Msiri

An kwatanta Msiri a cikin littafi na 1886.

Msiri
sarki
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	1830
ƙasa	Yeke Kingdom (en)
Mutuwa	Lardin Katanga, 20 Disamba 1891
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zama	Maria de Fonseca (en)
Sana'a
Sana'a	sarki

Msiri (c. 1830 - Disamba 20, 1891) ya kafa daular Yeke (wanda ake kira daular Garanganze ko Garenganze) a kudu maso gabashin Katanga (yanzu a DR Congo ) daga kimanin shekarar 1856 zuwa 1891. Wani lokaci ana rubuta sunansa 'M'Siri' a cikin labaran Faransanci. Sauran bambance-bambancen su ne "Mziri", "Msidi", da "Mushidi"; kuma cikakken sunansa Mwenda Msiri Ngelengwa Shitambi .

Asalin Msiri da hawan mulki

Kudancin Afirka ta Tsakiya a cikin shekarar 1890 yana nuna matsayi na tsakiya na Msiri ta Yeke Kingdom da kuma manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci, tare da kimanin yankuna na manyan abokan Msiri (sunaye a cikin rawaya) da kuma yankunan da ke da ikon Turai (sunaye a orange - baya nuna tasirin tasiri ko iyakoki). Sarkin Zanzibar ne ke kula da cinikin gabar tekun gabas . Ba a nuna yankunan tasirin wasu kabilu da na Faransa da Jamus ba.

Daga Tabora zuwa Katanga

Msiri ya kuma kasance Nyamwezi daga Tabora a Tanzaniya ta zamani kuma ɗan kasuwa, kamar mahaifinsa Kalasa, yana da hannu cikin cinikin bayi na tagulla, hauren giwa da Gabashin Afirka wanda Sarkin Zanzibar da wakilansa na Larabawa da Swahili ke sarrafawa. Babban hanyar kasuwanci ta tafi Ujiji a tafkin Tanganyika sannan zuwa tafkin Mweru da Katanga.

Ikon soja

Msiri ya gane samun bindigogi shine mabuɗin wutar lantarki, kuma a Katanga, yana da albarkatun tagulla da hauren giwa da zai yi ciniki da su. Ya kafa rundunar soji ya fara cin maƙwabtansa. Ya kuma yi aure a gidan sarautar Luba, inda ya fara amfani da mata a matsayin ƴan leƙen asiri.

Ya kuma dogara ne da cinikin bindigu na gabas da bindigu da foda, wanda ya ratsa cikin yankin abokan hamayyarsa, yana sanya kayayyaki masu tsada da rashin dogaro. A maimakon haka sai ya juya zuwa gaɓar yamma, ya aika da ɗan'uwansa Molenga zuwa ga Ovimbundu da Portuguese 'yan kasuwa a kusa da Benguela a Angola, kuma wani dan kasuwa a can mai suna Coimbra ya zama mai kawo masa kaya. Mutanen Luba da ke arewa-maso-yamma sun mallaki kasuwancin gabar tekun yamma, amma Msiri ya karbe shi ya dakatar da fadada su zuwa kudu.

A yanzu Msiri yana da iko da tasiri wajen kulla kawance kamar yadda ya zama daidai da shugabannin yaki irin su Tippu Tip, wanda ke iko da gabashin Kongo daga tafkin Tanganyika har ya zuwa yanzu Uganda a arewa maso gabas, da kuma shugaban Nyamwezi Mirambo wanda ke kula da hanyar kasa tsakanin tafkin Tanganyika da bakin teku, kuma ya nemi yin koyi da su. Msiri ya cimma abin da wasu kabilu da Portuguese suka yi ƙoƙari ba tare da samun nasara mai yawa ba, wanda shine kasuwanci a fadin nahiyar, tare da iyakokin biyu.

A lokacin ziyarar David Livingstone zuwa Mwata Kazembe VIII a cikin shekarar 1867, Msiri ya mallaki mafi yawan yankunan Mwata da kasuwanci a yammacin gabar kogin Luapula . Tippu Tip ya so ɗaukar fansa kan Kazembe saboda kashe shida daga cikin mutanensa, kuma ya kulla kawance da Msiri don kai hari kuma ya kashe Mwata Kazembe a 1870, kuma Msiri daga baya ya yi tasiri wajen nada magajinsa. An ƙarfafa ikon Msiri na kudu maso gabashin Katanga da albarkatun tagulla.

