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Motsi na karɓar mai

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Motsi na karɓar mai
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na harkar zamantakewa
Hannun riga da Rashin jin daɗi na zamantakewa
Zane a Växjö an yi shi ne don suka ga ƙa'idodin kyau na zamani

Ƙungiyar karɓar kitse (wanda kuma aka sani da girman kai, ƙarfafa kitse, 'yantar da kitse, da kuma fafutukar kare kitse ) ƙungiya ce ta zamantakewa wacce ke neman kawar da ƙyamar da kiba ke haifarwa a zamantakewa . [1] Fagen da ake jayayya a kansu sun haɗa da hanyoyin kyau, shari'a, da kuma hanyoyin likitanci ga masu kiba.

Yunkurin karɓar kitse na zamani ya fara ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. Baya ga rawar da take takawa a siyasance, ƙungiyar karɓar kitse kuma ta ƙunshi wani ƙaramin al'adu wanda ke aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar zamantakewa ga membobinta. An soki ƙungiyar karɓar kitse saboda rashin ƙara daraja ga muhawarar kan lafiyar ɗan adam, inda wasu masu suka suka zargi ƙungiyar da "haɓaka salon rayuwa wanda zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga lafiya". [2] [3] [4]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tarihin ƙungiyar karɓar kitse za a iya samo shi ne tun daga shekarar 1967 lokacin da mutane 500 suka haɗu a Central Park da ke New York don yin zanga-zanga kan nuna wariya ga masu kitse . Masaniyar zamantakewa Charlotte Cooper ta yi jayayya cewa tarihin ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kitse an fi fahimtarsa a cikin raƙuman ruwa, kamar ƙungiyar mata, wadda ta yi imanin cewa tana da alaƙa da ita. Cooper ta yi imanin cewa masu fafutukar kitse sun fuskanci irin wannan raƙuman gwagwarmaya sannan suka biyo baya da gajiya, tare da masu fafutukar a cikin raƙuman ruwa masu zuwa galibi ba su san tarihin ƙungiyar ba, wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin ci gaba. [5]

Wasu masana, kamar Amy Erdman Farrell, sun yi jayayya cewa tarihin fafutukar kiba da ake bayarwa a al'ada tarihi ne da ya fi rinjaye a fararen fata, kuma ana yawan yin watsi da ayyukan masu fafutukar kiba masu launin fata a cikin wannan tarihin gargajiya.

Raƙuman farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ayyukan farko na raƙuman ruwa sun ƙunshi masu fafutuka waɗanda ke ware kansu suna jawo hankali ga babban samfurin kiba kuma suna ƙalubalantar shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin samfuran da za a iya yi. Wannan irin yanayin siyasa shine tushen motsi na karɓar kiba, wanda ya samo asali a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. Kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na wannan lokacin, motsi na karɓar kiba, wanda aka fi sani da "Fat Pride", "Fat Power", ko "Fat Liberation", galibi ya ƙunshi mutane suna yin aiki ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba. An shirya "kiba" a Central Park na New York a 1967. Wanda sanannen mai rediyo Steve Post ya kira, "Fat-in" ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar mutane 500 suna cin abinci, suna ɗauke da alamu da hotunan Twiggy (wani samfurin da ya shahara da siririyar siffarta), da kuma littattafan abinci masu ƙona abinci.

A shekarar 1967, Lew Louderback ya rubuta wani labari a jaridar Saturday Evening Post mai suna "Mutane da Ya Kamata Su Yi Kiba" don mayar da martani ga wariya da aka yi wa matarsa. Labarin ya haifar da ganawa tsakanin Louderback da William Fabrey, wanda ya kafa ƙungiya ta farko ta masu kiba da magoya bayansu, wacce aka fara sanya mata suna 'Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Taimaka wa Masu Kiba' kuma a halin yanzu ana kiranta da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA). An kafa NAAFA a Amurka, a shekarar 1969, ta hannun Bill Fabrey saboda wariya da aka yi wa matarsa. Ya yi niyyar yin kamfen don kare haƙƙin masu kiba, duk da haka, wani ɗan rahoto da ya halarci taron NAAFA na 2001 ya lura cewa 'yan mahalarta kaɗan ne ke da hannu a siyasance kan haƙƙin masu kiba kuma yawancin mata suna zuwa siyayya don siyayya don kayan kwalliya, sanya su a kan titin taron ko kuma haɗuwa da abokin tarayya mai yuwuwa. Tun daga 1991, Fabrey ya yi aiki a matsayin darekta tare da Majalisar kan Nuna Bambancin Girma da Nauyi, wanda ya ƙware a tarihin ƙungiyar karɓar girman. [6]

