Mixe–Zoque
| Mixe–Zoque | |
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| Linguistic classification |
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Harsunan Mixe-Zoque /ˌmiːheɪˈsoʊkeɪ/ (Zuwa Mixe-Zoquean, Mije-Soke, Mixe-Sokeen) iyali ne na harshe wanda ake magana da membobinsu masu rai a ciki da kewayen Isthmus na Tehuantepec, Mexico. Gwamnatin Mexico ta amince da harsuna uku daban-daban na Mixe-Zoquean a matsayin hukuma: Mixe ko ayook tare da masu magana 188,000, Zoque ko O'de püt tare da masu karatu 88,000, da kuma harsunan Popoluca waɗanda wasu su ne Mixean kuma wasu Zoquean tare da masu amfani da 69,000. Koyaya, bambancin ciki a cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi yana da girma. Glottolog ya ƙidaya harsuna 19 daban-daban, yayin da rarrabawar harsunan Mixe-Zoquean na yanzu ta Wichmann (1995) ya ƙidaye harsuna 12 da yaruka 11. Harsunan da ba a taɓa amfani da su ba waɗanda aka rarraba a matsayin Mixe-Zoquean sun haɗa da Tapachultec, wanda aka taɓa magana a Tapachula, a gefen kudu maso gabashin Chiapas.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A tarihi dangin Mixe-Zoquean na iya zama mafi yaduwa, ya kai yankin Soconusco da gabar tekun Guatemala Pacific zuwa kudu maso gabas, da kuma Kogin Papaloapan zuwa yamma, a cikin garuruwan Otatitlán, San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec, Chacaltianguis, da Guaspaltepec (kusa da Playa Vicente). An yi la'akari da cewa masu magana da Mixean sun kasance, kuma watakila suna wakiltar ɗalibai masu mulki, a shafukan pre-classic na Kaminaljuyu, Takalik Abaj, da Izapa.
Terrence Kaufman da Lyle Campbell sun yi jayayya, bisa ga wasu kalmomin aro da aka yadu a wasu Mesoamerica_languages" id="mwQQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mesoamerican languages">Harsunan Mesoamerica, cewa mai yiwuwa ne mutanen Olmec, galibi ana ganin su a matsayin al'adun farko na Mesoameriya, suna magana da harshen Mixe-Zoquean. Kaufman da John Justeson sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa sun fassara wani ɓangare na rubutun da aka rubuta a cikin Rubutun Isthmian (wanda su da wasu 'Epi-Olmec') wanda ya bayyana a kan La Mojarra Stela 1, bisa ga fassarar da suka yi game da rubutun kamar yadda yake wakiltar yaren Mixe-Zoquean na dā. Harsuna tare da kalmomin aro na Mixe-Zoque sun haɗa da Totonac, Nahuatl, Purepecha, Matlatzinca, yarukan Mayan, Zapotec, Huave, Xinca, da Tol.
Dukkanin wadannan da'awar an soki su: Michael D. Coe da David Stuart suna jayayya cewa tarin da suka tsira na 'yan misalai da aka sani na rubutun Isthmian bai isa ba don tabbatar da duk wani fassarar da aka tsara. Yunkurin su na amfani da fassarar Kaufman da Justeson ga wasu abubuwan Isthmian da suka wanzu sun kasa samar da wani sakamako mai ma'ana. Wichmann (1995) ya soki wasu rance na Mixe-Zoquean da aka gabatar a wasu harsunan Mesoamerica kamar yadda yake kawai Zoquean, ba Mixean ba, wanda zai sanya lokacin aro da yawa daga baya fiye da lokacin Proto-Mixe-Zoqueen wanda al'adun Olmec ke da tsawo. Ranar rabuwa ta Mixe-Zoque duk da haka an tura ta baya, sabili da haka gardamar ta fi rauni fiye da yadda aka yi tunanin.
Daga baya, Kaufman (2001), kuma bisa ga rance mai yiwuwa daga Mixe-Zoque zuwa wasu harsunan Mesoamerica, ya yi jayayya da kasancewar Mixe-Zochan a Teotihuacan, kuma ya ba Mixe-zoquean muhimmiyar rawa wajen yada wasu siffofin harshe waɗanda daga baya suka zama wasu manyan abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su wajen bayyana yankin Mesoam.
Brian Stross ya ba da shawarar cewa abin da ake kira "harshe na Zuyua [es]", wanda wasu manyan mutane da firistoci na yankin Yucatan suka yi amfani da shi, na iya zama harshen Mixean.
Dangantakar kwayar halitta da wasu iyalai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haɗa harsunan Mixe-Zoque a cikin shawarwari masu yawa na rarrabuwa, misali a cikin reshen "Mexican Penutian" na Edward Sapir na dangin harshe na Penutian da ya gabatar, ko kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na shawarar Macro-Mayan ta Norman McQuown wanda ke haɗa harsuna Mixe-zoque tare da Harsunan Maya da harsuna Totonacan. [1][2] A ƙarshen ƙarni na ƙarshe, Lyle Campbell ya watsar da mafi yawan kwatancen da suka gabata kamar yadda ba su da kyau, amma sun ɗauki shawarar Macro-Mayan mafi kyawun alkawari, amma duk da haka ba a tabbatar da ita ba.[3] A cikin labaran da aka buga kwanan nan, an gabatar da shaidu don haɗa harsunan Mixe-Zoque ko dai tare da Harsunan Totonacan ("Totozoquean"), ko kuma tare da harshe na Mayan. [4][5]
Rarraba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wichmann (1995)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rarrabawar ciki na harsunan Mixe-Zoquean na Søren Wichmann ne (1995).