Dabarar Msiri

Matar da Msiri ya fi so, Baturen-Angolan Maria de Fonseca, wacce ta mutu da mugunyar mutuwa a hannun ɗan da Msiri ya ɗauka kuma magajinsa.

A cikin yanki da shekarun da 'yan kasuwa masu ɗauke da makamai suka mamaye, Msiri ya yi nasara sosai. Gudanar da hanyoyin kasuwancin da ke tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Indiya ya ɗauki rashin tausayi da makamai (kuma a kan maƙwabtansa, Msiri yana da abin da za a kira a yammacin ' fasahar soja mafi girma'). Amma kuma ya dauki ido mai ma'ana, kuma yaudara da lallashi da ake bukata don kulla kawance da daruruwan sauran ƙabilu, masu mulki da 'yan kasuwa. Ya yi haka ne ta hannun matansa wadanda adadinsu ya haura 500. Ya ɗauki mata daga ƙauyen kowane basarake, wanda ya sa sarkin ya ɗauka cewa wannan ya ba shi lauya a kotun Msiri, amma matar ta yi amfani da ita don leken asiri ga sarki kuma don samun bayanai game da mu'amalarsa da amincinsa. Ana iya amfani da matar a matsayin garkuwa idan duk wani tawaye daga wannan sarkin.

Msiri ya kuma kulla kawance da wasu manyan abokan ciniki ta hanyar aure. An ce matar da ya fi so ita ce Maria de Fonseca, 'yar'uwar abokin ciniki na Portuguese-Angolan Coimbra. Msiri ya auri daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata ga Tippu Tip .

A cikin shekarar 1884, yana son samun shawarwari kan yadda za a tunkari turawan mulkin mallaka na gabatowa, ya gayyaci wani ɗan mishan dan Scotland, Frederick Stanley Arnot, wanda ya ji yana Angola, ya zo babban birninsa a Bunkeya, 180. km yamma da kogin Luapula . A cikin shekarar 1886 Arnot ya isa kuma shine farar fata na farko da ya zauna a Katanga. Bayan shekaru uku ya koma Biritaniya don ɗaukar ƙarin masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje, gami da Charles Swan da Dan Crawford .

Saboda haka, masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje na farko a Katanga ba su tsai da shawarar zuwa can da nasu yunƙurin ba. Dabarar Msiri ta yi aiki: shawarwarin mishan sun hana shi shiga ta balaguron farko na Burtaniya da Belgium (duba ƙasa). Hakanan yana iya yiwuwa Msiri yana da ra'ayin yin garkuwa da 'yan mishan a duk wani yaki da Turawa, kamar yadda ya yi garkuwa da matan kabilu.

Rikicin Katanga da kashe Msiri

Balaguron Biritaniya (Sharpe da Thomson), 1890

Cecil Rhodes ' Kamfani na Afirka ta Kudu na Burtaniya (BSAC) da Belgian King Leopold II 's Kongo Free State (CFS) duk sun so rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin da Msiri don cika burinsu na mulkin mallaka kuma sun yi takara don yin hakan. Wasu daga cikin sarakunan da ke karkashin Msiri da masu fafatawa a kasuwanci sun yi amfani da damar zuwan sabbin iko a yankin don fara tawaye ga ikonsa. A cikin Nuwamba 1890 Alfred Sharpe ya isa Bunkeya daga Nyasaland a madadin BSAC da Kwamishinan Biritaniya a Afirka ta Tsakiya/ Nyasaland, Sir Harry Johnston, tare da rangwamen haƙƙin ma'adinai da yarjejeniyar kariyar Birtaniyya don sanya hannu. BSAC ne ta aiko mai binciken Joseph Thomson don saduwa da ƙarfafa aikin Sharpe a Bunkeya, amma cutar sankarau ta toshe hanyarta kuma ta kasa ci gaba.