A shekarar 1972, aka kafa ƙungiyar mata masu ra'ayin mazan jiya mai suna The Fat Underground. Ya fara ne a matsayin wani babi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na NAAFA kuma ya fara samun 'yancin kai lokacin da NAAFA ta nuna damuwa game da haɓaka falsafar masu fafutuka mai ƙarfi. [7] Ƙungiyar FU ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga kuma, a wasu lokuta, membobin ƙungiyar Radical Therapy Collective, wata ƙungiyar mata masu ra'ayin mazan jiya wadda ta yi imanin cewa yawancin matsalolin tunani sun samo asali ne daga cibiyoyin zamantakewa da ayyuka masu tsauri. Sara Fishman (a lokacin Sara Aldebaran) da Judy Freespirit ne suka kafa ta, Fat Underground ta yi suka ga abin da suka gani a matsayin ƙara nuna son kai ga kiba a cikin al'ummar kimiyya. Sun ƙirƙiro maganar, "abinci magani ne wanda ba ya aiki, ga wata cuta da ba ta wanzu". Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Fishman ta ƙaura zuwa Connecticut, inda, tare da Karen Scott-Jones, ta kafa New Haven Fat Liberation Front, wata ƙungiya mai kama da Fat Underground a fanninta da kuma mai da hankali. A shekarar 1983, ƙungiyoyin biyu sun haɗu don buga wani littafi mai mahimmanci a fannin fafutukar kare kiba, Shadow on a Tightrope, wanda ya tattara takardu da dama na matsayin masu fafutukar kare kiba da Fat Underground ta fara rarrabawa, da kuma waƙoƙi da kasidu daga wasu marubuta.

A shekarar 1979, Carole Shaw ta ƙirƙiro kalmar Big Beautiful Woman (BBW) kuma ta ƙaddamar da mujallar salon zamani da salon rayuwa mai suna iri ɗaya da aka yi niyya ga mata masu girman jiki . [8] Mujallar asali ta daina bugawa a watan Mayu na 2003, amma ta ci gaba da amfani da nau'ikan yanar gizo daban-daban. Kalmar "BBW" ta zama ruwan dare gama gari don nufin kowace mace mai kiba (wani lokacin ta hanyar wulaƙantawa). An buga wasu mujallu da dama da suka mayar da hankali kan salon zamani da salon rayuwa ga mata masu "cikakkun siffofi" a cikin bugawa daga farkon shekarun 1980 zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 2010. Daga 1984 zuwa 2000, an buga Radiance: Mujallar Manyan Mata a cikin bugawa don "tallafa wa mata 'duka girma a cikin rayuwa mai alfahari, cikekken rai, mai aiki, ko da kuwa nauyinsu ne, tare da ƙaunar kai da girmama kai."

A Burtaniya, an kafa ƙungiyar mata masu kiba ta London, ƙungiyar farko ta masu fafutukar kiba ta Burtaniya, kuma tana aiki tsakanin kimanin 1985 da 1989. [5] Sauran ayyukan raƙuman farko sun haɗa da samar da zines kamar Hoto na 8 da Fat! To? na Marilyn Wann. Na ƙarshen ya ci gaba da zama littafi mai suna iri ɗaya .

Raƙumi na biyu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A karo na biyu, ƙungiyar karɓar kitse ta zama ruwan dare a Amurka kuma ta fara yaɗuwa zuwa wasu ƙasashe. Ra'ayoyi daga ƙungiyar sun fara bayyana a cikin manyan ƙasashe. Masu wallafa littattafai sun ƙara son buga littattafai masu taken karɓar kitse. Shekarun 1980 sun shaida ƙaruwar ƙungiyoyi masu fafutuka, wallafe-wallafe, da taruka. [9]

A shekarar 1989, wata ƙungiyar mutane ciki har da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Anne Zamberlan ta kafa ƙungiyar Faransa ta farko don karɓar kitse, Allegro fortissimo . Ƙungiyoyi sun fara gudanar da taruka da tarurruka, ciki har da NAAFA . A shekarun 1990, wasu membobin ƙwararrun likitoci sun fara shigar da bayanai daga ƙungiyar karɓar kitse cikin takardun bincike kamar sabbin shirye-shiryen hana cin abinci da kuma samfuran kula da kiba . [10]

Raƙumi na uku

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yunkurin karɓar kitse ya ga bambance-bambancen ayyuka a lokacin zagaye na uku. Ayyuka sun magance batutuwan kiba da launin fata, aji, jima'i, da sauran batutuwa. An ƙara magance wariyar girma a fannin fasaha. [11]

