Model

Samfuri wakilci ne mai ba da bayanai game da wani abu, mutum, ko tsarin. Kalmar da aka fara amfani da ita a matsayin tsarin gini a cikin Ingilishi na ƙarni na 16, kuma an samo ta ta hanyar Faransanci da Italiyanci daga Latin modulus, ' . Za a iya raba samfura zuwa samfuran zahiri (misali samfurin jirgin ruwa ) da samfuran da ba a bayyana ba (misali saitin lissafin lissafi wanda ke bayyana aikin yanayi don manufar hasashen yanayi). Tsarin taƙaice ko na ra'ayi sune ginshiƙan falsafar kimiyya . A cikin binciken ilimi da kimiyya da aka yi amfani da ita, bai kamata a rikita samfurin da ka'ida ba: yayin da samfurin ke neman kawai ya wakilci gaskiya da nufin fahimtar ko annabta duniya, ka'ida ta fi buri domin tana da'awar cewa ita ce bayanin gaskiya.

Nau'ikan samfura

Samfuri a cikin takamaiman yanayi'A matsayin suna, samfurin yana da takamaiman ma'anoni a wasu fannoni, wanda aka samo daga ma'anarsa ta asali ta " ƙirƙirar tsari ko tsari ":Sanya Sakin layi

• Hasashen : ana tsammanin bayanai da ba a sani ba da aminci, gami da bayanai a cikin yankin bayanan horo ( interpolation ), da kuma wajen yankin ( extrapolation )

• Bayani : kafa sarƙoƙi masu yiwuwa na dalilai ta hanyar gabatar da hanyoyin da za su iya bayyana alamu da aka gani a cikin bayanai

• Bayanin Ka'ida : gano ko gabatar da sabbin hasashe, ko kuma musanta hasashe da ke akwai game da halayen tsarin da ake kwaikwayonsa

• Bayani : wakiltar muhimman fannoni na tsarin da ake yin koyi da shi

• Zane : isar da ra'ayi ko bayaniSamfurin zahiri (wanda aka fi sani da samfurin amma a cikin wannan mahallin da aka bambanta shi da samfurin ra'ayi ) ƙaramin ko babba wakilcin zahiri ne na abu, mutum ko tsarin . Abin da ake yi wa ƙira zai iya zama ƙarami (misali, atom ) ko babba (misali, Tsarin Rana ) ko girman rai (misali, samfurin kayan sawa da ke nuna tufafi ga abokan ciniki masu kama da juna).Tsarin samfurin da abin da yake wakilta sau da yawa suna kama da juna a ma'anar cewa ɗaya sake fasalin ɗayan ne. Duk da haka, a lokuta da yawa kamanceceniya tana faruwa ne kawai ko kuma an gurbata ta da gangan. Wani lokaci karkacewar tana da tsari, misali, madaidaicin sikelin a kwance da kuma babban madaidaicin sikelin a tsaye lokacin yin ƙirar yanayin ƙasa don haɓaka tsaunukan yanki.Tsarin gine-gine yana ba da damar ganin alaƙar ciki a cikin tsari ko alaƙar waje ta tsarin da muhalli. Wani amfani kuma shine a matsayin abin wasa .Samfuran kayan aiki hanya ce mai inganci ta bincika kwararar ruwa don ƙirar injiniya . Sau da yawa ana haɗa samfuran jiki tare da samfuran yanayin aiki na ruwa na lissafi don inganta ƙirar kayan aiki da hanyoyin aiki. Wannan ya haɗa da kwararar ruwa daga waje kamar kewaye da gine-gine, ababen hawa, mutane, ko tsarin hydraulic . Ana amfani da gwajin ramin iska da ramin ruwa sau da yawa don waɗannan ƙoƙarin ƙira. Samfuran kayan aiki na zahiri na iya bincika kwararar ruwa ta ciki, don ƙirar tsarin bututun ruwa, kayan aikin sarrafa gurɓatawa, injunan sarrafa abinci, da tasoshin haɗawa. Ana amfani da samfuran kwarara masu haske a wannan yanayin don lura da cikakken yanayin kwarara. An auna waɗannan samfuran ta hanyar lissafi da kuma muhimman ƙarfi, misali, ta amfani da lambar Froude ko sikelin lambar Reynolds (duba Kwatancen ). A zamanin kafin kwamfuta, tattalin arzikin Burtaniya an yi masa kwalliya da samfurin hydraulic MONIAC, misali don yin hasashen tasirin hauhawar haraji akan aiki.

Tsarin ra'ayi

Tsarin tunani shine wakilcin ka'ida na tsarin, misali saitin lissafin lissafi da ke ƙoƙarin bayyana ayyukan yanayi don manufar hasashen yanayi. Ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyi da ake amfani da su don taimakawa wajen fahimtar ko kwaikwayon batun da samfurin ke wakilta.Samfuran taƙaice ko na ra'ayi sune ginshiƙan falsafar kimiyya, kamar yadda kusan kowace ka'idar kimiyya ta ƙunsa wani nau'in samfurin yanayin zahiri ko na ɗan adam yadda ya kamata. A wata ma'ana, samfurin zahiri "koyaushe shine sake fasalin wani samfurin tunani; samfurin tunani ana ɗaukarsa a gaba a matsayin tsarin na zahiri", wanda daga nan ake gina shi kamar yadda aka ɗauka. Saboda haka, kalmar tana nufin samfuran da aka samar bayan tsarin fahimta ko kuma tsarin gabaɗaya.

Misalai

Halayen samfura, bisa ga ka'idar samfura ta gabaɗayaA cewar Herbert Stachowiak, samfurin yana da siffofi guda uku: Sanya Sakin layi

1. Taswirar

Samfuri koyaushe samfurin wani abu ne - hoto ne ko wakilci na wani asali na halitta ko na wucin gadi, wanda yake wanzuwa ko wanda aka yi tunaninsa, inda wannan asali da kansa zai iya zama samfuri.

2. Ragewa

Gabaɗaya, samfurin ba zai ƙunshi dukkan halayen da ke bayyana ainihin ba, sai dai waɗanda suka dace da mahaliccin samfurin ko mai amfani da shi.

3. Tsarin Pragmatism

Samfurin ba shi da alaƙa da asalinsa ba tare da wata shakka ba. An yi nufin yin aiki a matsayin maye gurbin ainihin

a) ga wasu batutuwa (ga wa?)

b) a cikin wani takamaiman lokaci (yaushe?)

c) an Misali, taswirar titi samfurin titunan da ke cikin birni ne (taswira), wanda ke nuna hanyar tituna yayin da ake barin su, misali, alamun zirga-zirga da alamun hanya (ragewa), wanda aka yi wa masu tafiya a ƙasa da direbobin abin hawa don neman hanyarsu a cikin birni (pragmatism).An gabatar da ƙarin kadarori, kamar faɗaɗawa da karkacewa [1] da kuma inganci . [2] Masanin falsafar Amurka Michael Weisberg ya bambanta tsakanin samfuran siminti da na lissafi kuma ya gabatar da kwaikwayon kwamfuta ( samfuran lissafi ) a matsayin nasu nau'in samfuran. [3]

Amfani da samfura

A cewar Bruce Edmonds, akwai aƙalla amfani guda 5 na gama gari ga samfura: [1]