Har yanzu kuma Arnot yana Biritaniya amma Charles Swan da Dan Crawford sun halarta. Msiri da jami'ansa ba su iya karanta Turanci ba kuma Sharpe ya kwatanta yarjejeniyar da kyau, amma Arnot ya shawarci Msiri da a fassara duk wata yarjejeniya, kuma Swan yanzu ya ba da irin wannan shawara. Don haka daga baya masu mishan sun zama batun bacin rai da fushi a madadin BSAC, domin lokacin da aka bayyana ainihin abin da yarjejeniyar ta kunsa ga Msiri, ya fusata, ya sallami Sharpe hannu wofi. Sharpe ya tabbata Msiri ba zai rattaba hannu kan ikon mallakar wani iko ba, kuma ya shawarci Johnston da ya jira har sai ya fita daga hanya.

Balaguron Belgian (Le Marinel da Delcommune), 1891

A ranar 18 ga Afrilun shekarar 1891 Leopold ya aika da balaguro na mutane kusan 350 ƙarƙashin jagorancin Paul Le Marinel . Ya sami ɗan gajeren wasiƙa da Msiri ya sa hannu kuma Swan ya shaida (kuma mai yiwuwa shi ne ya rubuta shi), cewa Msiri zai karɓi wakilan CFS a yankinsa. Ba a ambaci yarda da a daga tutar CFS ba ko kuma a amince da ikon Leopold, kuma da alama rashin daidaito an tsara shi ne don kiyaye Leopold a bakin teku, don haka bayan 'yan watanni Delcommune Expedition ya biyo baya don ƙoƙarin cimma waɗannan manufofin, amma kuma Msiri ya ƙi. Da tsammanin cewa BSAC za ta sake gwadawa tare da Thomson, Leopold ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar mataki mai ƙarfi tare da balaguron sa na uku na 1891.

Balaguron Matakala da kashe Msiri

In all truth, we don't know where this head went. Is it in Europe, in some Museum, in the house of Leopold II, or with whom? Up to this day, we don't know."

A ranar 14 ga Disamban shekarar 1891 da makamai masu linzami Expedition na CFS ya isa Bunkeya tare da sojoji 400 da 'yan dako, karkashin jagorancin Kanada, Kyaftin WG Stairs, wanda Leopold ya umarta don tayar da tutar CFS kuma ya yi ikirarin Katanga da karfi idan ya cancanta. An fara tattaunawa kuma Msiri ya nuna cewa zai iya amincewa da wata yarjejeniya idan aka kawo masa foda.

A cewar Likitan Expedition na Stairs Expedition Joseph Moloney da jami'in na uku Christian de Bonchamps, tare da yin shawarwari a tsaka-tsaki, Msiri ya mayar da martani ga matsananci kuma ga Matakan da ke tashi da tutar CFS ba tare da izininsa ba, ta hanyar tashi da dare zuwa wani kauye mai garu a Munema a gefen Bunkeya. Washegari, 20 ga Disamban shekarar 1891, Stairs ya aika da babban kwamandan sa na biyu, Laftanar Omer Bodson na Belgium tare da de Bonchamps da sojoji 100 don kama Msiri. Duk da damuwar de Bonchamps game da hatsarin, Bodson ya shiga cikin Munema tare da mutane goma sha biyu ya fuskanci Msiri a gaban mayakansa kusan 300. Msiri bai ce komai ba sai a fusace ya fara zare takobin da aka yi masa kyauta daga Stairs. Bodson ya zana bijirewa ya harbe Msiri har sau uku, ya kashe shi. Fada ya barke, kuma daya daga cikin mutanen Msiri ya harbe Bodson har lahira, ya mutu daga baya.

Tarihin baka na mutanen Garanganze ya ƙunshi wasu sabani game da lamarin. A cikin wani labari, Msiri ya yi wa Bodson mashi har lahira kuma wasu 'yan tawagar sun harbe shi.

Kaddarar kan Msiri

A cikin wata kasida da aka buga a birnin Paris a shekara ta 1892, de Bonchamps ya bayyana cewa bayan da suka dawo da gawar Msiri zuwa sansaninsu, balaguron ya yanke kansa tare da ɗaga shi a kan sandar sanda a matsayin 'darasi mara kyau' ga Garanganze. Littafin Moloney yayi shiru akan batun. Dan Crawford ya kasance a wani waje na Belgium 40 km daga nesa kuma, ya dogara da rahoton Garanganze, ya rubuta cewa bayan ya harbe Msiri, 'Bodson' ya yanke kansa kuma ya yi ihu "Na kashe tiger! Vive le Roi!".