Jigogin kamfen

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙungiyar karɓar kiba ta yi jayayya cewa masu kiba sune abin da ake nufi da ƙiyayya da wariya . Musamman ma, masu fafutuka sun ba da shawarar cewa mata masu kiba suna fuskantar matsin lamba fiye da maza masu kiba. [10] Ƙungiyar ta yi jayayya cewa waɗannan halaye sun ƙunshi wani al'adar zamantakewa mai cike da ƙiyayya, wanda ke bayyana a cikin cibiyoyin zamantakewa da yawa, gami da kafofin watsa labarai, inda ake yawan yi wa masu kiba ba'a, [12] [13] ko kuma a ɗauke su a matsayin abin tausayi. Wariya ta haɗa da rashin daidaiton damar sufuri da aiki. [14] Membobin ƙungiyar karɓar kiba suna ɗaukar munanan halaye na zamantakewa a matsayin masu dorewa, kuma a matsayin waɗanda suka dogara da zato cewa kiba yana nuna mummunan hali ga mutum. [15] [16] Masu fafutukar karɓar kiba suna matsa lamba don canji a cikin halayen zamantakewa, na mutum, da na likita ga masu kiba. Ƙungiyoyin karɓar kiba suna shiga cikin ilmantar da jama'a game da abin da suka siffanta a matsayin tatsuniyoyi game da masu kiba. [17]

Nuna Bambanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mutane masu kiba suna fuskantar nau'ikan wariya daban-daban saboda nauyinsu. [1] Wannan wariya tana bayyana a fannin kiwon lafiya, aiki, ilimi, dangantaka ta mutum, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai . [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] Mutane masu kiba kuma suna jayayya cewa shagunan tufafi suna nuna musu wariya. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] Misali, wasu mata sun koka cewa shagunan " girma ɗaya ya dace da kowa ", waɗanda ke ba da girma ɗaya ga kowane abu, ba sa biyan waɗanda suka wuce wani nauyi. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] Sufurin jama'a ya fuskanci suka saboda rashin haɗa kai ga mutanen da ke da kiba domin kujeru da hanyoyin tafiya galibi ƙanana ne da ba za su iya ɗaukar su ba. [23]

Dangane da batun hawan dawaki, an sami rashin jituwa tsakanin masu fafutukar karɓuwa da masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin dabbobi .

Lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masu fafutukar kare kitse suna jayayya cewa kyamar da ake nunawa ga masu kiba da kuma cin abinci mai tsanani sun haifar da karuwar matsalolin tunani da na jiki a tsakanin masu kiba. [10] Misali, mutanen da ke fuskantar wariyar kiba sun ba da rahoton fuskantar ƙarin damuwa ta tunani, ƙarin kaɗaici, da ƙarancin walwala. Tare da wannan, wariyar kiba na iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da kiba, kumburi mai ɗorewa, da nauyin cututtuka. [24] Mutane na iya shiga cikin halayen da ke da haɗari ga lafiya, kamar guje wa motsa jiki. [25] [26] Fuskantar da kuma sanya ƙyamar kiba a cikin jiki an gano su a matsayin manyan abubuwan haɗari da ke haifar da cututtukan cin abinci. [27] Ana kuma nuna damuwa cewa mayar da hankali kan al'adun zamani kan rage kiba ba shi da tushe a cikin binciken kimiyya, amma maimakon haka misali ne na amfani da kimiyya a matsayin hanyar sarrafa karkacewa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin al'umma na magance wani abu da take ganin yana damun ta. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">an buƙata ambato</span> ] Masu suka kan abinci sun ambaci yawan gazawar da ake samu a ƙoƙarin rage kiba na dindindin, [28] da kuma haɗarin sauyin nauyi na "yo-yo" da tiyatar rage kiba . Masu fafutukar kiba suna jayayya cewa an ƙara gishiri ko kuma an yi amfani da batutuwan lafiya na kiba da kuma yawan kiba a cikin kuskure, kuma ana amfani da batutuwan lafiya a matsayin kariya ga wariyar al'adu da kyau game da kiba. [29] [9]

Masu goyon bayan karɓar kitse sun dage cewa mutane na kowane siffa da girma za su iya ƙoƙarin samun lafiya da lafiyar jiki. [30] [31] [32] Sun yi imanin cewa kyawawan halaye na iya zama ba tare da la'akari da nauyin jiki ba. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] Bisa ga wannan hanyar, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam waɗanda ba su gamsu da maganin masu kiba a duniyar likitanci ba sun fara motsi na Lafiya a Kowane Girma . Yana da ƙa'idodi guda biyar na asali: (1) inganta lafiya, (2) girma da karɓar kai (3) jin daɗin cin abinci mai kyau, (4) jin daɗin motsi, da kuma (5) ƙarshen nuna son kai ga nauyi. [33]

Wasu masu goyon bayan sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa mutanen da ke da kiba na iya samun lafiyayyen metabolism . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] Wasu nazarin likitanci sun ƙalubalanci wannan ra'ayi na "kiba mai lafiya", [34] [35] [36] [37] kodayake ma'anar kiba mai lafiya a cikin metabolism ba a daidaita ta a cikin nazarin ba. [38]

Jinsi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mata masu kiba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mai shirya fina-finai Kira Nerusskaya ta fitar da fim ɗinta mai suna The BBW World: Under the Fat! a shekarar 2008.

