Mulkin mallaka na Angola

Mulkin mallaka na Angola
colonization (en)
Bayanai
Ƙasa	Angola

An kafa mulkin mallakan Portugal a cikin shekara ta 1575 bayan zuwan Paulo Dias de Novais tare da iyalai ɗari na masu mulkin mallaka da sojoji ɗari huɗu. An ba Luanda matsayin birni a cikin shekara ta 1605. Garuruwan Fortugal na Luanda (wanda aka kafa a cikin shekara ta1575 tare da mazauna Portuguese 400) da Benguela.

Tarihi

Ɗan Portugal Paulo Dias de Novais ya sami tallafin da zai ba shi damar yin mulkin mallaka a yanzu a Angola. A musanya don amincewa da tara kuɗaɗe masu zaman kansu don tallafawa balaguron balaguro, kawo masu mulkin mallaka na Portugal da gina garu a cikin ƙasar, rawanin ya ba shi haƙƙin cin nasara da mulkin sassan kudancin kogin Kwanza.

A kudancin Masarautar Kongo, a kusa da kogin Kwanza, akwai wasu muhimman jahohi daban-daban, waɗanda masarautar Ndongo - da ke cikin tsaunuka tsakanin kogin Kwanza da Lukala - wanda Ngola ko sarki ke mulki, ya kasance mafi mahimmanci.

Dias de Novais ya isa Angola tare da sojoji masu ɗauke da makamai da kuma wasu firistoci na Jesuit. Da farko ya yi niyyar ba da ƙaramin rundunarsa a matsayin ƙarfafan soja ga Ndongo da Kongo don yaƙe-yaƙe daban-daban. Bayan nasara ba tare da ko in kula ba, wani ɗan Portugal wanda ya daɗe da zama a Kongo, Francisco Barbuda, ya rinjayi sarkin Ndongo cewa Portugal ta yi niyyar kwace ƙasarsa. Da yake aiki da wannan hankali, sarki ya ba da umarnin a kashe 'yan Fotigal kuma a kori su.

Yaki

A cikin shekara ta 1579 saboda haka, Ndongo ya ƙaddamar da yaƙi na kwatsam kuma mai ɓarna a kan Portuguese (da bayinsu da bayi da yawa, waɗanda yawancinsu sun fito daga Kongo) kuma ya kore su daga Ndongo zuwa wasu ƴan gidaje a yankin da ke kusa da Luanda. Kongo ce ta taimaka wa Portuguese ɗin don kare su, wanda sarkinsa Álvaro I, ya aika da sojoji masu yawa don goyon bayansa da kuma kai hari Ndongo don ramuwar gayya ga kisan gillar da aka yi wa bayin Kongo. Ko da yake sojojin Kongo sun sha kashi a ƙoƙarin ketare kogin Bengo kuma sun kare da kayan aiki, Dias de Novais ya yi nasarar riƙe Luanda da ƙaramar katanga na Nzele a kan kogin Kwanza.

Ƙarin fadadawa

Daga shekarun 1575 zuwa 1589 lokacin da ya mutu, Dias de Novais ya nemi farfaɗowa da faɗaɗa kayan Portuguese a kwarin Kwanza. Ya yi haka ne ta hanyar yin ƙawance da sarakunan yankin da ba su yarda da mulkin Ndongo ba, musamman mai mulkin (soba) na Muxima. A cikin wannan yunƙuri, Portuguese sun sami nasarar karɓe lardin Ilamba da ke tsakanin kogin Kwanza da Bengo, kuma a cikin yaƙi mai tsanani a shekarar 1582, ya kafa ofishin a Massangano a mahadar kogin Kwanza da Lucala. Ƙarfafawa da nasara a kan sojojin Ndongo a shekarar 1583 da 1585, Laftanar Dias de Novais Luis Serrão, wanda ya karɓi mulkin mallaka bayan mutuwar Dias de Novais a shekarar 1589 ya jagoranci wani hari a babban birnin Ndongo a Kabasa. Wannan harin, duk da haka, ya kasance babban gazawa, yayin da Ndongo, tare da makwabcinsa Matamba suka murkushe sojojin Portugal kuma suka mayar da su zuwa Massangano.

Tashin hankali

Lokaci na gaba ya kasance mai tsauri, wanda yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta kullu a shekarar 1599. Gwamnonin Portugal a cikin riƙon kwarya, suna ganin sun gaza kai wa Ndongo hari, sun gamsu da shiga cikin rikicin siyasa da masarautar tare da neman damar yin amfani da nasu rigingimun siyasa don cin moriyarsu.

