Mohtaram Eskandari
 Mohtaram Eskandari | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa | Tehran, 1895 |
| ƙasa | Iran |
| Mutuwa | 27 ga Yuli, 1924 |
| Karatu | |
| Harsuna | Farisawa |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a | ɗan jarida da marubuci |
Mohtaram Eskandari (Persian; 1895 - 27 ga Yuli, 1924), [1] ta kasance mai ilimi ta Iran kuma ta kasance majagaba na ƙungiyar mata ta Iran. Ita ce co-kafa kuma shugaban farko na Jam'iyat-e Nesvan-e Vatankhah, kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta farko a Farisa.
A matsayinta na shugaban farko kuma mai wallafa jaridar Nesvan Watan Khaw, Eskandari ta ba da laccoci don tallafawa haƙƙin mata, gami da ilimin mata da cire mayafi. Ta shirya tafiye-tafiye ga membobin kungiyar.
Tarihin rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Mohtaram a shekara ta 1895 a cikin iyali mai sassaucin ra'ayi, mai basira da kuma siyasa a Tehran. Mahaifinta, Mohammad Ali Mirza Eskandari (Prince of Ali Khan), ya kasance mai bin tsarin mulki kuma wanda ya kafa Adamiat Society kuma ya koyar a Dar ul-Funun . Ta fara karatu a gida tare da mahaifinta kuma ta sami ilimi a cikin wallafe-wallafen Farisa da Faransanci a karkashin kulawar Mirza Mohammad Ali Khan Mohaqqeqi . Eskandari da Mohaqqeqi daga baya za su yi aure. Dukansu biyu sun yi aure bayan wani lokaci.
Yayinda yake girma, Eskandari ya sha wahala daga raunin kashin baya, yana koyarwa na ɗan lokaci, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan makarantar jiha don 'yan mata. Rashin gamsuwarta da yanayin 'yancin mata a Farisa bayan juyin juya halin kundin tsarin mulki, ya kai ta ga kafa Jam'iyat-e Nesvan-e Vatankhah, "Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasar Iran, " a cikin 1922, wanda ya tsara tare da mata da kishin ƙasa na Iran. [2]
Ta yi takaici da nasarorin juyin juya halin kundin tsarin mulki ga mata, don haka a 1922, tare da wasu manyan mata a Tehran, ta kafa kungiyar mata ta kishin kasa. Ta ba da lacca, ta gudanar da mujallar kungiyar, kuma ta shirya tafiye-tafiyen al'umma. A daya daga cikin tarurrukan, sun ƙone takardu a kan mata, wanda ya haifar da kama Mohtaram da jami'an gwamnati suka yi. Amma wannan ya sa sunanta ya zama sananne a tsakanin mutanen Iran. Ta kuma kafa makarantar mata masu girma kuma ta tallata don amfani da kayan ƙasa.
Mohtaram Eskandari ta mutu tana da shekaru 29 a Tehran a watan Yulin 1924 - 1925, saboda matsalolin da aka yi mata tiyata tun tana yarinya.
Kungiyar mata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 1922, an kafa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasar tare da aikin girmamawa na Mohtaram Eskandari, Nurolhouda Mangeneh, Mastureh Afshar, da Madam Fakhr Afagh . Hakkin ilimi ga mata yana daya daga cikin mahimman manufofi na wannan ƙungiyar.[3]
Tare da mata goma da aka zaba, kungiyar mata ta Patriotic Association ce ta kafa kwamitin daraktoci, kuma wannan tawagar ta zabi Eskandari a matsayin shugaban farko na al'umma.[4]
Kungiyar "Matar Patriot", a kan hanyar zuwa ga burin ilimi da ilmantarwa na mata, ta buga mujallar Nasvan-e Vatankhah (Persian: The Patriotic Women), bayan ƙaddamar da azuzuwan tsofaffin mata. Mujallar ita ce hukuma ta al'umma wacce ta mai da hankali kan batutuwan mata da haƙƙin mata. Mai shi ne Madam Molouk Eskandari, kuma darakta na farko shi ne Mohtaram Eskandari . Mujallar ta buga fitowa goma sha ɗaya a cikin shekaru uku (daga 1923 zuwa 1926) kuma ta ja hankalin mata masu sassaucin ra'ayi da yawa.[5]
Tawaye a kan mugunta ta mata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]"Wicked Women" (Persian), shine sunan da aka ba wani littafi da wasu masu adawa da ilimin mata da 'yanci a Tehran. Yaran ne suka sayar da wannan takarda a cikin manyan wuraren birni. Noor-ol-Hoda Mangeneh ta rubuta a cikin littafin tunaninta yadda aka zagi takardar kuma ta ambaci abin da ke ƙasa: {{Blockquote|There were books published in the name of the deceitful women, which, every day, the young newspaper sellers seized a large number of them and cried out loudly, the book of women's wickedness, the wickedness of women, the wicked women... So we decided that, on certain days, at ten o'clock in the morning, some seven or eight women from our association gather in the Sepah Square, and every ten, fifteen, twenty seeds of those books were taken from the children and lighted on fire with the matches we had.[5] Sa'an nan kuma wata rana, Mohtaram Eskandari, tare da mata bakwai masu sassaucin ra'ayi, sun tafi Toopkhaneh Square don cire takardun "Mutanen da ba su da kyau" daga hannun yara a can. Sun ƙone takardun a tsakiyar filin, a daidai wurin da aka rataye Masu bin tsarin mulki.[6] Lokacin da waɗancan yara suka nemi a ba su kuɗin takardun, Mohtaram da sauran mata masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun gaya musu cewa ba za su sami kuɗi ba.[5]