Matsalolin da mata masu kiba ke fuskanta a cikin al'umma sun kasance babban jigon ƙungiyar karɓar kiba tun lokacin da aka kafa ta. Duk da cewa ƙungiyar farko, National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance, da kuma littafi na farko, Fat Power (1970), maza ne suka ƙirƙira su, a kowane hali, martani ne ga wariyar nauyi da matansu suka fuskanta. Ba da daɗewa ba mata suka fara kamfen a madadinsu tare da ƙungiyar mata ta farko, 'The Fat Underground', wacce aka kafa a 1973. Matsalolin da aka magance game da mata sun haɗa da yanayin jiki, musamman ma siraran manufa da tasirinta ga mata. Masu suka sun ce NAAFA, wacce ke adawa da rage cin abinci da tiyatar rage kiba, ta yi afuwa ga salon rayuwa mara kyau. Amma NAAFA ta ce ba ta yin hakan ba, cewa wasu mutane sun fi girma kuma ba su cancanci irin haƙƙoƙin da kowa ya cancanci ba.

Maza masu kiba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙungiyar karɓar kitse ta fi mayar da hankali kan tsarin mata na zalunci ga mata masu kiba, wanda a bayyane yake an wakilta shi ta hanyar ƙarfafa mata su ci abinci. Duk da haka, Sander L. Gilman ya yi jayayya cewa, har zuwa ƙarni na 20, cin abinci a tarihi aikin namiji ne. Ya ci gaba da cewa, " Kiba tana cinye siffar namiji kamar yadda take lalata siffar mace ." William Banting shine marubucin wani littafi na 1863 mai suna Letter On Corpulence, wanda abincin zamani ya yi amfani da shi azaman samfuri. Maza suna mayar da martani ga yin kiba ta hanyoyi daban-daban, (watau, suna da Ma'aunin Jiki na 25 ko fiye), suna da rabin damar cin abinci kamar mata, kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yiwuwar yin tiyatar rage nauyi kuma kashi ɗaya bisa biyar ne kawai zai iya bayar da rahoton jin kunya game da nauyinsu. Irmgard Tischner ya gano wannan ɗabi'ar a matsayin tushen ra'ayoyin maza waɗanda ke buƙatar rashin kulawa ga kiwon lafiya: "Maza ba dole ba ne su damu da girmansu ko lafiyarsu, kamar yadda suke da mata da za su kula da waɗannan abubuwan a gare su".

Wasu mazan luwadi sun wuce gona da iri wajen rashin kula da girmansu zuwa karɓar kiba da kuma fafutukar kiba tare da ƙungiyoyi kamar al'adun chub, wanda ya fara a matsayin ƙungiyoyin Girth &amp; Mirth a San Francisco a 1976 [39] da kuma al'adun beyar da ke haifar da sha'awar manyan maza masu gashi. Ganapati Durgadas ya yi jayayya cewa maza masu kiba masu bisexual da masu luwadi "suna tunatar da munin mata wanda sha'awar jima'i har yanzu ke haifar da sha'awar maza masu luwadi". A cikin kwatancen kiba masu kyau na queer, an gano cewa Fat Girl da aka samar da 'yan madigo ba ta da abubuwan muhawara na siyasa a cikin al'adun maza masu luwadi kamar Bulk Male da Big Ad . Joel Barraquiel Tan ya yi tsokaci: "Idan kiba batu ne na mata, to kiba ko sha'awar maza masu luwadi abu ne da aka shirya wa maza masu luwadi. Mazan luwadi suna son nuna bambancin jima'i, inda 'yan madigo suka yi siyasa a tarihi."

Namiji mai kiba wanda ba shi da jinsi ɗaya ana kiransa da "Babban Mutum Mai Kyau" (BHM), wanda aka fi sani da Babbar Mace Mai Kyau. Kamar wasu maza masu kiba da 'yan luwaɗi, BHMs sun nuna bambancinsu ta hanyar jima'i kuma sun sami tabbacin wannan asalin daga BBWs ko mata madaidaiciya da aka sani da "Masu Sha'awar Fat Female".

Dokoki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekarun 1970, masu kiba a Amurka sun fara neman diyya ta shari'a saboda wariya bisa ga kiba, musamman a wurin aiki amma kuma saboda an hana su damar shiga, ko kuma an yi musu mu'amala daban-daban dangane da ayyuka ko nishaɗi. Sakamakon waɗannan shari'o'in ya bambanta sosai, kodayake a wasu lokuta an yi amfani da Dokar Nakasa ta Amurka (ADA) cikin nasara don yin jayayya kan shari'o'in wariya ga masu kiba. Roth da Solovay sun yi jayayya cewa, kamar yadda yake ga mutanen da suka canza jinsi, babban dalilin bambancin nasarar shine yadda masu ƙara ke ba da haƙuri ga girmansu (tare da ƙarin masu ƙara masu neman afuwa ke samun ƙarin nasara):

