kyakkyawa ce".[25] Tare da masu wasan kwaikwayo kamar Simone, Lena Horne, da Abbey Lincoln, ta yi amfani da matsayinta a matsayin fitacciyar mawaƙa don ba da shawara ga haƙƙin jama'a.[25] An bayyana gwagwarmayarsu a matsayin mai da hankali ga bambancin launin fata da jinsi, da kuma nuna cewa "yancin da suke so ba zai iya raba launin fata daga jima'i ba".[25] Rashin amincewar Makeba game da mata na biyu a matsayin samfurin alatu ya haifar da masu kallo da ba sa son kiran ta mata mai tsattsauran ra'ayi.[22] Masanin kimiyya Ruth Feldstein ya bayyana cewa Makeba da sauransu sun rinjayi mata masu baƙar fata da mata na biyu ta hanyar goyon bayansu, kuma masanin tarihi Jacqueline Castledine ya kira ta daya daga cikin "muryoyin da suka fi dacewa don adalci na zamantakewa".[25][38]

Kyaututtuka da karbuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Haɗin gwiwar Makeba na 1965 tare da Harry Belafonte ya lashe kyautar Grammy, wanda ya sa ta zama mai yin rikodin Afirka na farko da ya lashe wannan lambar yabo.[25] An ba ta suna Mafi kyawun Mata na Afirka kuma an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta rayuwa a 1996 Kora Awards.[39][40] A Kudancin Afirka Music Awards (SAMAs), ta sami kyaututtuka biyar: Mafi kyawun Mata da Mafi kyawun kundin Afirka na zamani don kundi na 2000 Homeland a bikin na takwas a shekara ta 2001, tare da kyaututtaka don Mafi kyawun kundin zamani na zamani da Mafi kyawun Jazz Vocal album don kundi na 2003 Reflections, da kuma Mafi kyawun DVD don kundin Live a Bern's Salonger, Stockholm, Sweden, 1966, a bikin na goma a shekara ta 2004.[39][41][42] Makeba ta raba lambar yabo ta Polar Music ta 2001 tare da Sofia Gubaidulina . Sun sami lambar yabo daga Carl XVI Gustaf, Sarkin Sweden, yayin bikin talabijin na Ƙasar a Berwaldhallen, Stockholm, a ranar 27 ga Mayu 2002.[43] Rolling Stone ta sanya ta ta 53 a cikin jerin sunayen "Mafi Girma 200 na Duk Lokaci" a cikin 2023.

Makeba ta lashe kyautar Dag Hammarskjöld Peace Prize a shekarar 1986, kuma a shekarar 2001 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Otto Hahn Peace Medal a cikin Zinariya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Jamus (DGVN) a Berlin, "don gagarumin ayyuka ga zaman lafiya da fahimtar kasa da kasa". Ta kuma sami digirin digirin girmamawa da yawa. A shekara ta 2003, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Afirka ta Kudu don Ayyuka masu Kyau, kuma a shekara mai zuwa, an zabe ta 38 a cikin kuri'un da aka yi da 100 Great South African.

Jami'ar Fort Hare ta Miriam Makeba Center of Performing Arts, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2003, an sanya mata suna don girmama ta.[39] Daga 25 zuwa 27 ga Satumba 2009, an gudanar da wani shirin talabijin na girmamawa ga Makeba, mai taken Hommage à Miriam Makeba kuma mai raira waƙa da marubucin waƙoƙi na Beninoise kuma mai fafutuka Angélique Kidjo, a Cirque d'hiver a Paris.[44] An gabatar da wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin Mama Africa: Bikin Miriam Makeba a Barbican a London a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2009. [45] An fitar da fim mai suna Mama Africa, game da rayuwar Makeba, wanda darektan Finnish Mika Kaurismäki ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni, a cikin 2011.[46] A ranar 4 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2013, kuma a ranar mata ta kasa da kasa a shekara ta 2017, Google ta girmama ta da Google Doodle a shafin su na gida. [47] A shekara ta 2014 an girmama ta (tare da Nelson Mandela, Albertina Sisulu da Steve Biko) a birnin Ghent na Belgium, wanda ya ba da sunan wani fili bayan ta, "Miriam Makebaplein". An kira Makeba "mace ta shekara" ta 1967 ta mujallar Time a cikin 2020, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jerin 100 "mata na shekara" na shekarun 1920-2019.