Tarihi na baka na Garanganze ya ce gawar da aka mayar musu da Stairs don binne gawar ba ta da kai, kuma balaguron ya kiyaye kan. Wani labari ya ce ta la'anci kuma ta kashe duk wanda ya ɗauke ta kuma daga ƙarshe, wannan ya haɗa da Stairs da kansa, wanda ya mutu sakamakon zazzabin cizon sauro bayan watanni shida a hanyar dawowa, kuma an yi zargin cewa yana tare da kan Msiri a cikin gwangwani na kananzir. Tarihin wadanda suka gaji Msiri ya ce an binne kan a karkashin wani tsauni na duwatsu a kasar Zambiya, amma kuma ya ce magajin Msiri ya 'kama ya kashe dukkan Turawa a wannan balaguron'.

A cikin 1998 mai zane ɗan Kongo Tshibumba Kanda-Matulu ya ce:

There can be little doubt, judging from various contemporary accounts, that his rule was arbitrary, vindictive, cruel, and despotic. He was a warlord who enslaved his neighbours and whose capital was surrounded by palisades on which hung the skulls of his enemies.

Katanga bayan Msiri

Sojojin balaguron sun kashe da yawa daga cikin mutanen Msiri a ranar a Munema, kuma jama'a sun watse. Da sharadin ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin CFS, Stairs ya nada dan renon Msiri a matsayin shugaba a madadinsa amma na yanki da ya ragu sosai, ya maido da masarautun Wasanga wadanda Msiri ya hambarar da su shekaru 30 da suka gabata. Balaguron Matakan ya bar bayan makonni bakwai lokacin da wani balaguron CFS ( Batun Bia ) ya zo daga arewa. Ya yi ƙanƙanta sosai don kiyaye ingantaccen iko, kuma ya ƙaura zuwa gabashin Katanga. Hagu ba tare da wani sojojin CFS ba don kiyaye zaman lafiya, rikice-rikice da rashin zaman lafiya sun mamaye wuraren da Msiri ya bari na ɗan lokaci yayin da sarakunan suka yi yaƙi da juna, kuma Dan Crawford ya ƙaura zuwa tafkin Mweru kuma ya kafa manufa wanda Garanganze da yawa suka ƙaura don tserewa rikicin.

Birtaniya ta yarda da mallakar Katanga na Free State na Kongo (gwamnatin da Leopold ya ba wa Compagnie du Katanga) kuma an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Anglo-Belgian a 1894. Kasuwancin bayi daga kudu maso gabashin Katanga zuwa tafkin Tanganyika ya ragu, ko da yake a Kongo 'Yancin Bautar da aka yi a Kongo kamar yadda jami'an sarki Leopold na biyu suka yi bai ƙare ba sai bayan da kasar Belgian ta kwace kasar a shekara ta 1908. Wasu daga cikin mutanen Garanganze sun koma Bunkeya kuma suka ci gaba da sarautar Garanganze wanda, duk da gudun hijira na cikin gida na wasu shekaru, yana ci gaba da yin amfani da sunan 'Mwami Mwenda' bayan sunan farko na Msiri, yana mulkin jama'a kusan 20,000.

Kimantawa

... the quietness and peace that reigns is remarkable. The fear of Msidi is great. He is sharp and severe in his government, though I see or hear of nothing in the way of torture or cruelty ... executions are common, but death is inflicted at once ... [the cases] have been those of actual crime....

Mummunan hukunci

Boma Msiri a Bunkeya. Abubuwan da ke saman sandunan nan huɗu, waɗanda aka tattara wasu mayaka na Msiri a ƙasa, shugabannin abokan gāba ne. Ƙarin kokon kai suna kan gungumen azaba suna samar da hannun jari.

An ce Msiri yana azabtar da makiyansa da sauran miyagu ta hanyar yankan kunne (yanke kunne), binne shi har wuyansa a bar shi da yunwa, ko kuma a rufe shi a cikin bukka don cin abincin karnuka. An aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ta hanyar fille kai, kamar yadda kawukan da aka ɗora akan sanduna suka shaida. Abin ban mamaki balaguron matakala ya yi wa Msiri da kansa (kuma gwamnatin Leopold a cikin Kongo Free State sun rataye kawuna da gawarwakin mazauna kauyuka a kan shinge a matsayin gargadi ga wasu abin da ya faru da wadanda ba su cika adadin roba ba).