Ana ci gaba da amfani da Dokar Nakasassu ta Amurka domin babu wata doka ta tarayya ta Amurka da ta hana nuna wariya ga nauyi; duk da haka, jihar Michigan ta zartar da doka kan nuna wariya ga nauyi a shekarar 1976. [40] Biranen Washington, DC, San Francisco (2000), Santa Cruz, Binghamton, Urbana (1990s), New York (2023), [41] [42] da Madison (1970s) suma sun zartar da dokoki da suka hana nuna wariya ga nauyi. [43] [44] A cikin biranen da ke da dokar nuna wariya ga nauyi, ba kasafai ake gabatar da shari'a fiye da ɗaya a shekara ba, sai dai San Francisco wacce za ta iya samun har zuwa shida. Ra'ayoyi tsakanin ma'aikatan tsaro na birni sun bambanta game da dalilin da ya sa adadin masu gabatar da kara ya yi ƙasa sosai, kodayake duk sun nuna cewa duka mutanen da suka yi kiba da ma'aikata ba su san da dokar kariya ba kuma an kuma lura cewa biranen da ke da dokokin nuna wariya ga nauyi sun fi zama garuruwan kwaleji masu sassaucin ra'ayi. [43]

Ba duk canje-canjen shari'a ba ne suka kare haƙƙin masu kiba. Duk da shawarwarin da Hukumar Daidaito ta Damammaki ta bayar akasin haka, a shekara ta 2009 Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Amurka ta Kotun Sashe na Shida ta yanke hukunci cewa masu kiba za su cancanci zama nakasassu ne kawai idan za a iya tabbatar da cewa nauyinsu ya samo asali ne daga wata cuta da ke da alaƙa da kiba, tana goyon bayan ra'ayin cewa kasancewa mai kiba ba nakasa ba ce. Kotun Ƙoli ta Texas ta cimma irin wannan matsaya a shekara ta 2023. Amma a shekara ta 2018, Kotun Ƙoli ta Washington ta ba da kariya ga nakasassu da suka shafi nauyi ba tare da shaidar wata cuta da ta shafi lafiya ba. [41] Wasu ƙasashe banda Amurka sun yi la'akari da dokoki don kare haƙƙin masu kiba. A Burtaniya, wata ƙungiyar 'Yan Majalisa ta All-Party ta buga wani rahoto a shekara ta 2012 mai suna Reflections on Body Image wanda ya gano cewa mutum ɗaya cikin biyar na Birtaniya an ci zarafinsu saboda nauyinsu. Rahoton ya ba da shawarar cewa 'Yan Majalisar Dokoki su binciki sanya "nuna wariya bisa ga kamanni" a ƙarƙashin tushen shari'a iri ɗaya da wariyar jinsi ko launin fata ta hanyar Dokar Daidaito ta 2010 wanda ya sa ya zama haramun a ci zarafin kowa, a zalunce shi ko a nuna wariya ga kowa a wurin aiki bisa ga wasu rukunoni da aka ambata, gami da girma ko nauyi. Dokar Daidaito ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2010, ta haɗa dokoki daban-daban sama da 116 a cikin doka guda ɗaya. Dokar ta samar da tsarin shari'a don kare haƙƙin mutane da kuma haɓaka daidaiton dama ga kowa. [45]

Nazarin kitse

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kuma sami wani rukunin nazarin ilimi mai tasowa da ake kira Fat Studies. Marilyn Wann ta yi jayayya cewa nazarin kitse ya wuce ƙoƙarin mutum ɗaya zuwa zama fanni na nazari tare da taron 2004 mai taken Kitse: Binciken Al'adun Ƙasashen Amurka da Wakiltar Jikin Mata . Ƙungiyar Al'adun Jama'a ta Amurka tana haɗa da bangarori kan wannan batu akai-akai. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] A kwalejoji da yawa, ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun bayyana, ciki har da Hampshire, Smith, da Antioch. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] Nazarin kitse yanzu ana samunsa a matsayin wani kwas na karatu tsakanin fannoni daban-daban a wasu kwalejoji, suna ɗaukar irin wannan hanyar zuwa wasu nazarin asali kamar nazarin mata, nazarin queer, da nazarin Afirka-Amurkawa . Tun daga shekarar 2011, akwai darussa guda biyu na Australiya da darussa goma na Amurka waɗanda aka fi mayar da hankali kan nazarin kitse ko Lafiya a Kowane Girma, da kuma wasu darussa da yawa waɗanda ke da wasu abubuwan da suka dace da kitse. Taylor & Francis sun buga mujallar Nazarin Kitse ta yanar gizo. An gudanar da taron karawa juna sani na farko na ƙasa na Nazarin Kitse a York a watan Mayu 2008, wanda ya kai ga buga littafin Fat Studies a Burtaniya na 2009, wanda Corinna Tomrley da Ann Kalosky Naylor suka shirya. [46]