A cikin 2015 mawaƙin Faransa Jain ya fitar da "Makeba", haraji. Mama Africa, wani waka game da Makeba, Niyi Coker ne ya samar da shi a Afirka ta Kudu. Da farko ana kiranta Zenzi! , an fara wasan kwaikwayo ga taron jama'a a Cape Town a ranar 26 ga Mayu 2016. An yi shi a Amurka a St. Louis, Missouri da kuma Cibiyar Skirball don Ayyuka Ayyuka a Birnin New York tsakanin Oktoba da Disamba 2016. Wasan ya Mama Afirka ta Kudu a watan Fabrairun 2017 don abin da zai kasance ranar haihuwar Makeba ta 85th.[48][49][50][51] Mawallafin jazz na Afirka da aka haifa a Amurka Somi ya rubuta wasan game da Makeba, Dreaming Zenzile, wanda aka fara a 2021, kuma ya fitar da kundin haraji da aka keɓe mata, Zenzile: The Reimagination of Miriam Makeba (2022). A watan Yunin 2023, "Makeba" ya sake samun karbuwa saboda yaduwar da ya samu a TikTok.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Makeba"
  2. ↑ Jones, Daniel
  3. ↑ Jones, Daniel
  4. ↑ Carmichael & Thelwell 2003
  5. ↑ Jaggi, Maya
  6. ↑ Feldstein 2013
  7. ↑ Mojapelo 2008
  8. ↑ WINNERS 1996". Kora Awards. Archived from the original on 15 September 201
  9. 1 2 Meredith 2010.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Jolaosho 2021.
  11. 1 2 Poet 2009.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ravell-Pinto, Thelma; Ravell, Rayner (2008). "Obituary: African Icon: Miriam 'Mama Africa' Makeba, dies at age 76". Journal of the African Literature Association. 2 (2): 274–281. doi:10.1080/21674736.2008.11690092. S2CID 164201040. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "RP" defined multiple times with different content
  13. 1 2 Stanton, Ramsamy & Seybolt 2012.
  14. ↑ "1990: Freedom for Nelson Mandela". BBC. 11 February 1990. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
  15. ↑ Ormond, Roger (12 February 1990). "Mandela free after 27 years". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  16. ↑ "Singer Back in South Africa". The New York Times. Associated Press. 11 June 1990. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Sizemore-Barber 2012.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Allen 2008.
  19. 1 2 3 Vershbow, Michela E. (2010). "The Sounds of Resistance: The Role of Music in South Africa's Anti-Apartheid Movement". Inquiries Journal. 2 (6). Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  20. 1 2 Allen 2011.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ewens, Graeme (11 November 2008). "Obituary: Miriam Makeba". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2012. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "guardian" defined multiple times with different content
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Castledine 2011.
  23. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Denselow
  24. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named economist
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Feldstein 2013.
  26. 1 2 Schumann 2008.
  27. 1 2 Roux-Kemp 2014.
  28. 1 2 Muyanga, Neo (2 January 2019). "Voicing fluid voices: reflections of the multivalence of voice in Miriam Makeba's art and life". South African Theatre Journal. 32 (1): 63–76. doi:10.1080/10137548.2019.1639542. ISSN 1013-7548. S2CID 203327319.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Ford 2015.
  30. ↑ Schwarz-Bart 2003.
  31. ↑ "1990: Freedom for Nelson Mandela". BBC. 11 February 1990. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
  32. ↑ Ormond, Roger (12 February 1990). "Mandela free after 27 years". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  33. ↑ "Singer Back in South Africa". The New York Times. Associated Press. 11 June 1990. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  34. ↑ Jacobs 1989.
  35. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Reuters
  36. ↑ Coplan 2005.
  37. ↑ Fleming 2016.
  38. ↑ Cowell, Alan (10 November 2008). "Miriam Makeba, 76, Singer and Activist, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  39. 1 2 3 Mojapelo 2008.
  40. ↑ Cowell, Alan (10 November 2008). "Miriam Makeba, 76, Singer and Activist, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  41. ↑ Cowell, Alan (10 November 2008). "Miriam Makeba, 76, Singer and Activist, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  42. ↑ Cowell, Alan (10 November 2008). "Miriam Makeba, 76, Singer and Activist, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  43. ↑ "Miriam Makeba". Polar Music Prize. 27 May 2002. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  44. ↑ "Tous les concerts" [All Concerts] (in Faransanci). Festival d'Ile de France. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  45. ↑ "1990: Freedom for Nelson Mandela". BBC. 11 February 1990. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
  46. ↑ Kaltenbach, Chris (18 August 2017). "Flick picks: The best of Baltimore's film scene this week". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  47. ↑ "Singer Back in South Africa". The New York Times. Associated Press. 11 June 1990. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  48. ↑ Ormond, Roger (12 February 1990). "Mandela free after 27 years". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  49. ↑ "Singer Back in South Africa". The New York Times. Associated Press. 11 June 1990. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  50. ↑ "1990: Freedom for Nelson Mandela". BBC. 11 February 1990. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
  51. ↑ "1990: Freedom for Nelson Mandela". BBC. 11 February 1990. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
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