An kama ta saboda tawaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan sun ƙone littattafan a filin kuma yara suna kuka da ƙarfi game da littattafan da aka ƙone, 'yan sanda sun kama matan a can kuma sun kai su kwamiti (ofishin 'yan sanda da yankin farko na masu tuhuma). An kai matan zuwa ɗakuna daban-daban kuma an yi musu tambayoyi daban. A cikin littafin "Matar Iran daga Tsarin Mulki zuwa Fadar Juyin Juya Halin", Badr al-Molouk ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|Mohtaram Eskandari, said in the governmental court that we burned the books to show our action in defending the honor and uprightness of your mothers and sisters. We have wisdom like all human beings, and we are not wicked. Her passionate and intense words influenced the officers in the court and brought them to support her.[5] An rubuta sunan Mohtaram Eskandari a matsayin mace ta farko da aka kama a tarihin zamani saboda tawaye a Iran.[7][8]
Rashin lafiya da mutuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An kwantar da Mohtaram a asibiti na ɗan lokaci bayan kamawa da zuwan ƙone takardun saboda tsananin cutar da take da ita kuma likitoci sun ce ya kamata a yi tiyata a kan ginshiƙan kashin baya. Tana da cutar tun tana yarinya kuma an yi mata ba'a tun lokacin da take da baya koyaushe. Ko da a lokacin da take rashin lafiya, ta ci gaba da kokarin da take yi na daidaito na mata kuma ta shawarci mata a cikin Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasar kada su bar wani lokaci na aikinsu ga mata kuma su ci gaba da samun 'yancin mata.
Eskandari ta mutu a watan Yulin 1924, lokacin da take da shekaru 29. Mutuwarta ta kawo baƙin ciki da baƙin ciki tsakanin waɗanda suka bambanta kuma suka yi aiki tare da ita.
Sediqeh Dowlatabadi ya rubuta a cikin aikin Mohtaram:
The late incident of losing Mohtaram Eskandari, has depressed me so much that I cannot explain it, because I know the great efforts of this brave Iranian girl and I conceive her loss as a great misfortune. Yes, her sacrifices were admirable. I will never forget that they repeatedly condemned her at the conferences. But she listened to everything and tried not to get herself distraught or upset. With steady steps and determination, she continued her goals. In my life, she was the first Iranian woman I have seen who never got tired of doing all she can to reach the goal she had in mind. I just hope that all the women of my homeland do not let the work of this respectable woman go away and that the foundation she had established will not break.[9]
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Mata na Iran
- Juyin Juya Halin Tsarin Mulki na Farisa
- Yunkurin kare hakkin mata a Iran
- Hakkin mata a Iran
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-19. Retrieved 2008-08-31.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ↑ "Iranian Women You Should Know: Mohtaram Eskandari". IRANWIRE. Archived from the original on 2023-07-05. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
- ↑ "The Women's Association of the Tudeh Party of Iran, 1944- 1948: The National and Transnational Struggles of a Left Feminist Group" (PDF). Central European University. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
- ↑ "About Iranian Patriotic women's society". Amordad News. Archived from the original on 2022-12-17. Retrieved 2025-02-12.
- 1 2 3 4 "The day in which women were known as wicked was burned into fire". Archived from the original on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
- ↑ "Remembering Iran's brave women in Constitutional Revolution". Women NCR.
- ↑ بیبیسی, نیکی محجوب (10 October 2013). "۱۰۰ زن نخست ایران در حوزههای مختلف". BBC News فارسی (in Farisanci). Retrieved 2019-10-24.
- ↑ "Women, Rights, and Leadership" (PDF). Indiana University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
- ↑ "زنان تاثیرگذار ایران: محترم اسکندری". IranWire | خانه (in Farisanci). Retrieved 2019-10-24.
Tushen
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Sanasarian, Eliz. The Women's Rights Movements in Iran, Praeger, New York: 1982, .
- Nahid, Abdolhossein, Mata na Iran a cikin Tsarin Mulki, Tabriz, wanda Ehya ya buga, 1981.
- Pouran Farokhzad, Carnivals na Mata na Iran (Daga jiya zuwa yau). Tehran, wanda Ghatreh ya buga, 2002.
- Yervand Abrahamian, Iran tsakanin juyin juya hali biyu: Daga Tsarin Mulki zuwa juyin juya halin Musulunci . Fassara ta Kazem Firuzmand, Hasan Shamsiyahi, Mohsen Darakta na Shanachi. Bugawa ta biyu, wanda Markaz ya buga, 1999, shafi na 146.
Haɗin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Mehrangiz Dowlatshahi-- ESKANDARĪ, MOḤTARAM a cikin Encyclopædia Iranica .