Rarrabuwa a cikin motsi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An raba ƙungiyar karɓar kiba a martanin da ta mayar ga dokar da aka gabatar wadda ta bayyana mutanen da ke da kiba a matsayin nakasassu. Mamba a hukumar NAAFA, Peggy Howell, ta ce: "Akwai rikici da yawa a cikin al'ummar karɓar kiba a kan wannan. Ban ɗauki kaina a matsayin nakasassu ba, kuma wasu mutane ba sa son a ɗauke ni a matsayin 'mai kiba' a matsayin nakasa." Wani mutum da Amy Erdman ta yi hira da shi a cikin littafinta mai suna Fat Shame ya lura da wani misali na kyakkyawan hangen nesa na ƙiba a matsayin nakasa a cikin al'umma baki ɗaya: "[Deborah Harper] ta yi magana game da yadda ta burge ni da yadda mutane da yawa ke yi mata sassauci cikin natsuwa da ladabi." Mata suna da himma musamman a cikin ƙungiyar karɓar kiba kuma membobin ƙungiyoyin karɓar kiba suna mamaye mata masu matsakaicin matsayi a cikin mafi girman kashi 1-2% na yawan jama'a. Membobi sun soki rashin wakilci a cikin ƙungiyar daga maza, mutanen launin fata, da mutanen da ke da ƙarancin matsayi a cikin zamantakewa. [47]

Suka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An yi suka ga ƙungiyar karɓar kitse daga fuskoki da dama. Babban sukar da ake yi ita ce karɓar kitse ya yi watsi da binciken da ya nuna cewa matsalolin lafiya suna da alaƙa da kiba, don haka yana ƙarfafa rayuwa mara kyau. A shekara ta 2008, Lily-Rygh Glen, marubuciya, mawaƙiya, kuma tsohuwar mai fafutukar karɓar kitse, ta yi hira da mata da yawa waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa takwarorinsu a cikin ƙungiyar sun ƙi ta kuma aka yi musu lakabi da "masu cin amana" lokacin da suka canza abincinsu.