Philip na Spain

Sarki Philip, ya ji takaicin kuɗaɗen shiga da ake samu daga cinikin haraji, ya aika Manuel Cerveira Pereira zuwa Benguela a shekara ta 1610 don ya mallaki tagulla a Angola ta ciki. Philip ya yi fatan kera manyan bindigogi da tagulla na Angola kuma ya aika da bindigogin zuwa Brazil mai mulkin Portugal yayin da yake sayar da mutanen da aka sha kashi a matsayin bayi daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Benguela. Francisco Correia da Silva ya kamata ya fara aiki a matsayin mai kula da Portugal a Angola a 1611, amma bai taɓa zama a ofishin ba.

Maimakon haka, Sarkin ya naɗa Bento Banha Cardoso, wani soja da ya yi aiki a Angola tun a shekarar 1592, a matsayin gwamnan wucin gadi. Gwamna Cardoso wanda ya gada, Forjaz Pereira, ya hada kai da Imbagala a kan wasu ƙabilun asali, kawancen da ya dau shekaru da dama. A zamanin Cardoso, daga shekarun 1611 zuwa 1619 Imbagala ya faɗaɗa daular Portugal zuwa gabas yayin da yake samar da amintaccen tushen bayi. Zuriyar mayaƙan Ibangala da mutanen da suka ci nasara sun kafa masarautun na Kasange da Matamba.

A shekara ta 1610, Friar Luis Brandão, shugaban kwalejin Luanda mai mulkin Portugal, ya rubuta wa wani Jesuit wanda ya yi tambaya game da halaccin bautar da ’yan asalin Angola, yana mai cewa, “Mun kasance a nan da kanmu har tsawon shekaru arba’in kuma akwai mutane da yawa masu ilimi a nan da kuma a lardin Brazil, waɗanda ba su taɓa yin la’akari da haramcin cinikin ba. Ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa, kawai ƙananan ƴan ƙasar na iya bautar da su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma Portuguese aƙalla sun maida su Kiristanci.

Ciniki

A shekara ta 1611, Kongo na gabashin Kongo ta fitar da zanen mita 100,000 zuwa Angola. ’Yan kasuwa sun sayar wa Turawa da yawa daga cikin tufar.

Angola ta fitar da bayi a kan adadin 10,000 a kowace shekara a shekara ta 1612.

Sarauniya Nzinga a cikin tattaunawar zaman lafiya da gwamnan Portugal a Luanda, 1657.

Turawan Portugal sun gina sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa a Benguela a shekara ta 1616 don faɗaɗa damar Portugal ga bayin Angola.

A cikin shekarar 1618 Portuguese sun gina sansanin Fortaleza São Pedro da Barra, sai kuma sansanin Fortaleza de São Miguel a shekarar 1634. Luanda ita ce cibiyar gudanarwa ta Angola ta Portugal daga shekarun 1627, ban da ɗaya.

A lokacin zuwan Portuguese, Ngola Kiluange ya kasance a kan mulki, kuma ta hanyar ci gaba da manufofin ƙawance da ƙasashe makwabta, ya gudanar da yaki da 'yan kasashen waje shekaru da yawa. A ƙarshe, an fille kansa a Luanda.

Ngola Nzinga

Shekaru bayan haka, Ndongo ya sake yin fice lokacin da Gimbiya kuma jaruma Nzinga Mbandi, wanda aka fi sani da King Nzinga, ta karɓi mulki. 'Yar siyasa mai wayo, ta kiyaye Portuguese ɗin tare da yarjejeniyar da aka shirya a hankali. Bayan ta yi tafiye-tafiye daban-daban ta yi nasara a shekarar 1635 wajen kafa babbar kawance da jihohin Matamba da Ndongo, Kongo, Kasanje, Dembos da Kissamas. A shugaban wannan ƙawancen ƙawancen, ta tilasta wa Portuguese ja da baya. Tattaunawa mai kyau ta biyo baya, kuma a cikin shekarar 1639 Njinga ya kammala zaman lafiya da Portugal. A lokaci guda Portugal ta kulla huldar diflomasiyya da Kasanje, kungiyar Ibangala da suka mamaye kwarin Kwango da ke kudu da yankunan Njinga a Matamba.