Babban birnin Msiri na Bunkeya da ƙauyukan da ke kewaye yana da yawan jama'a 60,000-80,000 a 1891. Shekara guda bayan mutuwar Msiri, 10,000-20,000 ne. A wannan yanki na Afirka mutane suna tarwatsewa cikin daji lokacin da aka yi musu barazana. Alal misali, David Livingstone ya ruwaito shekaru ashirin da suka shige cewa Mwata Kazembe VII Chinkonkole Kafuti ya zaluntar mutanensa har da yawa sun yi hijira, kuma da kyar ya iya tara mazaje 1000. A ci gaba da sabanin da Msiri, lokacin da makasan da Msiri da Tippu Tib suka aika suka ci gaba da kai hari kan boma, mutanen Chinkonkole Kafuti ba su gargade shi ba, amma sai suka ba shi mamaki.

Bayanin Arnot na Msiri

Daga cikin rubutattun asusun Msiri na zamani, duk sun kasance ta ko bisa asusun mutane a cikin albashin Leopold ko BSAC, banda Arnot da abokan aikinsa na mishan, mafi kusancin akwai masu lura da tsaka tsaki. Arnot ya kira Msiri a matsayin "mai gaskiya," kuma ya kafa dangantakar aiki tare da shi, tare da wani adadin mutunta juna. Msiri ya bai wa Arnot filin ya gina nasa bukka, ƙaramin asibiti, coci, da makaranta. Lokacin da Arnot ya koma Landan ya ɗauki ƙarin mishan uku don su je Msiri a Bunkeya.

Littattafai na Arnot sun ce rayuwa a Bunkeya:

... the quietness and peace that reigns is remarkable. The fear of Msidi is great. He is sharp and severe in his government, though I see or hear of nothing in the way of torture or cruelty ... executions are common, but death is inflicted at once ... [the cases] have been those of actual crime....

Rahoton The Stairs Expedition

Gidan yanar gizon maganganun siyasa yana ba da waɗannan azaman kalmomin ƙarshe na Omer Bodson:

I don't mind dying now that I've killed Msiri. Thank God my death will not be in vain. I've delivered Africa from one of her most detestable tyrants.
— Omer Bodson, dying words to Military Doctor Moloney.

Moloney, likitan matattakalar balaguron balaguro, ya rubuta asusunsa lokacin da ya koma Landan a 1892. Sakamakon rubuce-rubucen maza irin su Livingstone, ra'ayin jama'a a Biritaniya ya fara yin yunƙurin yin gyare-gyare wanda ya amfanar da 'yan asalin daular Burtaniya. Moloney ya lura cewa Msiri yana da "masu neman gafara" a Landan. Sarki Leopold dole ne ya halasta da'awarsa ta Kwango Free State ta Katanga a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar Tasirin Babban Taron Berlin, don haka ana buƙatar hujja don kashe Msiri. An yi amfani da rahotannin The Stairs Expedition a Turai don jaddada kare kai a matsayin dalilin mutuwarsa, tare da ikirarin cewa shi azzalumi ne mai kishin jini. Maganar Moloney ta Bodson na ban mamaki kalmomi masu mutuwa sun taimaka a wannan fannin.

Tambayar ita ce ko ana bayyana Msiri a matsayin azzalumi mai kishin jini tun kafin a kashe shi, a lokacin da mahukuntan masarauta ke neman sa hannun sa kan wata yarjejeniya.

Duba kuma

• William Grant Stairs
  • Balaguron Matakala
• Mulkin Yeke
• Yau mutane
• Lardin Katanga
• Kasar Congo Free State
• Maria de Fonseca
• Alfred Sharpe
• Omer Bodson
• Joseph Moloney
• Christian de Bonchamps
• Congo Pedicle
• 1884-85 Taron Berlin
• Mwata Kazembe

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

• Mwami Msiri, Sarkin Garanganze . Shafin yanar gizo na magadan Msiri a matsayin sarakunan mutanen Garanganze.