Sukar likita

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lafiyar ɗan adam batu ne mai fuskoki da yawa; binciken kimiyya mai zurfi ya nuna cewa dangantakar da ke tsakanin nauyi da lafiya tana da sarkakiya. [48] [49] An soki ƙungiyar karɓar kitse saboda rashin ƙara daraja ga muhawarar kan lafiyar ɗan adam, inda wasu masu suka suka zargi ƙungiyar da "haɓaka salon rayuwa wanda zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga lafiya". [2] [3] [4] Akwai shaidu da yawa da ke nuna cewa kasancewa mai kiba yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar mace-mace da cututtuka, [50] da raguwar nauyi mai yawa (>10%), ta amfani da nau'ikan abinci iri-iri, yana inganta ko kuma yana mayar da cututtukan metabolism da sauran sakamakon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da kiba. [51] [52] [53] [54] Barry Franklin, darektan wani cibiyar gyaran zuciya, ya ce: "Ba na son ɗaukar wata ƙungiya ta musamman amma... Ƙungiya ta zamantakewa da za ta ba da shawarar lafiya a kowane fanni na iya zama yaudara." [55] Franklin ya kuma yarda cewa mutanen da suka yi kiba masu lafiya suna da ƙarancin mace-macen zuciya da jijiyoyin jini fiye da mutanen da suka yi siriri, marasa lafiya, kuma masu goyon bayan ƙungiyar karɓar kiba suna jayayya cewa mutane na kowane siffa da girma za su iya zaɓar halaye da ke tallafawa lafiyarsu da lafiyarsu ta jiki. [55]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 Puhl, Rebecca M.; Heuer, Chelsea A. (2009-05-01). "The Stigma of Obesity: A Review and Update". Obesity. 17 (5): 941–964. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.636. ISSN 1930-739X. PMID 19165161. S2CID 152352.
  2. 1 2 "Fat Acceptance: 'Young, Fat and Fabulous' Say No to Yo-Yo Diets". ABC. 2009-06-15. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
  3. 1 2 "In the Fatosphere, Big Is In, or at Least Accepted". The New York Times. 2008-01-22. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  4. 1 2 "Is the fat acceptance movement bad for our health?". CNN. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
  5. 1 2 Cooper, Charlotte. "What's Fat Activism?" (PDF). University of Limerick. Retrieved 2017-09-25.
  6. ↑ "Council Directors and Project Managers". Council on Size & Weight Discrimination. Archived from the original on 2020-02-07. Retrieved 2017-09-25.
  7. ↑ "Life In The Fat Underground by Sara Fishman". Radiancemagazine.com. Archived from the original on 2011-12-04. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
  8. ↑ "BBW Past and Present". BBW Magazine - The Power of Plus. Big Beautiful Woman Magazine. 2014-08-15. Archived from the original on 2019-04-19. Retrieved 2017-09-25.
  9. 1 2 "From New York to Instagram: The history of the body positivity movement". BBC Bitesize (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  10. 1 2 3 B.E., Robinson; J.G., Bacon (1996). "The "If Only I Were Thin..." Treatment Program: Decreasing the Stigmatizing Effects of Fatness". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 27 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.27.2.175. ISSN 0735-7028. OCLC 8996897.
  11. ↑ "Tantalising Glimpses (2020)". LADA Live Art Development Agency (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  12. ↑ "Council on Size and Weight Discrimination – Weight Discrimination on Television". Cswd.org. Archived from the original on 2011-12-20. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
  13. ↑ Greenberg, B. S.; et al. (2003). "Portrayals of overweight and obese individuals on commercial television". American Journal of Public Health. 93 (8): 1342–8. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.530.9981. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.8.1342. PMC 1447967. PMID 12893625.
  14. ↑ Maranto, C. L.; Stenoien, A. F. (2000). "Weight Discrimination: A Multidisciplinary Analysis". Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal. 12: 9–24. doi:10.1023/A:1007712500496. S2CID 142845902.
  15. ↑ Murray, S. (2005). "(Un/Be)Coming Out? Rethinking Fat Politics". Social Semiotics. 15 (2): 153–163. doi:10.1080/10350330500154667. S2CID 145102272.
  16. ↑ Puhl, R.; Brownell, D. (Dec 2001). "Bias, discrimination, and obesity". Obesity Research. 9 (12): 788–805. doi:10.1038/oby.2001.108. ISSN 1071-7323. PMID 11743063.
  17. ↑ Hemmenway, Carrie. "Dispelling common myths about fat persons". NAAFA. Retrieved 2017-09-25.
  18. ↑ Tomiyama, A. (May–June 2013). "If Shaming People Reduced Obesity, There Would Be No Fat People" (PDF). The Hastings Center Report. 43 (3): 4–5. doi:10.1002/hast.166. PMID 23650055.
  19. ↑ "National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance" (PDF). naafaonline.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  20. ↑ By (2011-05-16). "Some ob-gyns in South Florida turn away overweight women". Sun Sentinel (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-07-27.
  21. ↑ Vallis, T. Michael (2007). "Healthcare Professional Bias Against the Obese: How Do We Know If We Have a Problem?". Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 31 (4): 365–370. doi:10.1016/S1499-2671(07)14008-9.
  22. ↑ Adams, CH (1993). "The relationship of obesity to the frequency of pelvic examinations: do physician and patient attitudes make a difference?". Women Health. 20 (2): 45–57. doi:10.1300/J013v20n02_04. PMID 8372479.
  23. ↑ Pitter, Jay (2015-08-11). "Weighing In: Fat Discrimination on Public Transit". Spacing Toronto (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-06-20.
  24. ↑ Phelan, SM; Burgess, DJ; Yeazel, MW; Hellerstedt, WL; Griffin, JM; van Ryn, M (April 2015). "Impact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity". Obesity Reviews. 16 (4): 319–326. doi:10.1111/obr.12266. ISSN 1467-7881. PMC 4381543. PMID 25752756.
  25. ↑ Sutin, A. R.; et al. (2015). "Weight Discrimination and Risk of Mortality". Psychol Sci. 26 (11): 1803–1811. doi:10.1177/0956797615601103. PMC 4636946. PMID 26420442.
  26. ↑ Adams, C. H.; Smith, N. J.; Wilbur, D. C.; Grady, K. E. (1993). "The relationship of obesity to the frequency of pelvic examinations: do physician and patient attitudes make a difference?". Women & Health. 20 (2): 45–57. doi:10.1300/J013v20n02_04. ISSN 0363-0242. PMID 8372479.
  27. ↑ McEntee, M. L.; et al. (2023). "Dismantling weight stigma in eating disorder treatment: Next steps for the field". Front Psychiatry. 14. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1157594. PMC 10126256 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37113547 Check |pmid= value (help).
  28. ↑ Bacon, Linda; Aphramor, Lucy (2011-01-24). "Weight Science: Evaluating the Evidence for a Paradigm Shift". Nutrition Journal. 10 (1): 9. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-9. ISSN 1475-2891. PMC 3041737. PMID 21261939.
  29. ↑ Hobbes, Michael. "Everything You Know About Obesity Is Wrong". HuffPost. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  30. ↑ Ikeda, J. P.; et al. (1999). "A Commentary on the New Obesity Guidelines from NIH". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 99 (8): 918–9. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00218-7. PMID 10450304.
  31. ↑ "ISAA's Respect | Health Initiative". Size-acceptance.org. Archived from the original on 2018-07-04. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
  32. ↑ "Physical Fitness" (PDF). NAAFA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-20.
  33. ↑ Marilyn Missing or empty |title= (help)
  34. ↑ "Is Healthy Obesity a Myth?". nlm.nih.gov. 30 April 2014. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  35. ↑ "Dispelling the myth of 'healthy obesity'". British Heart Foundation. 1 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  36. ↑ Kramer, CK; Zinman, B; Retnakaran, R (Dec 3, 2013). "Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions?: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Ann Intern Med. 159 (11): 758–69. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-11-201312030-00008. PMID 24297192. S2CID 9431877.
  37. ↑ Roberson, Lara L; et al. (Jan 8, 2014). "Beyond BMI: The "Metabolically healthy obese" phenotype & its association with clinical/subclinical cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality – a systematic review". BMC Public Health. 14 (1): 14. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-14. PMC 3890499. PMID 24400816.
  38. ↑ Blüher, S; Schwarz, P (Jun 19, 2014). "Metabolically healthy obesity from childhood to adulthood — Does weight status alone matter?". Metabolism. 14 (9): 1084–92. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.06.009. PMID 25038727.
  39. ↑ Suresha, Ron (2016-02-07). "The Birth of Girth and Mirth: an interview with Reed Wilgoren". Archived from the original on 2017-04-09. Retrieved 2017-04-08.
  40. ↑ "ELLIOTT-LARSEN CIVIL RIGHTS ACT (EXCERPT) Act 453 of 1976, MCL - Section 37.2102". Michigan Compiled Laws.
  41. 1 2 "NYC Worker Protections Grow With Rare Ban on Weight, Height Bias". news.bloomberglaw.com (in Turanci). 21 November 2023. Retrieved 2024-07-03.
  42. ↑ "Mayor Adams Signs Legislation To Prohibit Height Or Weight Discrimination In Employment, Housing, An". The official website of the City of New York. May 26, 2023. Retrieved 2024-07-03.
  43. 1 2 "Weight Bias Laws: Tipping the Scales Against Prejudice?". Minnesota Dept. Human Rights. Archived from the original on 2014-04-24.
  44. ↑ Wagner, Hannah Harris Green, Marika Proctor, Tony (2024-03-29). "This is why weight discrimination is legal in most of the U.S." Marketplace (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-07-03.
  45. ↑ "What is the Equality Act? | Equality and Human Rights Commission". www.equalityhumanrights.com. Archived from the original on 2020-03-20. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  46. ↑ "Fat Studies in the UK". Raw Nerve. Books. Archived from the original on 2012-03-17.
  47. ↑ Webb, Cary (4 January 2014). "Why I'm Over The Size Acceptance Movement or Hey, SA, What Have You Done For Me Lately?". XOJane.com. XOJANE. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
  48. ↑ Kang, Xingping; Shaw, Leslee J.; Hayes, Sean W.; Hachamovitch, Rory; Abidov, Aiden; Cohen, Ishac; Friedman, John D.; Thomson, Louise E.J.; Polk, Donna; Germano, Guido; Berman, Daniel S. (April 2006). "Impact of Body Mass Index on Cardiac Mortality in Patients With Known or Suspected Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Myocardial Perfusion Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography". Journal of the American College of Cardiology (in Turanci). 47 (7): 1418–1426. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.11.062. PMID 16580531.
  49. ↑ Guo, Fangjian; Garvey, W. Timothy (February 2016). "Cardiometabolic disease risk in metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity: Stability of metabolic health status in adults". Obesity (in Turanci). 24 (2): 516–525. doi:10.1002/oby.21344. ISSN 1930-7381. PMC 4731253. PMID 26719125.
  50. ↑ Gorgievska-Sukarovska, B.; Lipozencić, J.; Susac, A. (2008). "Obesity and allergic diseases". Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica. 16 (4): 231–235. PMID 19111150.
  51. ↑ Jensen, MD; Ryan, DH; Apovian, CM; Ard, JD; Comuzzie, AG; Donato, KA; Hu, FB; Hubbard, VS; Jakicic, JM; Kushner, RF; Loria, CM; Millen, BE; Nonas, CA; Pi-Sunyer, FX; Stevens, J (24 June 2014). "2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society". Circulation (Professional society guideline). 129 (25 Suppl 2): S102-38. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee. PMC 5819889. PMID 24222017.
  52. ↑ Thom, G; Lean, M (May 2017). "Is There an Optimal Diet for Weight Management and Metabolic Health?" (PDF). Gastroenterology (Review). 152 (7): 1739–1751. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.056. PMID 28214525.
  53. ↑ Kuchkuntla, AR; Limketkai, B; Nanda, S; Hurt, RT; Mundi, MS (December 2018). "Fad Diets: Hype or Hope?". Current Nutrition Reports (Review). 7 (4): 310–323. doi:10.1007/s13668-018-0242-1. PMID 30168044. S2CID 52132504.
  54. ↑ "Obesity and overweight" (in Turanci). World Health Organization. 2018.
  55. 1 2 Worth, Tammy. "Is the Fat Acceptance Movement Bad for Our Health?". CNN. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
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